建设现代生育文化是现阶段我国稳定低生育水平的重要手段

我国的低生育水平是在经济发展水平不高的条件下取得的。要稳定我国目前的低生育率水平必须要加强现代生育文化建设。本文从实证和理论上分析了生育文化与生育率水平之间的关系,并结合我国的实际,提出了建设我国现代生育文化的对策选择。     

稳定低生育水平面临的机遇与挑战

当前中国人口已处在低生育率阶段，但人口过多仍然是中国可持续发展的主要障碍，保持低生育率，调整人口规模和结构是今后长期的任务。本文结合当前实际分析了稳定低生育率面临的主要困难和有利条件。用定性和定量相结合方法从社会经济发展、生育观念的转变、“独生子女夫妇生育二孩”政策的兑现、生育率的水平及其地区差别等方面分析了中国人口的现状。指出城市化将成为２１世纪中国生育率下降空间拓展的主要动因。生育观念的转变，是长期稳定低生育率的直接必要基础。计划生育工作基础和取得的经验为稳定低生育率提供了有利的起点，而盲目乐观情绪不利于稳定低生育率。出生性别比偏高和人口老龄化是值得关注的重大问题。     

稳定低生育水平的涵义和作用

一、稳定低生育水平的涵义　　中共中央国务院在2000年3月下发的“关于加强人口与计划生育工作稳定低生育水平的决定”中指出，稳定低生育水平是今后一个时期重大而艰巨的任务，是未来人口与计划生育目标实现的重要手段。然而，稳定低生育水平的涵义是什么，其理论基础又是什么，这是应当界定和明确的问题。　　事实上，90年代中期当我国生育率水平刚步入低生育水平行列之时，不少专家学者即对我国的低生育率进行了较全面、系统的研究，其中既有低生育率的理论探讨，也有中国低生育率后果的方方面面的研究，取得了许多有建设性的、有现实意…     

生育理性和生育决策与我国低生育水平稳定机制的转变

自改革开放以来 ,我国人口生育率水平出现了迅速的转变 ,特别是 1 992年我国确立了市场经济为目标的经济改革以来 ,生育率水平更是进一步降低到更替水平以下。如果说 ,生育率的迅速转变是在国家计划生育政策干预下启动的 ,那么 ,在 1 990年代生育率的下降应该主要是社会和经济发展的结果。以市场经济为导向的经济改革和经济的迅速发展 ,已经为稳定我国城市地区人口低生育率水平提供了必要的经济条件 ,同时 ,制度、技术和文化等因素的变革已经为我国个人生育决策理性化创造了条件 ,低生育水平的稳定机制已经开始从政策控制为主转向群众自我控制为主的转变     

中国妇女生育水平变动考证和未来人口发展的策略选择

1990年以来各类人口调查和相关学者的研究结果显示,目前的低生育水平的实现有外在政策强力的作用,更有中国社会经济发展内生化的作用;真实的生育水平既不是调查包括人口普查所显示的那样低(低于1.5),也不是有关部门和政府所想象的那样高。调查显示农村居民平均生育意愿不会高于2个孩子,这是生育率持续稳定的根本。众所周知,为了保证人口稳定持续的发展,应使妇女生育率保持更替水平或至少接近更替水平。从人口发展规律和人口发展与社会经济发展相适应的规律出发,结合当前我国居民生育意愿和生育水平走低的实际,我们应该抓住生育政策调整的最佳时期,调整应该在最佳时期即未来5-10年内完成。     

从稳定低生育率到稳定人口──新世纪人口态势模拟

本文首先讨论了低生育率的内涵，从稳定人口理论出发探讨了稳定低生育率的必要性。低生育率以更替水平为上限，政策生育水平为下限。对低生育率变化范围内，未来百年的中国人口发展趋势进行了模拟，根据结果探讨了２１世纪的中国人口发展战略。     

乡-城转移人口的生育率水平问题

乡一城人口转移作为城市化过程,总体上有利于生育率下降或低生育水平的稳定。但是,由于乡一城转移人口的生育率水平具有既不同于城也有别于乡的差别特征,因此这种转移对城乡生育率的变化必然产生一定的差别效应。通常认为,乡一城转移人口的生育率水平介于城乡之间,即低于乡而高于城。但是,有关研究认为,我国乡一城迁移流动人口的生育率水平已经转变为低于城市。对此,很值得进一步深入探讨。本文首先分析我国城乡生育率的变化和区域差异,然后对乡一城转移人口的总和生育率进行尝试性的推算,最后聚焦讨论流动人口生育行为的流动性问题。     

关于影响生育水平的因素及稳定低生育水平的对策分析

20世纪90年代末以来,我国育龄妇女的总和生育率已在更替水平以下,这是我国长期实行人口政策和经济发展的结果;但由于我国城乡之间、地区之间经济发展不平衡,以及计划生育部门的管理机制等原因,要保持和稳定目前这种低生育水平是艰巨的。本文从影响生育水平的若干因素、我国目前出现低生育水平的原因以及稳定低生育水平的难度出发,对稳定低生育水平提出了一定的对策建议。     

生育支持政策何以有效:性别平等视角下的27国生育支持政策组合与生育率反弹北大核心

中国的生育水平长期提振乏力,借鉴世界低生育率国家总和生育率反弹经验并构建中国特色的生育支持政策体系势在必行。以27个低生育率典型国家为例,在构建追踪数据的基础上,分析不同生育支持政策组合对总和生育率反弹的影响以及性别平等发展水平对政策效果的调节作用。研究发现,相较于支持“男性单职工模式”的政策组合,支持“双职工模式”的政策组合更有利于总和生育率的提升;经济支持政策与总和生育率之间有稳定的正向关系,服务支持政策和时间支持政策对总和生育率的提升效果受到性别平等发展水平的调节;在性别平等发展水平更高的国家,服务支持政策和时间支持政策的效果更明显。生育支持政策的制定应考虑不同类型政策之间的相互协调与组合,并深度思考政策背后的价值导向和政策实施的社会情景,营造性别友好的社会文化环境。     

论稳定低生育水平

中国经济已进入以扩大内需为主的新发展阶段，从可持续发展计，保持经济持续、快速和健康发展，必须把已出现的低生育水平稳定住。我国已经是低生育率国家，但低生育水平还不稳定。从当前和今后的发展来看，稳定低生育水平，必须使人口政策和经济政策协调起来，积极寻求扩大内需与稳定低生育水平的政策结合点，增加计划生育的政府投入，完善计划生育利益导向机制，处理好稳定现行政策与人口与计划生育工作机制改革与创新的关系。     

Change of population policy and the population situation in China]

A correct population policy is very crucial to the solution of the population problem, economic development, and social progress. The real situation in China now is a large population, a high rate of population growth, and low level of productivity. Facing this situation, China's population policy should include control of population growth in quantity, a promotion of population quality, and a match between population growth and social and economic development for the final realization of the Four Modernizations. In recent years, under the leadership of the National Committee on Family Planning, together with cooperation from various offices at the local level, a great change has taken place in China's population situation. The fertility rate has declined gradually, and late marriage, delayed births, and a reduced number of births have also become popular. A change in the age structure of the population has also slowed the pace of population growth. A reduction in the ratio of women of childbearing age is also helpful in the control of population growth, and the natural growth rate for the population has declined. This change shows that family planning is working in China and great results have been achieved. To come closer to the national goal of population control, practical work should be focused on rural areas. The rural population constitutes about 80% of total population and the fertility rate in rural areas is much higher than that of the cities. If population control can be achieved in the rural areas, the overall goal of population control for the country can then be achieved more easily.     

A tentative discussion on the reproduction of population in China]

Population reproduction is a physiological phenomenon necessary to continue the human race, replacing the older generation with a new one. Population reproduction is also closely related to material production. Both are mutually restricted and supportive of each other. Population reproduction can be divided into 2 types: 1) short life span and rapid generation replacement or high birth rate and high mortality rate, and 2) long life span and slow generation replacement or low birth rate and low mortality rate. Since 1949 China has significantly reduced the mortality rate because of the improvement of our health system and working conditions and the increased living standard. The birth rate, however, still remains high because we are a developing country and our levels of education, science, and technology are quite low. This intermediate stage of low mortality rate but high birth rate also existed in most developed countries for several decades. China's large population and high population growth rate severely inhibit the development of social production and the achievement of the "Four Modernizations." The only way to resolve this contradiction of population reproduction and development of productivity is to control the population growth. Family planning and advocation of 1 child per couple are important strategic tasks in realizing the "Four Modernizations."     

Presentation and establishment of a system of total progressive fertility rates and relevant models

Demographic studies necessarily rely on adequate and accurate statistical data. To take into consideration China's present situation of population control and planned birth practice, a system of total progressive fertility rate (TPFR) different from the parity progression ratio is established and its relevant model presented in order to make indicators used in analysing women's 1st marriage and fertility level reflect as closely as possible the actual situation. Here, TFR and TPFR, both used in analyzing fertility level, are compared so as to show that TPFR is a methodology more appropriate for use in the analysis of China's fertility. The model is based on the fact that women's vital events happen progressively from being born to completing childbearing. In composing the model, both women's age structure and parity structure are considered and the regularity of their changes with different years is defined. In China, the population development program has been brought into the overall social and economic development plan. Thus it is necessary to practice planned birth in order to make the population develop in a way which is in keeping with the social and economic development. Compared with other models or theories, it is more realistic to use the model discussed above in studies on China's population policy.     

Transition of the population reproduction pattern in China]

In the past 30 years, great changes have taken place in the reproduction pattern of the population in China. A historical pattern of a high birth rate and high death rate no longer exists. A new low birth rate and low death rate pattern has now become a reality. It is especially notable that China has realized this transition under the condition of a backward economy. Since 1949, the death rate has dropped rapidly because of advancements in medical care, a rise in the standard of living, and an improvement in public health. The change in fertility, however, is determined by the developing level of social productivity. As mankind has moved forward, population reproduction has gradually become a self-conscious activity. Fertility is increasingly determined by views on marriage and concepts of birth. China has successfully achieved a transition in fertility, and this has to be credited to China's progressive relations in social production and an excellent social system. In addition, practical efforts made by the political leadership, cooperation from the people, and popularization of ideological education on family planning have all contributed to a transition in China's fertility rate.     

21世纪中国人口发展前景

２０世纪９０年代以来，中国的总和生育率已降至更替水平以下，并呈递减态势。我们以目前政策允许的生育水平为低方案，设计了低、中、高三个生育率方案来观照２１世纪中国的人口前景，结果发现，虽然三种方案下我国的人口形势都不容乐观，但可以肯定的是，１．８的总和生育率较为适当，女性人口普遍生育二胎的提法是不可取的。     

俄罗斯人口发展状况及对中国的启示

本文利用俄罗斯的历史人口数据,对俄罗斯人口数量和结构变动状况进行了分析,并对俄罗斯三次人口转型中的社会经济情况变化对人口变动状况的影响进行了分析。结果表明,俄罗斯的人口出生率下降很快,人口死亡率升高,总和生育率已远低于替代水平,因此人口自然增长率迅速下降,总人口数长期处于下降通道,出生预期寿命不增反降,特别是男性出生预期寿命远低于女性出生预期寿命。在推动人口增长的社会经济相关措施实施后,俄罗斯人口数量仍不能增加,这对目前总和生育率已经很低的中国有一定的借鉴意义。     

经济增长、生育政策与生育率——基于跨国面板数据的实证研究

文章基于不同发展水平、采取不同生育政策分布在不同地区的十个国家1970—2009年的面板数据对经济增长、生育政策与生育率之间的关系进行实证分析,对近年来部分学者提出的经济增长与生育率之间的U形关系,采取选择不同样本、加入政策变量和其他与生育率相关的重要经济指标如妇女的教育程度、城镇化率、工业化率等进行再检验,结果支持该假说,经济增长在经济发展程度整体较低的阶段与生育率呈现较高的负相关,但当经济增长达到一定程度时,收入效应取代替代效应对生育率起主要推动作用,如果再辅之以相关的激励政策和措施,生育率会出现轻微的反弹。因此,对于已采取生育控制政策的国家,可以结合经济社会发展指标权衡利弊,适时调整政策。     

建设生育文明和统筹解决农村人口问题

建设生育文明的实质是提倡人文关怀和制度保障。文明的内核是对人权的尊崇,赋权和维权是生育文明高度下最有效、最彻底的尺度。在生育文明的框架里,以人为本就是以民为本,以责任为本。建设生育文明首先是国家和政府的责任。从社会性别的视角提出了"女性健康,男性有责"的主张,指出生育率越低越好的政策导向存在着显然的巨大风险,中国需要未雨绸缪地及早确立"适度低生育水平"的社会调控机制。生育文明建设可以为社会主义新农村建设提供新的动力,创建"富裕文明、身心健康、优生优育、权益保障、民主和谐"计划生育新家庭是统筹解决农村人口问题的重要战略。     

The evaluation of China's population policy]

China's population policy has had tremendous effects on the reduction of fertility. The impact of the population policy is manifested in the following aspects. 1) Reducing the size of the total population by 200 million in 17 years. If the population growth rate had remained at its 1970 level of 2.6/1000, the total population would have been 1.28 billion in 1987. 2) The implementation of the population policy accelerated the process of demographic transition. The mortality decline which began in the early 1950s initiated the demographic transition. The Fertility decline began after the birth control policy was implemented and shifted the transition to a low population growth stage even before the socioeconomic conditions which are considered to be the determinants of fertility decline appeared. The fertility decline, in turn, promoted the socioeconomic development of the country. 3) Solving the problem of food; feeding 21.6% of the world's population on 7.1% of the world's farm land is no easy task. The success of population control, no doubt, played an important role in lowering the population growth rate so that the growth of food production could keep pace with the needs of the population. 4) A decline in the dependency ratio is a favorable condition to socioeconomic development. China's dependency ratio of 59.7 is among the lowest in developing countries and is close to the level in developed countries. Therefore, more production output can be used in investment rather than consumption. 5) The fertility decline facilitated a balanced economic growth. The ratio of population growth as compared to the growth of major economic indicators should be considered an important issue in maintaining macroeconomic control. The population policy made it possible for economic growth to surpass population growth.