“结对竞赛”:城市基层治理创新的一种新机制

本文聚焦近年来在城市基层治理转型前沿发生的制度性变革，即基层政府的职能重心从传统的发展经济转向公共服务与社会治理领域，使得上级政府对其治理绩效难以清晰衡量，而更依赖于“印象政绩”的评估与考核。在此条件下，基层治理场域出现了一种上级“条条”部门与下级“块块”“结对竞赛”的新机制。“结对竞赛”有助于条块部门之间紧密合作，携手实现治理创新，克服以前的条块分割问题，以便向上级发送政绩信号；但与此同时也带来了一些负向激励，导致过度创新和成功的创新经验难以扩散到竞争性地区等问题。本研究结合A区民政部门推动“社区分析工具”创新实践的案例进一步呈现了“结对竞赛”的运作机制与组织逻辑，并与“晋升锦标赛”和“项目制”等传统治理机制进行了比较。     

论个案工作中社工自我觉察内涵及培养

良好的自我觉察能力是社工能有效帮助案主的重要因素，而自我觉察就是要在个案工作中以及结案后时刻敏感觉察自己的价值观、个人需求、未完成事件、与案主的关系以及文化差异等。自我觉察能力可以通过反思学习、接受再培训、接受专业督导、巩固自己支持系统等方式来培养。     

反视察六大妙法

视察本是上级官员了解下情的途径之一，古代就有“微服私访”一说，而今几乎绝迹。眼下官员下基层视察，大多是事失打招呼、发通知。。于是乎，一些善于弄虚作假的蒙骗家有了可乘之机，他们在反视察上大显神通，妙法不断创新。桑榆经过多年观察研究，发现反视察的妙法大致如下：一日障眼法。于首长到达之前，紧急整顿市容，突击打扫卫生，这里摆鲜花，那里设盆景……对于首长要看的地方，当然也要极尽美化之能事，大到装饰一条街，小到摆设一个家，都要动脑瓜分C思。如此一来，上级目之所及，自然是“风景这边独好’！二日迷魂法。于首长到…     

公权和私产结合:一个理论分析

在发展中国家,公权和私产结合的现象非常普遍,本文建立了一个简单模型来分析这一现象。模型结论表明只要“形象工程”或“政绩工程”为政府官员所带来的政治升迁的收益足够高,那么公权和私产结合就不可避免,公权倾向于和规模较大的私产结合;只要政府官员在公权和私产结合时所承担的成本较低,那么公权和私产结合也不可避免;公权往往歧视性地保护一些私产,而同时侵犯其他私产,这会导致资源配置的扭曲,从而阻碍经济发展。同时,本文模型也表明,政府拥有配置资源的权力是公权和私产结合的前提条件。由于政府拥有资源配置的权力的制度内生于发展中国家的赶超战略,因此,只有放弃赶超战略,逐渐确立遵循比较优势的发展战略,才能在根本上消除公权和私产结合的现象。     

社会工作承运中政府与机构的契约关系及重构

我国政府向民间社会工作服务机构购买服务，形成了一种“买卖”契约关系。这种关系在社会工作承运体系中占据重要的地位，直接影响社会工作服务的数量与质量。与此同时，政府与机构之间的契约关系面临着“逆向选择”、“道德风险”、“合谋”、“阴谋”等四种博弈困境。因此，重构政府与机构之间的契约关系具有一定的必要性与紧迫性。只有重新确定社会工作服务对象的主体地位，健全政府购买社会工作服务的制度体系，加强社会工作服务机构的运营能力建设，才能更好地构建政府与机构之间的良性契约关系，提高社会工作服务质量。     

个案会谈的支持性技巧——鼓励

鼓励是指工作者通过恰当的话语和身体语言，去鼓励案主继续表达他们的感受和看法的技术。鼓励的技巧可以起到让案主表达、支持案主去面对和超越心理上的挣扎、增强案主自信及创造彼此信任的专业关系的目的。鼓励应该在工作者觉察了案主的退缩行为之后运用。工作者通过专注与倾听，发现案主沉默、逃避目光接触、避免直接对话、吞吞吐吐等情形时，应当给予及时的鼓励。鼓励案主继续表达可以用话语如“请继续”、“你说的很好”，     

唐宋史辨疑三题

李锦秀《唐代财政史稿》中认为唐前期基层赋税征收的具体执行人是里正,被称呼为"五里官",但"五里官"不是"五里一乡"的乡官,然在论据的使用上与结论有所矛盾,据其论据及有关史料再梳理,"五里官"更可能指一乡五个里正中行使乡官职权的一里正;宋史史料中的"选人"解读应联系上下文,因其不再仅指"候补、候选官员",它是幕职州县官员这一文官群体的另一称呼;唐宋两个王朝的仕途升迁捷径中县级官员的选择是不一样的,唐是县尉,宋是县丞,这反映出唐宋不同的政治意识——唐重官员的实践能力,宋重官员间的权力制衡。     

论上下级关系与人才成长

下级与上级的关系,只要社会成员区分为领导者和被领导者,它就必然存在,并对人才(这里仅指上级属下的人才,下同)成长产生重要作用和影响。我国是社会主义社会。在社会主义社会里,这种与领导活动有关的人际关系也是如此。认清这种作用和影响,对于我们自觉地处理好与上级的关系,更快的成长进步,具有重要意义。本文拟从上级关系与工作环境、升迁荣辱两个方面,对这一问题进行论述。     

“凤凰男”能飞多高:中国农转非男性的晋升之路

本文利用全国综合社会调查数据，以地位等级和地位类别概念来分析男性农转非人口的代内流动。研究发现，他们通常有不错的工作，也更容易获得晋升，但他们在从中级晋升到高级时却处于劣势。此外，除了在专业职称晋升上拥有优势之外，他们很难在行政上获得晋升，也难以在体制外获得高级管理职位。本文认为，社会资本缺乏是造成这种现象的可能原因之一。     

清朝广西壮族地区书院快速发展的表现及原因

清朝在太平府、庆远府、镇安府、泗城府等广西壮族地区开办了大量的书院,这些书院与宋代书院相比,在办院宗旨和办院经费这两个方面已经有了很大的突破。清朝广西壮族地区书院能够快速发展,主要得益于来自中原的被贬官员为当地传播了先进的汉族文化,清朝广西壮族地区的地方官员为了自身职位升迁而兴办书院,修建书院时投资模式多样化,地方政府对书院经费支出提供保障,以及中央朝廷重视广西壮族地区教育。     

International collaboration with China: a social work professional training programme for Civil Affairs officials

To enhance understanding of social work in China as well as international collaboration with China in the social work field, this paper reviews the history of social work in China and provides a case example of a social work training programme for Chinese Civil Affairs officials in a US social work school. The study examines the in-service training experiences of Civil Affairs officials and uncovers topics for social work professionalization in China from the officials' point of view. This paper then presents recommendations for future international collaborations with China.     

Determinants of social assistance caseloads for employable single adults without dependants in Canada

Government officials like the idea of just a small number of households in their respective jurisdiction receiving social assistance. A large number is seen as costly to the public treasury, and declining caseloads are generally viewed as a mark of success for both the economy and the government of the day. But what factors account for the size of a Canadian province's social assistance caseload? This article aims to shed light on this question, with a focus on single adults without dependants (and without serious disabilities) during the 1989–2017 period. One important finding is that when the value of social assistance benefit levels for this group increases by 1% in a province, the social assistance caseload for this demographic rises by 0.457%. Put differently, there is indeed an important behavior response associated with higher benefit levels. In response, we propose that provincial officials budget for higher take up levels when they increase benefit levels for this household group.     

行政发包的组织边界:兼论“官吏分途”与“层级分流”现象

本文重新梳理了行政发包制理论中“行政”与“发包”的关系,将政治晋升机制正式引入行政发包关系,定义了行政内部发包与行政外部发包的组织边界。在此基础上,本文重新诠释了历史上的“官吏分途”以及当今的“层级分流”现象。本文认为,从秦汉到明清,中国经历了“官吏分途”和“吏役合一”的双重过程,这实际上代表了中国官僚体制组织边界的重大变化,即从“行政内包”到“行政外包”的过程,而推动整个过程的驱动力是帝国所面临的日益严重的财政压力。本文还对中国历史上国家与社会的关系特征进行了重新表述。相同的历史现象,不同的解析框架,本文与周雪光的帝国逻辑理论进行了一次深入的学术对话。     

Change for children? The challenges and opportunities for the children’s social work workforce

Children’s services are currently undergoing their biggest changes in a generation. The government is seeking to create a more coherent, seamless configuration of services, with a view to securing improved outcomes for all children. However, there is a current crisis in the recruitment and retention of a range of child welfare professionals, including children’s social workers, which must be addressed in order for this ambitious agenda to be achieved. This paper discusses the findings of a series of focus group discussions with social workers undertaking the London Post Qualifying Child Care Award in response to the Children’s Workforce Strategyconsultation process. These findings are then analysed within the context of the wider literature on social work practice and workforce development. It is argued that central to the debate on how to sustain a competent and stable social work workforce should be consideration of the consequences of initiatives to audit and assess performance; the promotion of relationship‐based social work; and the wider role of social work in preventative and protective services for children.     

A revisit of ‘moral and character education’ subject in junior-high school in China

Moral education is a practice to promote the moral competence of adolescents, particularly in nurturing their moral judgement and moral behaviour. In China, under the rapid development of social work practice at schools, moral education could serve as a collaborative point between teachers, school counsellors, social workers and policymakers to promote the moral, holistic and healthy development of students. However, moral education is not as yet widely and systematically evaluated? particularly the details of relevant policy, curriculum, textbooks, teaching and learning approach, examination and evaluation. This paper takes an initiative to conduct a comprehensive literature review and theoretical discussion on the subject ‘Moral and Character Education’ (Sixiangpinde思想品德) which is a mandatory moral education subject for Grade 7–9 students in junior high schools in China. It also provides reflections and suggestions on how the subject and moral education could be promoted under the contexts of promotion of adolescent holistic development and involvement of social work practice.     

Gender similarities of social work managers

The purpose of this research was to determine if men and women social work administrators can be distinguished from one another by their work behaviors or their attitudes about work priorities. In addition, this prior question is addressed: To what degree is the state of knowledge in social work administration based on research that excludes women managers? Data from two independent samples of directors of hospital social work departments are examined as well as seven years of empirical research published in Administration in Social Work. The authors found that women and men social work managers are quite similar in their use of time and their perceptions of the priority of various organizational goals. Also, they found that the growing empirical research record is based on samples that consistently included women, and generally more than half of the samples are women. After offering an explanation of the findings, the authors propose a research agenda for those interested in social work administration.     

后现代主义视角下对社会工作谋求专业合法性的思考

在政策的推广下,社工的合法性建设在中国如火如荼地开展。本文将合法性建设置于场域—惯习理论下进行检视,并从后现代女性主义理论视角出发,认为合法性惯习可追溯到男权制文化的建构,实际上是社会场域中的"男性资本"的要求。社会工作的发展在受到场域的男性规则阻碍的同时,又在利用其改变自己在场域中的利益位置。笔者在文章中论述了攀附男性资本的发展只是自缚手脚,并提出建立"社会工作气质"。     

Environmental ethics for social work: Social work's responsibility to the non‐human world

Gray M, Coates J. Environmental ethics for social work: Social work's responsibility to the non‐human world This lead article in this Special Issue begins discussion on an environmental ethics for social work and raises arguments as to whether and, if so, why social workers have duties, obligations, responsibilities and commitments to the non‐human world. It provides an overview of the field of environmental ethics in searching for a moral stance to affirm an environmental social work. To what extent should social workers engage in fundamental geopolitical issues concerned with climate change, global warming, environmental degradation, pollution, chemical contamination, sustainable agriculture, disaster management, pet therapy, wilderness protection and so on and, if so, why and how? Are these issues incidental and peripheral and only of concern when they impact upon humans or do social workers have a responsibility beyond human interests? What is the significance of the ‘non‐human’ for social work? The article explores the terrain of the burgeoning field of environmental ethics to determine whether convincing ethical grounds for environmental social work might be found beyond hortatory claims of what the profession ought to be doing to address environmental concerns.     

Painting the Prison 'Red': Constructing and Experiencing Aboriginal Identities in Prison

Dominant Western paradigms of the social work profession havelargely failed to integrate Aboriginal traditional knowledgesand practices on healing and helping. This paper contributesto the promotion of a context-based approach to social workin prison by examining Aboriginality from both institutionaland individual points of view. Drawing on documentary analysesand interviews with Aboriginal women prisoners in Canada, thepaper sheds light on the prison’s endorsement of a hegemonicvision of Aboriginality, and on social work practitioners’inclination to adhere to it. Conversely, we argue that Aboriginalwomen prisoners negotiate their passage into prison throughAboriginal self-identification configurations that often havelittle in common with the prison’s vision of Aboriginality.Service delivery in prison may be enhanced by considering individualmodes of resisting identity-based oppression in prison, andby challenging prisons’ master narrative on Aboriginality.     

浅谈青年社会工作者心理压力

本文从社会工作的工作情境、工作对象、工作方式、工作过程、工作考核、工作风险、工作伦理、工作晋升等方面梳理了当前社会组织中青年社会工作者的压力来源,并从专业团队建设、社会服务推广、交流平台建立、专门人才培养等方面提出建议。