论唐代京城寺观影响

唐朝是中国封建社会发展的高峰,政治、经济和文化各个方面进入了一个前所未有的繁荣时期.在这一背景下,佛道二教也得到了充分的发展,具体表现为京城寺观的兴盛,高度发展的宗教文化反作用于京城,主要体现在政治和经济两个方面:在政治上,寺观势力与统治阶级构成利用与被利用的关系,在经济上,寺观力量的壮大对封建土地所有制产生了一定的冲击.     

汉唐广西经济史述略

汉唐时期注意发展农业、兴修水利、改良耕作技术 ,扩大品种种植 ,使广西成为粮食出口的地区。手工业在纺织、陶瓷、冶铸等方面都有长足的发展。农业和手工业的发展促进了商品经济的繁荣。本文还考证了汉唐时期广西货币使用情况。汉唐时期是广西经济史上的重要发展时期     

媒介社会学视角下中国纪录片发展历程探究

纪录片作为人类社会的产物,其产生与发展都是在社会发展变迁的整体环境中进行的。本文综合1958年纪录片出现以来中国社会中政治、经济、文化、人类生活需求及习惯的变更以及媒介自身发展规律的发展,本文将中国纪录片的发展历程划分为政治化纪录片时期、市场经济体制下宏大地理文化题材纪录片时期、平民化时期与媒介融合背景下的大众化民俗题材纪录片时期。在不同的历史时期,纪录片又能反作用于社会,为满足国家政治宣传需要、市场经济繁荣及人民生活需求发挥着重要作用。     

媒介社会学视角下中国纪录片发展历程探究

纪录片作为人类社会的产物,其产生与发展都是在社会发展变迁的整体环境中进行的。本文综合1958年纪录片出现以来中国社会中政治、经济、文化、人类生活需求及习惯的变更以及媒介自身发展规律的发展,本文将中国纪录片的发展历程划分为政治化纪录片时期、市场经济体制下宏大地理文化题材纪录片时期、平民化时期与媒介融合背景下的大众化民俗题材纪录片时期。在不同的历史时期,纪录片又能反作用于社会,为满足国家政治宣传需要、市场经济繁荣及人民生活需求发挥着重要作用。     

明代内地与西藏的交通

明代是内地与西藏交通史上的一个重要发展时期。明中央政府在藏族地区实行“多封众建”的政策,“封西番朵甘、乌思藏诸酋为王师官长”。并命受封的僧俗官员“领其人民,间岁朝贡”。明王朝也频繁派员出使藏地,仅“永乐,宣德数十年间,诸内监奉西使之诏无虑十次,穷探远徼,绵历岁时,为前代所罕有”。同时,明代茶马互市空前繁荣,官私茶商络绎于途.这种前所未有的经济、政治等方面广泛密切的交往,促进了内地与西藏交通的发展。驿递往还旧线畅通,新线增辟;道途险阻渐有修治,交通设施日趋完备,为尔后汉藏交通进一步繁荣发展奠定了基础。     

隋唐时期佛教与科技发展关系浅论

隋唐时期是中国佛教发展史上的集大成阶段。佛教兴盛建立在国家的统一、经济的繁荣、统治者的扶持及佛教自身发展等基础之上,这一时期科技发展在一定程度上受惠于佛教的发展与兴盛上。佛教徒所翻译佛经中含有大量与科技知识相关的内容,促进了科技的传播与发展。同时,佛法本具的圆融无碍精神也成为隋唐时期科技发展的重要助力。隋唐时期佛教的发展经过当时社会政治、经济、文化等方面的过滤、转换和折射,在其可能范围内对中国科技发展作出了相应的推动。     

论我国社会主义时期党和国家的民族纲领

我国社会主义时期党和国家的民族政策的总原则是民族平等、民族团结、民族共同繁荣;民族政策的根本立场、根本宗旨是民族平等、团结、自治、发展。新世纪新阶段党和国家民族工作的主题是各民族共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展。     

试论河南亲王府与拉卜楞寺的关系

青海河南蒙旗一世和硕亲王察罕丹津迎请嘉木样,创建拉卜楞寺,冀以宗教信仰的力量加强蒙旗内部的凝聚力。之后历朝亲王府与拉卜楞僧团间的法缘关系经历了亲密、若即若离时期后,出现了恶化时期。本文通过分析各层面的因素,试图勾勒出河南地区僧俗两大势力间关系发展变化的轮廓。     

金代黑龙江流域的农业和手工业

公元11～12世纪初,女真族崛起于黑龙江流域,建立了大金政权,黑龙江流域出现了历史上的又一次经济大发展时期,其中农业和手工业方面表现得尤为突出。金统治者先后制定了一系列政策扶持农业和手工业的发展。农业和手工业的发展主要表现在:农业生产工具的进步、耕地面积的扩大、粮食产量的提高、农作物品种的增加、家畜家禽饲养业的繁荣和农产品的商品化,以及金属冶炼技术和手工工艺的提高等方面。成为黑龙江流域古代历史上最繁荣的历史时期。     

略论吐蕃时期汉藏体育与医学文化交流

本文就吐蕃时期汉藏体育与医学文化交流的背景和状况进行了深入探讨,认为吐蕃时期是藏族传统体育文化发展的重要时期,由于从松赞干布赞普开始实行了与唐王朝联姻等一系列密切汉藏关系的开明政策,不仅促进了吐蕃的社会稳定、经济繁荣、文化发展,而且也促进了吐蕃体育的发展。     

韦皋与唐代南方丝绸之路的重开

Weigao was one of the famous Jie-dushi ( regional military commissioners ) of the Jiannan Xichuan ( located in today’s southern Si-chuan) in the Tang Dynasty. During the rule of Wei Gao, he successfully defeated the Tubo, and changed the Tang court’s submissiveness in the southwestern region and the fight between the Tang and Tubo along the southern line. He also restored the links between Yunnan and Xichuan including all the way to the Central Plains, and, as a result, the once closed Southern Silk Road was reopened. A further exploration and evaluation of Wei Gao’s actions and his influence on reopening the Southern Silk Road ought to be given. I. Wei Gao’s Alliance with the Nanzhao King-dom and Reopening the Southern Silk Road In 785 A. D. , Wei Gao arrived in Chengdu and was appointed Jiedushi of Jiannan Xichuan. The situation of Jiannan Xichuan at that time was very critical. After the Tianbao war, the Kingdom of Nanzhao, which had unified the area around Er-hai Lake with the support of the Tang in the past, turned against the Tang and publicly announced its alliance with the Tubo. The Nanzhao Kingdom, to-gether with the Tubo, struck the Tang in the south-western region. This shift not only put the Tang in a submissive position in the southwestern region, but also significantly influenced the relations be-tween the Tang and the Tubo. As the Jiedushi of Jiannan Xichuan, Wei Gao became a unique practitioner and actively promoted a joint strategy in Yunnan. After the Tang decided to make an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom, relevant actions were taken immediately. However because relations between the Nanzhao Kingdom and the Tang had been broken for many years, at the beginning, Wei Gao could only communicate through some of the tribal chiefs of the Dongman ( Eastern Barbarians) . Through several years of ef-fort and mutual contact, Wei Gao’s endeavors to make an alliance with the Nanzhao, at last, were effective. Wei Gao’s efforts to make an alliance with the Nanzhao certainly involved issues related to trans-portation between Xichuan and the area of Erhai Lake. During that period, the route between Xi-chuan and Nanzhao was not only under military threat from the Tubo, but it was also overseen by the tribes of the Dongman who supported the Tu-bo—this indicated that the line of communication was not in a normal situation. The Southern Silk Road was one of ancient China’s important land trade routes to overseas. In looking at relevant re-cords in the Shiji ( Records of the Historian ) , we can see that this route had been known by people in the Central Plains from at least the Qin and Han dynasties. It was called the“Shushen Dudao” dur-ing the Han dynasty, and the “Xi’er Tianzhu zhid-ao” in the Taizhong period of the Tang dynasty.“Xi’er” refers to Erhai Lake, which was called“Xi’er He” during that time; “Tianzhu”, i. e.“Shendu”, refers to present day India. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, there were two primary routes between Xichuan and the area of Lake Er-hai. One was the Shimendao, also called the Wuchidao or Rongzhoudao, which started from present Chengdu and went through present day Le-shan and Yibin. The other was the Qing Xidao, also called the Lingguandao, Songzhoudao or Qiongnan Yilu,which, started from present Cheng-du, and went through present day Ya’an, and Xichang. These two routes were also called the“North Route” and the“South Route” in the Yun-nan Zhi ( The History of Yunnan) compiled by Fan Cuo in the Tang Dynasty. These two were the main routes between Sichuan and Yunnan on the South-ern Silk Road in the Tang dynasty. In 794 A. D. , the Tang and the Nanzhao Kingdom swore an oath of alliance, and Wei Gao started his plans to reo-pen the routes. By making a comprehensive analy-sis of relevant historical records, we are certain that starting with a plan in the 8th century, and fol-lowing the realization of the alliance between the Tang and Nanzhao as part of the strategy for the Southwestern area, and, together with the success in the fight against the Tubo, the two main chan-nels between Sichuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Road were reopened as a result of the concern of Wei Gao at the beginning of the 9th century. II. The Basic Situation of the Route between Sichuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Road in the Tang Dynasty and Its Historical Significance It was a long way from Xichuan to the area of Lake Erhai, and, moreover, the situation was also very complicated. Whenever the North Route or the South Route opened, it was not something that was completed immediately; it was a process. Al-though some sections of the road might be comple-ted initially, the opening of the entire route could not be completed within a short time. Through the records of Fan Cuo in his Yunnan Zhi, we can glean a general understanding of the basic situation regarding the reopening of the two main routes be-tween Sichuan and Yunnan along the Southern Silk Road in the Tang Dynasty. Seen from the records of Fan Cuo, there were courier stations along the South Route, so that travelers and their horses could have services and accommodation. It is very significant to note that in addition to the records of courier stations along the route managed by the Xichuan administration, the Yunnan Zhi also recorded that special translators were arranged for facilitating the contact and ex-change between the two sides, i. e. Xichuan and Nanzhao, after the route reached Ezhunling. This detail reflected Xichuan’s attention to the manage-ment of this route, but it also reflected the frequent contact between the people from the two sides of this route and the need for better communication. The road which started from Ezhunling was man-aged by the Nanzhao Kingdom. The situation of the North Route was quite different from the South Route. Based upon an analysis of the records found in the Yunnan Zhi, along the north route, there were not only high mountain, steep slopes, and winding roads, but the traveler also had to pass through many areas inhabited by the Wuman (Black Babarians). So, people were able to pass through the stations only after their words had been translated three or four times. Generally speaking, the conditions along the North Route were worse than those along the South Route. Therefore, al-though the reopening of the South Route was later than the North Route, people usually chose to pass through the South Route after it was reopened. It should be mentioned here that although Fan Cuo’s Yunnan Zhi was compiled during the early years of Xiantong Period in the Tang dynasty, the situation along the route and courier stations recorded in the book were probably not much different from those along the route during the time of Wei Gao. Al-though more than half a century of time had passed the road and courier stations along the South and North Routes might have only had some minor changes, and it was probably generally the same as in the past. Moreover it was unblocked for a long term due to the concern of the both sides. Another point that should be noted here is that although both the South and North Routes connecting Si-chuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Road in the Tang dynasty were managed by the administra-tions of Xichuan and Nanzhao separately, seen from the close relations and common demands of the two sides, the construction and management of these two important routes were combined through the negotiation of the two sides’ considerations and demands. As the major supporter for making the alliance with Nanzhao, Wei Gao should be the one who played an active role in this process. Because of the alliance between the Tang and the Nanzhao Kingdom the Tubo suffered a setback in the southwestern region, and they gradually re-treated to the north. Under this scenario, the channels of communication between Sichuan and Yunnan were unblocked, and communication be-tween the envoys from the Tang and Nanzhao be-came more frequent, the local trade developed, and the number of businessmen traversing Sichuan and Yunnan increased. Seen from the perspective of the development of Nanzhao, the frequent ex-changes between the artisans and traders from the two sides via the South and North Routes that ran between Sichuan and Yunnan promoted the eco-nomic and commercial development of Yunnan. In addition, there were many ethnic groups in the Nanzhao Kingdom. These included the Wuman, and Baiman ( white barbarians) . For several dec-ades,“more than a thousand” people from differ-ent ethnic groups went to Chengdu to study. This reflected that the reopening of the Southern Silk Road during the Tang dynasty played an important role in cultural transmission. On the other hand, training youth from the different ethnic groups liv-ing in the Nanzhao Kingdom also had a deep influ-ence on the cultural development of Yunnan. More important is that this action enhanced the commu-nication between the ethnic groups of Yunnan and the Central Plains. In addition, after reopening the road between Sichuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Route, the road continued through Nanzhao territory, crossed into the Myanmar-India route, and arrived in South and Southeast Asia. It could be said that Wei Gao’s reopening of the Southern Silk Road was not only helpful for communication between the people of Xichuan, the Central Plains and Yunnan, but it was also helpful for communi-cation between the Tang and the countries of South and Southeast Asia. It should be mentioned that Wei Gao’s reope-ning of the Southern Silk Road was conducted with-in the framework of an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom to attack the Tubo. Hence, speaking truthfully, reopening the road was not the main re-sponsibility of the Jiedushi of Xichuan, and was al-so not his main strategic goal. Under the serious situation faced by Jiannan Xichuan, Wei Gao’s main focus during that time was how to contact and make an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom so as to take military action against the Tubo. Even if he planned to reopen this road and took some action, it was conducted by targeting his military strategic action. However, reopening the Southern Silk Road could not be separated from the action of making an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom. Moreover, after reopening this road, it really pro-moted economic -cultural exchange and develop-ment along the road. Hence, we should give a full understanding and evaluation on Wei Gao’s histori-cal role in it.     

从国际视野看丝路青海道的演变

卡约文化时期,北方草原之路支线已深入青海境内。公元前6世纪至公元前3世纪中期,波斯帝国、亚历山大帝国、赛琉古王国对促进欧、亚、非三大洲世界性交往做出过杰出贡献。前3世纪中期至前2世纪末,中亚希腊化国家巴克特里亚(大夏)可能已通过青海道与中国贸易往来。公元前3世纪至公元3世纪初,罗马帝国、安息帝国与汉帝国的崛起促使了丝绸之路的畅通,但汉政府"隔绝羌胡"的政策使青海道失去了国际通道的功能。公元3世纪初至7世纪初,由于萨珊波斯的经营与中国各政权的重视,联系中国与中亚、西亚的交通大道"丝绸之路"仍畅通无阻。4至6世纪,在吐谷浑的经营下,青海道成为中国南北与域外联系的最重要的国际通道。7世纪至9世纪中期,阿拉伯帝国、吐蕃帝国与大唐帝国的崛起使横跨欧亚大陆的丝绸之路极度繁荣。这时在吐蕃的控制下,青海道在连接中国南北与西域、中亚乃至西亚的交通中仍然发挥着重要作用。9世纪末至13世纪初期,由于大国崩溃、小国林立,丝路东西两段俱走向衰落。不过北宋时期,青海凭借地缘优势,仍为沟通西域与中原的重要的国际通道。13世纪初期至15世纪初,在丝绸之路一度复兴的背景下,青海道地位下降,但仍为中西往来的通道。15世纪以后,由于丝路东西段沿线均战乱不已,青海道随整个丝绸之路的衰落而衰落。     

安西大都护府的伟大功绩和突厥对丝绸之路的贡献

本文论述了安西大都护府领导西北各民族在其存在的一百多年间为丝绸之路和丝路贸易繁荣发展建立的历史功绩.文章并不赞同过分夸大突厥对丝绸之路的危害,客观、公正地评价了突厥对于丝绸之路的贡献.     

河南邓州高山族"闽营"背景初探

2002年以来河南省邓州市陆续面世的8部高山族家谱,是清代台湾高山族移住大陆史事的惟一直接证据,它们都记述了一个共同的历史背景:康熙三年(1664)郑成功部将黄廷降清;七年,黄廷所部奉命屯垦中原、落籍邓州,俗称“闽营”五里四十八村。本文在收集考辨地方志材料和实地调查的基础上,对邓州地区的“闽营”进行了初步研究。     

乐生美学:《那坡彝族开路经》文化功能研究

《那坡彝族开路经》是广西那坡彝族宗教典籍的一种,是一部反映彝族古代社会生活的史诗。《开路经》在历史进程中将那坡彝族自强不息、团结友善、乐观向上的精神特质全面吸纳,又以庄谐统一的故事性内容,文白相生的表现手法和音乐性的展演形式实践着对百姓艺术性的引导和教化,在审美化的宗教文学氛围里,《开路经》实现了慰藉亡灵、教化世人、凝聚族群等文化功能,诠释着那坡彝族追求乐生的美学品质。     

新疆回族驼运业的调查与研究

伴随着自元代起始的徙居,地处丝绸之路孔道的新疆回族便开始了远距离经商贸易活动。作为集货物运输与商业贸易为一体的商旅组织,回族驼运业随丝绸之路的兴衰而消长。到民国后,回族驼运业迅猛发展,在新疆驼运业中,规模最大,经营活动范围最广,资金最雄厚,社会影响最巨。本文依据田野调查资料及文献记载,对新疆回族驼运的组织与功能、通商路线与营运货物、驼运业兴起的原因及驼队的演变、新疆回族现在的经商运输情况等,作了系统论述。     

政府主导型散杂居城市和谐民族关系机制探讨——以河南省南阳市为例

本文以河南省南阳市为例,探讨了政府主导型散杂居城市和谐民族关系机制。认为经济发展机制是民族关系和谐的基础,保障机制是民族关系和谐的前提,宣传教育机制是民族关系和谐的推动力,工作机制是民族关系和谐的重要手段.     

社会工作者的专业化:问题与对策——以西宁市上滨河路社区工作者为例

本文通过对西宁市上滨河路社区工作者个案的调研,分析实际社会工作者确定社会需求、挖掘社区资源,解决社区问题的方法和能力,分析实际社区工作者的迫切需要,从而探索社会工作者专业化的发展前景.     

柯尔克孜跨国民族地缘交通历史与现状

柯尔克孜族成为跨国民族 ,起因为近代沙俄向外扩张以及中俄一系列不平等条约的签定。跨国后的柯尔克孜族居住于西部天山两侧 ,1170公里长的边界线将同一民族分为两半。柯尔克孜族所在地区自古以来便处于丝绸之路必经之地 ,一些著名的山口就位于其中。跨国后 ,位居边界线两侧同源民族之间的关系 ,随着所在国政治、外交关系的变迁而疏密 ,同时 ,还和两个国家的政策以及国力的强弱等因素有关     

中亚、突厥族群对文化学研究的意义

中亚地处东西方交通要道、丝绸之路的核心区域,突厥语族民族在这一区域中扮演了重要角色.通过回顾相关文化理论及对这一区域和族群文化的实证研究表明,人类文化的变迁是通过逐渐的"过渡段落"实现的,而中亚及突厥族群的文化进程为实现欧亚大陆的文明衔接与动态分布做出了重要贡献.