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从"死无所葬"到"葬有所安": 四维特性视域下中国殡葬服务制度的改革路径研究
引用本文:郭林.从"死无所葬"到"葬有所安": 四维特性视域下中国殡葬服务制度的改革路径研究[J].浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版),2013,43(3):21-31.
作者姓名:郭林
作者单位:中国人民大学中国社会保障研究中心,北京,100872
基金项目:民政部2011年招标项目
摘    要:建立合理的殡葬服务制度对完善老年福利制度体系意义重大。殡葬服务具有公益性、文化性和情感性,殡葬服务行业具有自然垄断性,殡葬服务市场的信息不对称性明显。从上述四维特性来看,中国殡葬服务制度存在基本服务范围狭窄与规模偏小、基础设施建设公平性差、市场运行机制失灵、文化引导性差、具体规范和确切标准缺乏等问题。因此,应建立资金来源多元化的殡葬服务筹资机制,提升殡葬服务基础设施建设的公平性,优化殡葬服务管办体制,引导文明健康殡葬服务文化的形成,完善殡葬服务法律法规,实现国民“死有所葬、葬有所安”的目标。

关 键 词:殡葬服务  殡葬文化  殡葬管办体制  公益性  

From "Dying without a Burial Place" to "Resting in Peace": Research on the Reform of Chinese Funeral Service System under the Four-dimensional Visual Threshold
Guo Lin.From "Dying without a Burial Place" to "Resting in Peace": Research on the Reform of Chinese Funeral Service System under the Four-dimensional Visual Threshold[J].Journal of Zhejiang University(Humanities and Social Sciences),2013,43(3):21-31.
Authors:Guo Lin
Affiliation:Guo Lin(China’s Social Security Research Center,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872,China)
Abstract:As an important part of elderly welfare system in China, the research, construction and development of funeral service system should not be neglected due to traditional Chinese funeral taboos. Without sufficient theoretical analysis, previous researches have not systematically investigated the characteristics of funeral service. This paper attempts to make up for the deficiency, taking the four dimensional features of funeral service as its theoretical guidance for the research on Chinese funeral service system.  According to welfare pluralism, the funding sources of funeral services should be diversified. In China, such methods as government financial subsidies, reduction and exemption of taxes, and the establishment of an incentive system to promote social donations should be adopted to provide financial support for funeral service. Other channels like subsidies, government procurement of services and the financial support from the basic pension system should be employed to provide financial guarantee for funeral service. Funeral service industry is a natural monopoly, and the funeral service market is characterized by information asymmetry. The formation of governmental interest groups seriously harms the public welfare nature of funeral service, which is the inevitable result of unreasonable control and operation monopoly by the government. The Chinese government should convert funeral service agencies into social welfare organizations, establish reasonable funeral service management and operation systems, give full play to the roles of government departments, social organizations, social opinions and the masses, build an extensive information network of funeral service to optimize its management and operation, and expand the scope and the scale of basic funeral service to improve its welfare level. Funeral service is related to culture and emotions. As to the poor cultural guidance of the funeral service system, great attention should be paid to funeral culture. The provisions of the system should not be far ahead of the status quo of the current funeral culture. Otherwise, it would bring disharmony to social development, do harm to the interests of the people and hurt their feelings. On the other hand, the provisions should be moderately ahead of the current funeral rituals in order to guide the reform of funeral service system. As to the insufficient fairness of infrastructure construction, we should make the following efforts. First, strengthening the construction of funeral homes and public cemeteries for grassroots and in poor areas by adopting a special transfer payment mechanism and increasing public investment. Second, stressing the equality of government officials, celebrities and the masse by decreasing the number of urban commercial cemeteries, promoting the construction of urban welfare cemeteries, and regulating the operation of rural public cemeteries. These measures help realize the fairness in sharing the funeral service infrastructure. The construction of a legal system plays a fundamental role in the healthy operation of the funeral service system. As to the weak authority of the regulations for funeral services, the Chinese government should issue a Funeral Act and specify detailed implementation rules. In case of violation of funeral laws, the law enforcement personnel should strengthen education and guidance to ensure strict law enforcement and prosecution of law breakers and to achieve the authority and formality of funeral laws and regulations.
Keywords:funeral service  funeral culture  funeral management and operation system  non-profitable nature
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