流浪儿童救助保护体系的模式探索

构建规范、有效的流浪儿童救助保护体系，必须将之置于国家——社会关系背景下考量，并对体制内的机构救助者和民间主体之间职能的分工、关系的协调予以兼顾。有鉴于此，本文提出流浪儿童救助保护体系构建的五个原则，在此基础上建构一个国家、社会与流浪儿童的家庭三者共同担负流浪儿童救助保护与回归社会责任的理论模型，以期有效整合国家与社会的资源，引导流浪儿童顺利回归正常社会生活。     

社会工作介入流浪儿童救助体系的路径探究

流浪儿童是一个社会性问题,当前我国对流浪儿童的救助主要停留在程序化的救助层面,救助效果有待提升。文章从社会工作视角出发,分析专业社工介入流浪儿童救助体系的优势性,并探索社工介入救助工作的路径,从而打破传统程序化的救助方式,真正以儿童为中心,维护流浪儿童合法权益,促进流浪儿童的自我发展。     

流浪儿童心理救助服务模式初探

流浪儿童问题是当今世界各国普遍关注的全球性社会问题。但是，与物质方面的救助相比，流浪儿童心理救助比较缺失。通过对未成年人救助保护中心流浪儿童的调查发现，流浪儿童在进站、住站、出站三个不同阶段的心理需求各不相同。需要结合流浪儿童救助站的现有条件，设计符合流浪儿童心理需求、对流浪儿童有切实有效作用的心理救助服务的方式和方法，预防和减少流浪儿童重复流浪心理的形成，更好地实现流浪儿童救助。     

家庭参与流浪儿童救助保护的可行性与模式建构

家庭问题是儿童外出流浪的主要原因之一,只有家庭问题得到了缓解,流浪儿童才能真正实现回归家庭和社会。因此,流浪儿童救助保护需要家庭的参与。本文在结合前人研究和我国流浪儿童救助保护现状的基础上,分析了家庭参与流浪儿童救助保护的必要性和可行性,并建构了"家庭参与流浪儿童救助保护体系",将儿童心理行为问题解决和家庭问题解决相结合,为我国流浪儿童救助保护工作提供可资参考的新思路。     

郑州：救助流浪少年儿童的外展社会工作

从2004年以来，郑州市救助保护流浪少年儿童中心和郑州大学社会工作专业师生合作，以流动救助车和全天候街头救助点为载体，运用外展社会工作的专业方法，在街头主动为流浪少年儿童提供引导式救助。     

书讯

<正>《"流浪儿"在美国:社会救助的制度、实践与启示》:作者为上海社会科学院青少年研究所副研究员何芳。上海人民出版社2013年8月版,45元。随着我国社会转型的加剧和城市人口流动的加速,流浪儿童的数量日益增多。如何在我国建立和完善法律明晰、责任清楚、操作具体的流浪儿童救助体系和保护网络,已成为政府与社会共同关注的焦点。美国是有着较长儿童福利制度历史的发达国家,探讨美国在流浪儿童救助方面的经验,对当前我国建立和完善     

个案工作：外展救助工作中最有效的方法

个案社会工作是由专业社会工作者运用专业知识和技巧为个人或群体提供物质或情感方面的支持与服务，目的在于帮助个人或群体减低压力，解决问题，达到个人和社会的良好福利状态。在救助和保护流浪儿童的过程中，个案社会工作是运用最多、也最有效的方法。我们分别以危机介入模式、任务中心模式、心理一社会模式进行说明。     

武汉市救助管理站：推行站校合作

2010年6月,武汉市救助管理站被确定为武汉市民政局首批社会工作人才队伍建设4个试点单位之一。在市民政局、站党委的大力支持和武汉大学等高校专家、教授的精心指导下,经过几个月的努力探索,武汉市救助管理站基本形成了以社会工作站和高校社会实践基地为平台,以流浪未成年人救助保护中心为重点,专业社工带领社会工作从业人员和义工,运用社会工作专业方法介入救助工作,变流浪未成年人临时救助为构建社会支持网络的新模式。具体做法体现在以下两方面：     

关于《儿童社会工作服务指南》的解读

问:儿童是社会工作的重要服务领域之一,近年我国儿童社会工作的发展较快,请问此次出台《儿童社会工作服务指南》的意义主要有哪些方面? 答:儿童社会工作从业人员广泛分布在儿童福利机构、儿童保护机构以及社区中,从事孤残儿童福利服务、流浪儿童救助和儿童保护等工作.为引导和推动儿童社会工作服务专业化、职业化建设,进一步提高全国儿童社会工作从业人员的能力和水平,配合民政部等18部门《关于加强社会工作专业人才队伍建设的意见》和《社会工作专业人才队伍建设中长期规划(2011-2020年)》中提出的社会工作专业人才能力素质不断提于、社会工作专业人才效能不断增强的目标,编制本《指南》.     

未成年人流浪保护中心的救助困境与建议—以L市救助站未成年人流浪保护中心为例

未成年人流浪人员在我国大规模的人口迁移中日益受到社会的广泛关注，而未成年人流浪管理救助亦面临着不少重点难点，本文以L市救助站未成年人保护中心为例浅析了未成年人流浪保护中心的救助困境，以及社会工作的助人理念并给出建议。     

The rights of the child enabling community development to contribute to a valid social work practice with children at risk

This paper presents a way of thinking about and doing child protection work using community development (CD) principles to guide practice. It suggests that a useful addition to CD can be found within the rights of the child provisions in Human Rights conventions. Using examples from the authors' three countries to illustrate the work that practitioners do in their work with children at risk, we argue that social work practice can be enhanced by the inclusion of these principles and practices which are essentially core generic social work practice. However, much of social work with the protection of children is bound by ‘risk’ perceptions which result in investigatory approaches being used as a first action, often to the exclusion of preventive approaches. This article demonstrates that in very different situations from different environments, CD in concert with the principles of the rights of the child can assist good outcomes with children at risk. A model is presented for unifying the worldview of human/children's rights with social work's core concern, the protection of children, using generic social work skills.     

胡耀邦与“文化大革命”后拨乱反正时期的青年工作

胡耀邦同志在“文化大革命”后这个特殊的年代，对青年工作面临的基本问题，包括对“文化大革命”后青年的估价，青年工作拨乱反正的任务和基本方针，处理“文化大革命”遗留下来各种严重的青年问题的方针和政策，对当时的共青团组织怎样工作和团干部应有的精神状态与作风等，都有相关的系统论述。这是我党青年工作的一个典范。青年是社会变革中一支最敏感、最活跃也是很重要的力量，今天我们重温胡耀邦同志当时的指导思想，仍有着重要的现实意义。     

A historical perspective on the working contributions of children in britain: 1800-1914

This paper considers the work of children and their contribution to modern societies by looking at this from a historical perspective. Children's work today is often characterised as being little and of no consequence, while it is expected that children should enjoy a childhood free from the cares and worries of the adult working population. In this article I show how children's experience of work moved from the 'public' world of the street and workplace outside the home, to one where children's work is centred in the 'private' realm of the home and school. Children were denied the status and benefits associated with receiving a wage and were therefore a role assumed to be dependent upon others and undervalued. It is argued that children's place in society is similarly devalued and their contributions to the reproduction of that society marginalised. Children's activities and contributions are merely represented as being unworthy of any kind of economic, political or legal reward. The subsequent exclusion from social, economic and political reward separates children from the independence normally enjoyed by adults. While not of course condoning the exploitation of children, or even suggesting that children today are not entitled to a time where they are free of the burdens of paid work, I discuss how children's contributions are redefined, undermined and undervalued. I do so by focusing on the experience of the city of Manchester between 1800 and 1914, and the effects of the slow introduction of legislation curbing children's paid work.     

Can a Munro-Inspired Approach Transform the Lives of Looked after Children in England?

This discussion paper will examine the lessons from the Munro Review relevant for looked after children. Although the Munro Review focuses on child protection, we will argue that some of its key principles have relevance for understanding looked after childhoods. The Munro Review provides an analysis of the current state of the child protection system, challenging bureaucratised practice and arguing for a reclaiming of professional social work identity, knowledge and understanding. There are three key principles of the Munro Review that this paper will focus upon. The first two are the recognition that risk cannot be eradicated and the bureaucratisation of practice is an inadequate response to the demand for public accountability. The third principle is that ethical integrity lies at the heart of services for children in public care. The key message of this paper is that a Munro approach can transform looked after childhoods. However, the current ‘child protection’ model of social work in England may prevent this shift in social work practice.     

城市基层治理的结构调适及其反思——以黄石市街道体制改革为样本

街道作为城市基层政府及行政管理的末端,街道体制改革实质是我国城市基层治理结构和治理能力建设问题。本文在梳理学界关于街道体制的争论及其有待澄清的地方的基础上,以湖北省黄石市街道体制的改革为例,讨论改革的源起与作为,发现其改革的效果并不乐观,但在后续的改革政策中,也在逐步调整。对街道体制改革进行思考,撤销街道办的改革应坚持推进大部门体制改革,逐步规范社区组织架构,完善社区治理结构等等。在城市基层治理体制改革的实践中,对于是否撤销街道办事处,更要探索适合本地实际的改革方法,真正做到因地渐进改革。     

流浪儿童救助保护中的“全人教育”模式研究——基于广东省少年儿童救助保护中心的调研

流浪儿童"全人教育"指的是根据流浪儿童的生理需求、心理特征、过往经验、性格特点、学习动机等主客观因素,来制定具有针对性的教学计划与教学活动的教育模式,旨在培养流浪儿童自尊自爱的意识,提升其家庭与社会责任感,增强其文化和生活技能,锻炼其回归社会的能力,以将流浪儿童培养成为一个具有独立人格的"全人"(合格公民)为目标。     

Street children in Moscow: using and creating social capital

The paper analyses the strategies of homeless street children in Moscow connected with the accumulation of social capital. Based on recent empirical research, it looks at the involvement of children in non‐criminal and criminal subcultures as a way to get access to important networks and resources, and shows how young people use their social skills and appropriate subcultural norms and values in order to build alternative careers. It demonstrates that children's social background plays an important role in their trajectories in the urban informal economy and society, and that they should not be viewed, as it is usually suggested in the social exclusion paradigm, as a single dispossessed mass which has fallen through support networks in various risk scenarios. Research data is reviewed to provide evidence that Moscow's homeless children are resourceful and deeply social agents who fmd surrogate families and ad hoc social memberships.     

Social Work Values and Principles: Students' Experiences in intervention with Children and Youths in Detention

A project with children and juveniles in a detention centre confronts social work students with their own perceptions and experiences of being direct or indirect victims of crime, with their own values and with integrating the values and principles of social work. Within an ecological perspective, past and present issues in the country's context influence perceptions and personal values. The project challenges these perceptions and value systems. Feedback include that students realise they should not judge the young people; that these youngsters have dignity and worth in spite of where they come from and the crime they committed; that they deserve respect and should be accepted for who they are. The article discusses professional values and principles in social work and provides a case study of dealing with undergraduate social work students' fears, emotions and prejudices in teaching and integrating social work values and principles.     

Child Labour in West Africa: Different Work – Different Vulnerabilities

Based on data from four different surveys – street children in Accra, Ghana; street children in Bamako, Mali; children and youth in alluvial-diamond production in Kono district, Sierra Leone; and war-affected children in Voinjama district, Liberia – this article analyzes how children and youth seek to use different economic strategies to shape their lives. In each of these cases, child labour is a consequence of poverty, steep school fees and the family need for the income that the children can earn. The results show school attendance among the children is low, and lowest among the street children and highest among the children in Voinjama who have recently returned after the war. All the children in this article live under difficult circumstances, but those working in the mines, or living a life as street children are particularly prone to respectively physical and mental stress. The type of labour performed in the alluvial diamond mines is extremely hard and repetitive. The life of a street child in West Africa is also very hard. It is a life that only the boldest and bravest will endure. The most fortunate ones are the returnee children in Voinjama. They have survived the Liberian civil war with their family or family-related networks intact. The children in the study are not just passive victims of structures and actions they do not comprehend, but also people who try to adapt to a situation where education is less an option than it used to be. Faced with these constraints the children, either as miners or as street children, try to assume responsibility for their lives by the choice of the economic strategy that they are currently using. The study also indicates that efforts to support these groups should pay more attention to their lived realities of work and migration.