对我国发展住宅抵押贷款证券化的探讨

随着世界经济的发展,住房抵押贷款证券化已逐渐成为全球金融的一大发展趋势。我国住房体制改革在不断深化,已与国际逐步接轨,发展住宅抵押贷款证券化对降低金融机构风险,弥补房地产业资金缺口,合理配置社会闲置资金,刺激居民购房有效需求等有重要意义。我国发展住宅抵押贷款证券化面临各种矛盾和问题。针对存在的问题,要充分培育适合住宅抵押贷款证券化的市场环境,拿出住房抵押贷款证券化的操作思路。     

政府在住房抵押贷款证券化中的作用

借鉴美国等国家和地区政府在住房抵押贷款证券化中所发挥的作用,给我国住房抵押贷款证券化的有关启示:设立类似于美国FHA和VA的政府机构为某些群体提供住房贷款;在一二级抵押担保或保险的政府机构;设立专门从事住房抵押贷款证券化的政府或准政府机构。     

现阶段中国应积极推进住房抵押贷款的证券化

住房抵押贷款证券化是资产证券化的一个重要组成部分,也是中国金融业改革的必然趋势。本文以中国住房抵押贷款证券化的试点为背景,结合资产证券化理论,分析了现阶段实施房贷证券化的现实意义及潜在的障碍,并提出了解决相应障碍的一些措施,以此来推进中国住房抵押贷款证券化的发展。     

住房抵押贷款证券化定价模式比较研究

住房抵押贷款是资产证券化的重要内容。住房抵押贷款证券化的四种定价模式,即静态现金流量报酬率法、静态利差法、总回报率情景分析法与期权调整利差法。四种定价方法各有利弊,因此,在对住房抵押贷款进行证券化定价时应充分考虑到各种定价模式的特点。     

住房抵押贷款证券化收益和风险分析

我国推行住房抵押贷款证券化已是必然趋势。对住房抵押贷款证券获得的收益及其所面临的风险进行分析 ,有利于对风险予以防范和控制。     

资产证券化的发展:主要类型、趋势及启示

资产证券化在国际上已从抵押贷款证券化发展为保险风险证券化、整体业务证券化等,其发展趋势表现为从证券化的消极经营向积极和主动的管理转变、证券化产品的衍生性和证券化风险的复杂性日益增强、证券化资产及市场主体的范围日益拓展.我国要结合资产证券化的发展趋势,根据政府引导与市场化相结合、政策性与商业性相结合的原则,积极稳妥地推进资产证券化的健康发展.     

资产证券化趋势与我们的选择

资产证券化是近 30年来金融领域的重大创新之一。由于其具有创新的融资结构和高效的载体 ,满足了各类融资者和投资者不断变化的需求 ,从而成为当今世界各国资本市场发展最快、最具活力的金融产品。资产证券化产生的动因是活化抵押贷款二级市场 ,随创新的深化 ,人们将其发展成为沟通传统的直接融资和间接融资的一个有效通道。资产证券化起源于美国 ,现在已形成一种资本市场创新趋势。改革开放以来 ,持续快速发展的中国经济对资本一直有着旺盛的需求 ,因此 ,目前在我国推行证券化融资工具正当其时。     

市价决策与资产证券化产品的风险传递机制

美国次级抵押贷款违约造成资产池中包含这种金融债权或其证券化产品的衍生金融工具出现信用风险.而信用风险的累积源于资产证券化过程的风险传递机制.通过市价与决策的交互作用,标的资产与证券化产品之间相互传递风险与收益,而资产证券化产品的风险正是市价决策与市价变化的互动结果.因此,有必要对间接定价泛化过程中市价与决策的依赖关系施以必要的约束.     

我国住房抵押贷款二级市场的构建

住房贷款抵押一级市场是抵押贷款活动的创造过程,二级市场是指销售抵押和转售抵押.二级市场可以为一级市场提供稳定长期的资金来源.缺少二级市场的住房贷款抵押市场永远是不完整的市场.我国目前基本具备了建立住房贷款抵押二级市场的可行条件,要建立的住房抵押贷款二级市场有三种方式可以选择.     

我国住房反向抵押贷款运作模式研究

住房反向抵押贷款对于正处于经济积累发展阶段、刚刚步入老龄化社会、各项养老保障制度尚待充实完善的中国社会而言,是一个崭新的事物。通过对住房反向抵押贷款的概述,借鉴国外住房反向抵押贷款成功运作的基本经验,同时结合我国客观实际情况,指出我国现阶段实施住房反向抵押贷款所面临的机遇和挑战。在此基础上对我国实施住房反向抵押贷款的运作模式进行设计,并对运作过程中的各参与方、运作流程、资金流向进行详细分析,同时指出一些在运作过程中亟需解决的问题。     

Community socioeconomic status and disparities in mortgage lending: An analysis of Metropolitan Detroit

This note examines the effects of community socioeconomic status on mortgage lending patterns in Metropolitan Detroit. Data from 2000 HMDA reports and the 2000 U.S. Census are analyzed using multiple regression. The results from this analysis have two important implications for research on mortgage lending. First, they indicate that the effects of variables linked to a community's socioeconomic status on mortgage lending patterns are highly intercorrelated. As a result, variations in mortgage lending appear to be the result of the combined effects of a number of socioeconomic variables acting together. Second, the results from this analysis indicate that the socioeconomic status of a community is positively correlated with mortgage lending activity. In other words, a decline in neighborhood socioeconomic status is significantly correlated with a decline in mortgage lending.     

Racial Disparities in Access to Mortgage Credit: Does Governance Matter?*

Objectives. This article examines the effect of community organizing on the likelihood that minority borrowers pursue home mortgage credit from regulated lenders. Methods. Governance perspectives suggest that community organizations exert significant influence on policy outcomes. We use logistic regression with interaction terms to test the effect of community organizing on the lending outcomes of minority borrowers. We use a matched control sample of cities, drawing on 2004 loan data from two midwestern cities similar in racial and economic composition but with different histories of organizing around the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA). Results. We find differential effects based on an applicant's race or ethnicity. Overall, African‐American applicants are less likely to pursue mortgage credit for home ownership from regulated lenders than their white, non‐Hispanic counterparts. However, African Americans seeking mortgage credit in a city with a history of CRA organizing are more likely to apply to regulated lenders than their racial counterparts in a city without CRA organizing. However, while organizing reduces the disparities between white and African‐American applicants, a gap still remains. Conclusion. African‐American borrowers living in cities with a history of community organizing around CRA appear more likely to pursue mortgage credit from traditional, regulated lenders, suggesting that governance matters.     

Community Mobilization and Credit: The Impact of Nonprofits and Social Capital on Community Reinvestment Act Lending*

Objective. Recent trends in urban research emphasize the importance of local nonprofits and social capital in the revitalization of poor and minority neighborhoods. This article tests the idea that urban communities able to mobilize themselves by establishing development nonprofits and overcoming collective action problems will be better able to make use of urban‐development policies. Methods. Measures operationalizing nonprofit presence and social capital are used in an empirical test to see if they can, through the medium of the Community Reinvestment Act, increase the number of mortgage and business loans in Washington, D.C. Results. These variables show only weak effects on mortgage lending, but very strong results for small‐business lending in all types of communities. Conclusions. The results suggest that nonprofits and social capital may have only limited benefit in the revitalization of urban neighborhoods and researchers and practitioners should be careful when relying on them.     

小额贷款公司与中小企业融资解析

从混合策略博弈模型的视角出发,分析小额贷款公司在中小企业融资中的作用,对小贷公司放贷和中小企业需贷的动态互动行为模式进行了描述。研究发现小额贷款公司自身的经营能力、项目收益以及预期坏账率具有至关重要的作用,为小额信贷公司支持中小企业融资提出相应的政策建议。     

从资产证券化的理论体系看中国突破模式的选择--兼论现有的八大建议模式

从资产运营和广义资产证券化的角度来考察 ,资产证券化的理论体系包括 :一个核心原理———现金流分析 ,三个基本原理———资产重组原理、风险隔离原理和信用增级原理 ,从这个理论出发 ,选择资产证券化突破模式时必须遵循三个原则 :基础资产必须满足“资产重组原理”的要求 ;能为资产证券化在中国的进一步开展提供示范效应和经验 ;在制度和环境方面只能是两个选择 ,一个是选择与现行制度和环境冲突最小的交易形式 ,一个是最有条件突破现有制度和环境约束的交易形式。依据这三个原则对现有的八大建议模式进行考察 ,可以得出中国开展资产证券化有两个突破模式 :“住房抵押贷款模式” +“准表外模式” ;“基础设施收费模式” +“离岸模式”。     

世界贸易组织与中国金融

金融是市场经济的中枢神经,是资本运营的核心.中国的金融体制源于计划模式,资源配置主要靠财政,不是银行.在体制转轨中,面临着艰巨的改革任务.在金融实务领域,存在着五大观念误区银行只能国家专办;国有银行只能给国有企业贷款;贷款必须提供实物硬件抵押;不是积极"寻贷",而是消极"惜贷";只是单纯放贷,不是兼顾投资.面向WTO,中国金融的发展走向是重新构筑金融体系;鼓励发展民营银行;实行国有银行的股份化改造,促进金融市场的深化;扩大金融市场的开放,尽快和国际接轨.     

The Personal Costs of Subprime Lending and the Foreclosure Crisis: A Matter of Trust,Insecurity, and Institutional Deception*

Objective. Research on widespread loan failures suggests that many of the mortgage loans that were made since 2000 were of a deceptive or predatory nature. This study explores the experiences and sentiments of those who are at risk of foreclosure within a broader framework of trust, individualization, and ontological security. Methods. Interviews examine families' lending experience and how they have coped with their personal troubles that resulted from their housing crisis. Results. As many of these loans were of a deceptive or predatory nature, individuals are likely to reflect on the psychological consequences of their predicament. Although these findings suggest that these individuals have lost trust in the housing market, many have internalized their situation as a personal failure. In addition, feelings of anxiety, stress, insecurity, and uncertainty have come to characterize their experiences. Conclusions. This research calls for policy recommendations that seek to restore confidence and to ensure greater consumer protection in financial markets.