外商直接投资与中国经济增长——基于金融发展视角的实证研究

国际资本的流动不仅受到东道国经济增长势头的吸引,东道国金融体系、市场的健全性和稳定性同样至关重要.中国金融部门无论在长期还是短期均通过传导FDI资金流蕴含的积极影响,在FDI和经济增长之间充当了一个正面中介机制,从而为FDI最终促进中国经济增长发挥了正向作用,这一作用也可以视为中国金融发展的经济增长推动效应.在金融系统的特定发展水平下,存在一个门限值,当金融发展程度大于这一水平时,FDI开始正向作用于经济增长.以私人部门贷款占GDP比重这一指标作为衡量中国金融发展水平的代理变量时,就短期和长期来看,当私人部门贷款占GDP比重分别超过4.710%和8.375%时,中国金融发展才能发挥促进FDI推动国内经济增长的作用.     

FDI影响东道国就业规模的效应分析

加入WTO以来,我国利用外商直接投资规模与日俱增,外资在我国经济发展中发挥着十分重要的作用.FDI在为东道国带来资金和技术的同时,也对就业产生不可忽视的影响.这种影响主要是由外商投资动机、外资流入方式、外资流入对象、东道国劳动力市场状况及东道国引资政策所决定的.并且,FDI对东道国就业的影响具有不确定性,往往表现出一定的时期规律.当前,就业问题是一个世界性的难题.对我国来讲,农村剩余劳动力过多的现实情况决定了我国的就业形势异常严峻,而就业问题的解决对于实现经济社会的协调发展,构建和谐社会意义十分重大.鉴于外资的流入对东道国的就业效应具有不确定性,因此,采取合理、有效的引资政策是外来资本能否充分发挥就业积极效应的关键.     

服务业FDI流入的产业结构效应分析——基于中日的比较分析

国际投资理论普遍认为FDI流入对带动东道国经济发展,特别是产业结构调整具有积极效应,但文章通过理论和中日实证分析得出:FDI流入对不同经济发展水平的国家存在不同的产业效应,并认为产业发展水平和政府政策导向是重要原因,由此建议作为发展中东道国的中国应积极调整FDI政策,即引导和鼓励FDI流入服务业,以促进产业升级和国际竞争力提升。     

东道国FDI政策国际比较研究

分析东道国政策对FDI产生的影响是FDI理论的最新研究方向。在实践上,美国对FDI实行的国民待遇原则,韩国FDI政策从限制到促进的转变,印度FDI政策的封闭特征是三国FDI存量、流量及质量不同的主要原因。对FDI政策的理论研究和实践比较表明,世界各国的FDI政策都存在不同程度的规制与鼓励交替变迁过程,但变化的总趋势是向投资自由化方向发展。对我国的启示是,在正确把握规制与自由化的关系基础上,保持政策的动态连续性。     

2000-2010年浙江省引进FDI与碳排放的相关性评估

随着外资规模在中国的不断扩大,FDI对东道国经济的影响引起了学术界的广泛关注,许多研究由此展开.但是,鲜有学者就某一具体区域不同行业FDI和碳排放的关系进行研究.基于此,本文概述了2000-2010年浙江省引进FDI的规模和结构特征,评估了2000一2010年浙江省的年度碳排放量,并实证分析了浙江省FDI规模与碳排放量之间相关关系及因果关系,以期为浙江省节能减排政策提供一定的参考.     

世界服务业吸引FDI状况及其促进经济发展的机理研究

世界经济和服务业增长态势良好,世界经济正向服务经济转型,为吸引外资提供了良好的外部环境,世界服务业吸引外资状况良好,并继续快速发展.这主要取决于世界主要国家充分认识到服务业吸引FDI能直接提高东道国服务业的需求能力和服务供给的质量,能间接刺激以制造业为代表的其他产业的生产能力和产品供给质量的提高,能在服务业和以制造业为代表的其他产业之间形成良好的产业循环关系,这三个方面最终可以支撑起东道国宏观经济良好的运行态势.上述服务业吸引FDI作用的发挥需要东道国政府强有力的相关配套政策的支持,包括加快国内服务业发展、充分利用世界服务业国际间转移的机会、为服务业的发展创造更广阔的来自于制造业发展的市场需求的空间、出台相应的产业政策和产业融合政策等.     

FDI产业集聚的形成与演进

本文对FDI产业集聚形成的前提、原因和这种产业集聚的演进模式、演进动力和内在机制作了分析,进而从产业价值链区位分布的角度讨论了FDI产业集聚形式对中国的产业结构和贸易结构的影响;同时文章还讨论了FDI产业集聚所构成的外资企业生产合作网络在东道国的延伸问题,以及跨国公司在华R&D机构与集聚动态化的问题.我们发现地方政府的"集聚引资战略"政策不具有普遍实施意义.     

FDI对中国经济增长的区域效应和动态效应

以我国各个省市作为横截面单元,利用各横截面单元1988~2005年的样本组成面板数据,进而建立动态面板数据模型来考察FDI对我国不同地区经济增长的影响。结果表明,FDI对我国经济增长具有促进作用,但是滞后2期FDI对我国经济增长具有负面影响。同时,FDI对不同地区的影响有显著差异,对东部地区而言,FDI对经济增长的效应最为明显。     

外国直接投资对中国环境的影响——来自工业行业面板数据的实证研究(英文)

在Copeland-Taylor模型的基础上引入技术因素,将外国直接投资(FDI)对东道国的环境影响分解为规模效应、结构效应和技术效应三种机制,并结合中国2001-2009年36个工业行业的面板数据,运用结构计量模型和系统广义矩估计方法对FDI进入程度与污染排放的关系进行经验检验,可以发现:FDI无论是在总体上还是分行业上都有利于减少我国工业的污染排放,其主要原因在于,FDI通过技术引进与扩散带来的正向技术效应超过了负向的规模效应与结构效应。此外,中国当前的外资进入程度距离以环保为目标的最优水平还有一段空间,因此应积极鼓励具有环保技术优势的外资企业的进入,实现节能减排和可持续发展的战略目标。     

努力解决吸引-排斥困境:韩国外商直接投资政策研究

韩国几乎是一个发展中国家交替地追求和限制外商直接投资 (FDI)模式的教科书案例。它在努力为国内公司保存国内市场的大部分份额时 ,已经寻求到了跨国公司带来的资本、技术、管理技能和组织能力。但在扩大FDI的官方声明与许多潜在投资者的实践经验之间却存在着显著的差异 ,特别是在 2 0世纪 80～ 90年代。本文确定了一个用于分析一国FDI政策的自由化程度的框架 ,然后简要描述韩国 1 960～ 2 0 0 0年的FDI政策 ,并评价其开放程度。关于发展中国家如何吸引FDI,许多文章都认为吸引外资对投资者和东道国都是有益的。重复这些声明毫无意义 …     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Feminist Criticism in The Scarlet Letter

The Scarlet Letter written by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a great book. Through feminist criticism we can get how The Scarlet Letter may be read as dramatizing Hester Prynne's spiritual and physical struggle to survive as an individual in a society whose values authorize the privileged power of men.     

循环经济与可持续发展刍议

发展循环经济已经成为当今世界的潮流和趋势,循环经济将经济活动组织成为"资源-产品-消费-再生资源"的物质反复循环的闭环式流程,从上世纪90年代确定可持续发展战略以来,发达国家正在把发展循环经济、建立循环型社会看作是实施可持续发展战略的重要途径和实现方式.循环经济是集经济、技术、社会于一体的系统工程,其启动和推广不仅需要政府、企业、科学界和公众等社会各界的不懈努力和共同参与,而且需要资金、技术以及法规、制度等软硬环境的强力支撑.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

Youth‐oriented active labour market policies and economic crisis: Explaining policy effort in Greece and Portugal

The starting point of this study is the implementation of seemingly similar youth‐oriented labour market policies in Greece and Portugal. Both countries have suffered high youth unemployment rates and have been pressured to restructure their labour market as part of the rescue programmes adopted during the European sovereign debt crisis. Despite convergence in terms of policy trajectories, there is a significant divergence in employment outcomes. In Portugal, youth‐oriented policies were better‐targeted and structured. Their implementation has been more effective and has involved the social partners from the outset of the crisis. In Greece, policy design failures, administrative weaknesses and unfavourable macroeconomic conditions have limited the dynamics of youth‐oriented policies thus increasing youth insecurity. Τhe analysis suggests that convergence in policy content can be compatible with divergence in terms of outcomes.