传统黎族村寨治理的法文化探析

历史上,黎族地区主要是依俗而治,由传统社会组织依照习惯法治理村寨社会。黎族村寨治理的法文化主要体现在传统社会组织及治理法则方面。传统黎族社会组织是以血缘、地缘关系为纽带而结成的民间自治组织;习惯法是维护黎族社会秩序、化解民族内部矛盾的行为规范。二者共同承担了黎族地区的社会管理和社会控制,对于黎族原生族群的繁衍、生息和发展起着至关重要的作用,有效保障了黎族社会的稳定和发展。     

明清时期河湟地缘社会多元组织结构探析

明清时期的河湟,因族群新格局的出现,其社会力量与组织结构呈现为复合性和多重性.这时河湟各族群因政治、经济、文化差异,各自具有其社会组织形式.他们以国家权力为主导,形成中央、地方、部族和宗教等多元结构,长期以不同类型并存于河湟,持续影响着这里的社会进程.可以说,河湟多重地缘组织形式的建构,是区域内部诸族群不同社会归属及地方与中央关系影响的结果.     

原生性宗教与社会稳定关系的实证研究——以腊尔山苗族“巴岱”宗教信仰为例

原生性宗教血缘和地缘小群体性的本质特点一般不会对外部环境构成重大冲击。然而,这却构成历来国家对其关注较少的原因之一,加上汉民族"严华夷之分"观念的影响,致使国家长期以来在治理层面上对其疏于管理。认识原始宗教的特点及演变过程中所影藏的危害地方社会稳定的潜在危险性,调整管理办法与条例,对减少民族地区的公共危害性,为国家安全提供预警具有重大的现实意义。     

宗教与社会稳定

作为一种特殊的意识形态,无论是精神层面的信仰诉求,还是实践层面的法事活动,宗教都是攸关社会稳定的重要因素.宗教影响社会稳定的方式主要有三种,即(1)统治阶级的"神道设教"策略;(3)下层民众以宗教为幌子的"反叛"运动;(3)不同教派之间的纷争与冲突.     

清代金瓶掣签立法新论

宗教行为是信仰者宗教观念、宗教体验的重要外部表现.宗教立法的调整范围应以宗教行为的社会公共性为依据.“活佛转世”是藏传佛教信仰活动中的重要宗教行为之一,对清代中国蒙藏地区政治稳定和民族团结具有极为重要的影响.清代金瓶掣签立法遵循因势利导、循序渐进的宗教立法规律,注重宗教立法的方式和技术,以及立法沟通和宣传工作,以护法降神问题为切入点,较为合理地确立了宗教立法的边界.     

实事求是:文化人类学的追求--人类学学者访谈录之十一

人类学首要的目标是反映社会事实,多做田野调查能使我们的对社会的认识和理解更贴近社会事实.以对中国南方的宗族组织为例,田野作业的成果显示,宗族组织的等级结构应该是家庭、家族、房支、宗族四个层次;宗族组织的功能首先是协作功能,其次才是政治功能;20世纪50年代以后,宗族组织实际上一直存在着,改革开放后它则从隐性转向显性.这样的表述可能会更接近社会事实.     

宗教与社会主义社会相适应是中国宗教存在与发展的必由之路--从哈尔滨市宗教的存在与发展论"适应"的必然性

本文以哈尔滨市宗教的存在和发展为例,论述了宗教与社会主义相适应的必然性.     

丹巴地区村落中“斯基巴”和“日瓦”社会功能的调查

斯基巴和日瓦是曾经存在于格什扎活流行地区(主要为四川省甘孜州丹巴县和道孚县)的以血缘和地缘关系结成的组织。随着社会结构和政治制度的变化,其社会功能虽有所变化,但至今仍在某种程度上影响着村落组织的运行和发展。认清斯基巴和日瓦及其社会功能,不仅有助于研究川西北藏区早期社会结构,也有助于促进该地区的经济发展和社会进步。     

"宗教渗透"概念辨析

宗教不仅是一种社会意识形态也是一种传统文化模式,更是一种社会物质力量。鉴于此,笔者提出了"宗教渗透三形态说",认为宗教渗透经历了文化意义上的广义宗教渗透、政治意义上的一般宗教渗透、资本主义针对社会主义的狭义宗教渗透(现代宗教渗透)三种历史形态。对其概念进行深入辨析,消除人为赋予该词的模糊性、神秘性、敏感性,是将其作为一个学术问题而实事求是的开展研究的重要前提,对于实际工作部门制定合理有效的反渗透对策也有所裨益。     

浅谈"社会主义宗教论"

"社会主义宗教论"是指导中国宗教工作的新的理论成果,它在理论上丰富和发展了马克思主义宗教观,对加强和改进党的宗教工作,不断开创宗教工作的新局面,具有重要的现实意义.     

哀牢山哈尼族妇女梯田养鱼调查

哀牢山哈尼族的梯田养鱼有上千年的历史,对世世代代居住于此的哈尼族的生存与发展起到了十分重要的作用。自古以来,哈尼族妇女就是梯田养鱼的参与者。上世纪80年代以来,随着改革开放和社会变迁,哈尼族妇女还成为梯田养鱼的主要管理者。这在很大程度上提高了妇女在社会生活中的地位,但与此同时也极大地加重了妇女的劳动负担。     

从民间文学看哈尼族的传统生态观

The Hani’s rich folk literature has preserved their traditional culture. Interpreting it from the perspective of ecological culture may lead us to the conclusion that the Hani’s traditional eco-logical understanding is that of a harmonious rela-tionship between man and nature. This ecological understanding is similar to that of other ethnic groups in Yunnan, such as the Bai, Dai, Wa, Yao, Naxi, Jingpo, Bulang, and other ethnic groups, which shows that this ecological under-standing is common across the Chinese nation. Meanwhile, this ecological understanding has an enlightening role for human beings to keep the eco-logical balance in the present day. This article tries to investigate the deep connection between the Hani’s folk literature and the natural ecology, and reveals the Hani’s traditional ecological under-standing. 1 . The Hani’s traditional ecological under-standing is revealed in their folk literature The Hani have no fairy tales in the strict sense, their literature is a kind of“universal litera-ture” enjoyed by both adults and children. Howev-er, the Hani’s folk literature also created a roman-tic world similar to that of fairy tales. This “fairy tale world” is just the world of nature reflected in the Hani’s literature. The typical characteristics of this world are harmony and happiness. In this har-monious and happy world, mountains are a para-dise for man and all other things on earth. In this paradise, man is only a part of nature, they are not the spirit or the core of the world. Man, animals and plants have their own places, and their own happiness. Meanwhile, they support each other, and have a common development. In a word, man and nature have a highly harmonious relationship. When environmental protection and ecological bal-ance become a common topic in today’s discourse, one can gain some insight by reading Hani fairy tales and legends. Therefore, digging out the eco-logical beauty from Hani folk literature still has a practical purpose. How then does Hani folk literature describe the relationship between man and nature? We find that the Hani folk literature is full of stories con-cerning how the animals and plants save mankind. Many works reflect this idea: if mankind had not been assisted by the animals and plants, it must have died out long ago, therefore, man should show his thanks to the animals by protecting them. Be-cause the animals and plants saved man’s life, and man knew to show his gratitude to them, the rela-tionship between man and nature is always good in the fairy tales, although they live in their own ways, they never disturb each other — they have a totally harmonious relationship. Moreover, man can even marry animals and have descendants with them. The harmonious relationship between man, animals and plants is a basic theme of the Hani folk literature, as well as a basic part of the Hani eco-logical understanding. The relationship between man, animals and plants reflects not only a friend-
ship, but a kind of family relation, because they can even become couples, although the couples can sometimes suddenly turn hostile — they may have disagreements or even come to blows. When this happens, the deities could help to solve the problem— this is another aspect which reflects a harmoni-ous relationship between man, animals and plants. In the Hani folk literature, the harmony be-tween man and nature is also reflected in the mutu-al assistance between man, animals and plants. In this kind of literature, man, animals and plants are always equal; they not only have a common goal and the same standards for good and evil, but also have a common language, with which man, animals and plants are able to negotiate with each other, help each other and reap their own rewards. 2 . The cultural sources of the Hani’s tradition-al ecological understanding Although literature is a creation of the writer, it reflects social life. The writers’ imaginings can-not be separated from the practicalities of place, and folk literature has its own particularity. Folk literature is created by several folk artists from gen-eration to generation. It might be a result from sev-eral people’s discussions during the creative process or when the work is passed down, hence, it is typically collective work and has typically mass characteristics. Although the individual plays a significant role in the creation of a work, the content of folk literature does not always reflect a single artist’s idea, but the idea of a group. There-fore, we say that the harmonious ecological under-standing reflected in the Hani literature actually re-flects an overall awareness of the Hani people. Why did the Hani form this kind of common awareness, then? We believe that it is decided by the Hani’s living environment and common cultural resources. Most Hani people live in the mountain-ous or semi-mountainous areas between Mt. Ailao and Mt. Mengle. The living environment partly in-fluences ideology. Because of the level of inacces-sability, and self -sufficient life style, communi-cation among the different Hani villages is rare,
however, what they see every day in their living ar-eas are mountains; therefore, their similar living environment leads them to have a similar under-standing of the mountains. The Hani are a “migrated ethnic group”. Their ancestors originally lived in the remote north. Due to natural and social causes, they moved south. Following the cultural development and improvement of natural conditions, their popu-lation gradually increased. After they stepped into the mountainous areas of Mt. Ailao, they had im-proved material conditions and peaceful life, and the population dramatically increased. Later, they settled down in the broad area of the Honghe and Lishejiang drainage basins. The Hani’s history of migration and development indicates that no matter how large a population they have, and how they are scattered, their culture has the same origin. Therefore, tracing the origin of the Hani culture is very important to understand why the Hani share a common awareness of the harmonious relationship between man and nature. Another point worth noting is that the Hani are called as an “Ethnic Group of Stories”. The Hani like telling stories, and making up stories, therefore, there are many popular stories among the Hani. This is because Hani have no writing, which makes the essence of the Hani culture lie in their oral stories. The ancestors’ stories, and their wisdom are all spread and handed down through these stories. The Hani stories actually play act as cultural carriers, burdened with the task of preser-ving culture, and playing an educational role. It is due to the influence of the ancestors’ traditional culture that the Hani have kept an awareness of maintaining a harmonious relationship between man, animals and plants. Then, which factors in the Hani’s cultural origin have promoted this awareness and made it exist for a long time? This article separately discusses the impact of the origin of the heavens, earth, man, animals, and plants, as well as the understanding of animism to this awareness.
In the Hani’s traditional religion, animism is a basic tenet. The Hani believe that the universe is created by the gods, and all things on earth are brought about by the gods. These deities infuse the things in the universe with a spirit; man cannot hurt other things, including those things without life;and the proper relationship between man and nature is harmony. A harmonious relationship means to obey the deities’ will, and is a special representation of their worship. Some people be-lieve that the formation of this kind of understand-ing is directly related to the ecological environment in which the Hani live. They live in the mountain-ous areas and conduct farming work from genera-tion to generation. The forest and water sources are their basic production materials. While using and transforming nature, they must protect and respect nature. Only in this way can an ethnic group un-dergo constant development in a difficult environ-ment—this already has become common knowledge during the process of inheriting the Chinese culture in the past thousand years. And to the Hani peo-ple, this is their principle, as well as their life philosophy. The Hani’s understanding of animism is a kind of pantheistic ideology, which belongs to religious aspect and does not fit with materialism. However the understanding of animism plays a very big role in the Hani’s formation of a self-consciousness in protecting the animals and plants, and keeping the ecological balance. Its role is not limited to an in-dividual or a local area, instead, its meaning to the whole Hani area cannot be underestimated. Hence, we take it as one of the sources for the for-mation of the harmonious natural understanding of all Hani people.     

澳洲土著的原始信仰与社会结构

澳洲土著尚处于中石器时代发展阶段,过着打猎群居的半游牧生活;澳洲土著最重要的宗教形式是图腾崇拜,由此演化出一整套严格的食物禁律和图腾仪式;婚级制的盛行说明以性为基础的社会组织是澳洲土著社会结构的基本特征,在以性为基础的社会组织中,婚级制、图腾禁忌、入族仪式等具有特定的社会组织功能.     

论当代世界民族问题与宗教问题

当今国际社会的热点和难点问题几乎都与民族、宗教问题相关联。宗教问题涉入民族问题当中并与民族问题交织在一起,成为影响国际政治和世界和平的重要因素。宗教作为一种社会意识现象,一种历史积淀的文化现象,将对社会稳定、国际关系发挥长期的影响作用,各国应该趋利避害,积极引导宗教与社会发展相适应,加强宗教文化的交流,促进宗教间的平等对话,使宗教发挥其社会功能的良性作用,维护世界和平,促进人类社会的健康发展。     

土族民间团体嘛呢会调查

嘛呢会普遍存在于青海省民和县三川地区的土族村落,是农村中老年居民自愿组成的民间团体.本文在田野调查的基础上,对嘛呢会的历史、构成、组织活动以及与村落管理系统的关系做了一些探讨.文章认为,嘛呢会是地缘、血缘和神缘关系三者结合的产物,反映了土族在宗教信仰体系上的多元特征.嘛呢会对于传承土族文化、整合土族社区发挥着重要的作用,同时又是土族老年人进行社会参与和情感交流的重要途径.     

社交网络对民族关系的影响及对策

社交网络是当前很有人气的人际交往工具,已对民族关系产生了很大的影响,并滋生了利用其进行破坏民族关系的犯罪,应引起高度警惕。我们要根据社交网络的规律和特点,借鉴外国经验,加强网络管理,有效维护民族关系。     

2008年世界宗教热点问题评析

宗教问题与民族问题一样,是人类社会面临的重大社会问题之一,它动辄就会影响到人类社会的和平、稳定与发展.世界上没有哪个国家或民族能够对此袖手旁观或置身于其外.2008年世界舞台上的宗教热点问题不乏其例,本文仅选择10例来加以评述,祈望能够引起人们的关注和重视,更期冀人们能够本着求同存异、和平协商、互谅互让、相互宽容的精神,化解宗教矛盾,消除宗教纠纷,共同为构建宗教和谐、民族和谐和社会和谐尽一份力.     

1950～1955年在民族政策治理下的四川康区社会

解放初期,鉴于四川康区社会问题的复杂性、民族和宗教问题的敏感性、阶级对立明显但被民族问题所掩盖等特征,党对开辟康区工作确定了"慎重稳进"的方针,通过一系列民族政策的治理,使康区藏族社会在政治制度、所有制结构、社会管理系统、民族关系等方面出现了社会初步转型,为此后的民主改革奠定了基础.     

宗教信仰与族群边界--以保安族为例

“回回”原为一个以宗教来认同的族群集体。建国以后 ,国家承认了“回回”的民族身份 ,定名为回族 ,并依据斯大林民族定义进一步将原一律包含进“回回人”中的别具自身文化特点的一些群体识别为单独的少数民族 ,如保安族、东乡族和撒拉族。这样 ,在甘青宁地区穆斯林社会中又出现了一道新的社会边界———民族。那么 ,在当代社会生活中 ,在这个由宗教提供最主要的社会互动关联体系的社会中 ,人们如何区分群体 ?怎样确定群体之间的互动规则 ?基于宗教信仰差异的社会边界和国家认定的民族边界分别发挥着什么样的作用 ?社会生活中真实的族群边界是什么 ?本文试图以保安族为例回答上述问题。     

中国现代民俗学者的月经禁忌研究

在20世纪早期,江绍原是最先引进国外人类学方法系统研究月经礼俗与迷信的拓荒者,他对中国人“天癸观”的研究特别引人注目.正是在中国现代民俗学运动的影响下,一大批宗教学家、历史学家、文学家和医学家先后讨论过与妇女月经禁忌有关的话题.这些研究旨在说明,月经现象虽然常见,但由于人们缺乏这方面的科学知识,因此在月经的性质、功用和意义方面产生了诸多迷信的说法.