This paper explores the flow trend and spatial distribution of the population and economy in Hunan Province through a systematic analysis on the coordination relationship, the degree of spatial agglomeration, the shift of focus, and the spatial auto-correlation of the population and economic development, using the methods of population-economic growth elasticity, geographic concentration index, coordination index, barycenter model and exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA), based on the data in 100 counties in Hunan Province from 2007 to 2016. The results show that the population growth lagged behind economic growth, and the sub-regions had different characteristics; population and economies presented an unbalanced distribution situation of“dense in the east, sparse in the west, high in the center, low in the periphery, low-grade counties continuous distribution”. The economy had siphon effect on the flow of the population, the counties that lacked location advantages or resource-exhausted suffered was more obvious. From the spatial evolution pattern of population and economy, both the economic agglomeration of core cities and the economic orientation of population mobility in the region were enhanced; the population and economic center of gravity both moved to the northeast, and the economic center of gravity magnitude moved more than the population center. The global Moran’s I index and local LISA map analysis showed that the population and economic distribution of Hunan Province was more obvious, the population was high-high (H-H), low-low (L-L) agglomeration, and the economy exhibits low-low (L-L) agglomeration.