论作为一种农民市民化机制的都市农业——以金融危机下的杭州市茶产业为例

由美国次贷危机引发的全球金融危机已经对中国的城市化进程造成了相当的影响,在此背景下,探索都市农业在城市化进程的作用,成为一个极具意义和挑战性的话题.都市农业的多功能性是不争的事实,但是将其作为农民市民化的一种机制进而讨论其在推进城市化进程中的作用,则是一个崭新的话题.本文以杭州市的茶产业为例,讨论了都市农业在推进农民尤其是城郊农民市民化中的作用,包括缓冲城市化资金压力,提供就业岗位增收减贫,促成新老市民交流机会,培养科技和生态等现代意识,培育城市社区文化和管理体制,提高老市民的接纳和认同度等.在此基础上,本文还提出了依靠都市农业推进农民市民化的政策建议,以期对中国应对金融危机下的城市化挑战有所助益.     

制度视角下的农民可持续增收研究

增加农民收入是建设社会主义新农村的核心问题。随着中国加入WTO,中国的社会主义市场经济逐渐与全球化的市场经济相融合,我国的农业和农村发展面临着更加紧迫的任务,农民持续增收的难度也在逐渐加大。在农民收入增长格局发生巨大变化的今天,非农业生产收入已成为制约农民增收的关键项。当前,要实现持续的农民增收,迫切需要加强少取多予的农业保护、完善的农村社会保障、以人为本的城市化、切实有效的工业反哺、因地制宜的农民合作和社会福利支持等方面的制度建设。     

社会保障视野中的农村土地制度

广义的社会保障并非是现代工业社会特有。中国作为农业人口大国正处于城市化背景下大规模农民流动时期,社会保障制度正在快速变革,具备低水平的多元性。中国土地制度发挥着中国特色的社会保障功能,土地仍然作为农民社会保障的核心部分,是农民工城乡之间自由往返的制度前提,应该继续坚持。     

中国城市化背景下的农民权益保护

从世界发达国家现代化进程来看,城市化是一个不可逆转的历史进程,它对于农村的发展和国家建设都有着重大影响。当前,中国正处于快速的城市化进程中,其所引发的不仅是农民生产、生活方式的深刻变革,也是整个社会利益关系的深刻调整。从积极的角度来看,中国城市化不仅有利于解决农民充分就业、提高农民经济收入,而且也能有效地增进农民利益,使中国农民在劳动就业权益、资产交易增值权益、生活方式选择权益等方面得到解放和保障。但从社会平等的角度来看,中国城市化过程中也存在着农民利益保障不力的问题,尤其在生活居所、人口布局、劳动状态、耕地流转、土地产权等方面造成了明显的农民利益增进难题。不过上述情况并不否定中国城市化战略的积极意义。为解决上述问题,中国需要进一步明确城乡一体化目标,实行积极的城镇化战略,有效推进要素市场改革,真正实现社会治理一元化。     

世纪末回首:中国革命和中国农业——中国现代化的一个历史方位

近代中国的落后在于农业变革的滞后;中国革命的胜利在于对农业和农民问题处理的胜利;同样,中国社会主义现代化的实现根本上也取决于农业变革的成功和农民身分的转变。农业和农民问题是中国革命和建设中一切问题的核心。文章认为,现实中国经济问题的症结仍然是农业与农民问题,是与此相联系的城乡关系、工农关系问题。其实质,是农业工业化的具体途径和传统农民身分的转变问题。解决这一问题的出路在于科学地构建和推行中国式的现代农场制度。     

都市区农村地区休闲农业发展探索——以重庆市江北区为例

农旅融合的休闲农业对于促进农业转型、农民增收、农村发展有积极作用。依然存在农业、农村、农民的都市区,通过发展休闲农业,促进农村地区就地城镇化,将有助于形成城乡生态、文化交融的新型全域城市化格局。本文以重庆市江北区为例,探索都市区休闲农业发展,以期为其他相类似地区提供参考。     

小城镇建设若干问题探讨

小城镇建设若干问题探讨孔金平阎树全中国农村小城镇是在改革开放之后起步的,从１９８４年开始,进入了一个快速发展的阶段。小城镇建设属于社会主义新农村建设范畴,是关系到中国农业、农村、农民的大问题,对于打破城乡二元结构、缩小城乡差别、促进城市化和工业化协调...     

论我国农业发展的根本出路

要加快我国农业的发展,固然要涉及很多方面的工作,但是,关键的问题还是要认真执行工农业协调发展和城乡一体化的战略方针。也就是说,要使我国的农业有一个大的发展,是不能就农业谈农业的,必须把农业放在整个国民经济全局中考虑,使之与非农业化、城市化有机地结合起来。甚至可以这样说,我国农业发展的根本出路,在于非农业化、城市化。根据投入产出的内在联系,要增加农业产出,就得增加农业投入。但事情远不是人们所想象的那么简单。为什么这些年来,政府(主要指地方政府)和农民对农业的投入,都作了相对减少的决策,而把资金更多地用于发展工副业生产?为什么凡是有能力和机会经营其他产业的农民,大都放弃农业而转营其他产业?答案是很明显的;即农业的比较利益偏低。我国农业比较利益偏低,是一个客观存在的经     

WT0框架内我国农业保护研究

中国加入WTO对中国农业发展而言 ,既是机遇 ,更是挑战。由于农业生产的弱质性、农业的多功能性和“入世”对中国农业带来冲击客观上要求对中国农业进行切实保护。保护不是目的 ,而是为了发展 ,中国农业也只有在政府的积极主动保护中提高自身竞争力才能在竞争激烈的国际市场中求生存求发展。适宜的保护措施有 :对中国农业税费制度进行根本性变革 ;加快农村城市化步伐 ,发展农业适度规模经营 ,充分利用WTO的“绿箱政策” ;充分发挥中国农业生产的比较优势 ,积极推进农业结构调整     

论农民的城市化角色——上海市闵行区九星村城市化实践调查

政府主导型城市化背景下的农民,被给予、被迫适应的城市化角色,虽然也能够承担并逐渐完成城市化的历史任务,但是,需要国家投入大量的人力、物力、财力和精力,而且,效率低下;主体性、主动性的缺失,也难以保证农民自身发生革命性嬗变。肯定并培育农民的主体性,赋予农民主动权,既可以让政府减负,又可以实现高质量的城市化。对农民来说,城市化角色的恰当定位,不仅关系到他们当下的切身利益,更关系到其将来的经济社会地位和个人福祉,同时,也与我国整体的可持续发展息息相关。九星村城市化发展实践的启示在于,农民能够通过实现主体性、发挥主动性,通过求实创新,消弭各种障碍性因素,实现所在村域城市化目标,推动城乡一体化顺利推进、健康发展。     

Public policies promoting the informal sector: Effects on incomes,employment and growth in Burkina Faso

Since the 1990s, Burkina Faso has intensified the implementation of supporting policies to enhance the access to capital and liquidity in the informal sector. This paper analyzes the effects of these public policies on incomes, employment and economic growth by taking into account the interactions between the informal sector, the formal sector and the agricultural sector. For that purpose, policy shocks are simulated through the Partnership for Economic Policy Network's static computable general equilibrium (CGE) model which is adapted to the structure of a 2008-based social accounting matrix developed by the International Food Policy Research Institute. Our results highlight mixed effects including a paradoxical contraction of the informal sector, the formal sector and economic growth as well as an improvement of the informal households and the farmers’ incomes.     

中国农民专业合作经济组织的经济效用分析

在入世后我国农业与世界农业全面接轨的大背景下.如何将一家一户分散经营的小农户有效组织起来以应对竞争激烈的大市场.成为解决"三农"问题的一道必答题.该问题的解决程度,事关我国农业竞争力提升、农村劳动力转移、农村经济社会稳定等诸多方面.通过研究农民专业合作经济组织在降低交易成本、实现规模经济、促进生产要素合理流动、降低风险、促进农民增收等方面的经济有效性,可为农民专业合作经济组织发展方向提供参考.     

Trade options for a small open economy: The different impact of Taiwan exports to China and to other countries

This study aims to explore advantageous trade arrangements for a small open economy. To discover the arrangement, the fundamental question to ask is how trade affects a small economy. Due to the differential factor mobility, the two main streams of trade theory—new economic geography and comparative advantage—make divergent predictions of trade effects. This study identifies the differences in factor mobility and distinguishes the differential impacts of exports to China and other countries on Taiwan’s manufacturing clusters. Using Taiwan’s 2006 and 2011 census data and trade statistics, this study applies the two-stage least squares method to test the differential impacts. The findings reveal that the growth in Taiwan’s exports to other countries significantly increased the employment level of manufacturing clusters in Taiwan. However, such effects have not been found for exports to China. The lack of response in Taiwan’s local employment to exports to China can be inferred as a short-term exhibition of the long-run core-periphery effect. The policy implication of this study is that trade involving low factor mobility is more beneficial than that involving high factor mobility for a small open economy. Thus, for a small economy, trade liberalization that will ‘not’ attract large factor outflows from the small economy is more desirable.     

农民增收:世纪之交的沉重课题

世纪之交中国农民增收缓慢 ,其主要原因有农业投入不足 ,基础脆弱 ,经营规模小 ,生产水平落后 ,人口不断增加 ,耕地、水资源等环境压力越来越大 ,农民科学文化素质不高 ,农产品科技含量低等。加速农民增收的思路是减少农民 ,取消对农民的各种歧视 ,打破城乡壁垒 ,发展地区经济 ,为农村富裕劳动力转移创造更多的岗位     

Farmers’ behaviors and performance in cooperatives in Jilin Province of China: A case study

Agricultural cooperatives began to emerge in China since the 1990s, as a new form of agricultural production that better handles challenges brought by market shifts and globalization. Little research has been done to understand factors that decide farmers’ behaviors and performance in cooperatives in China. Using large sample data from Jilin Province, this paper examines the decision-making mechanism of farmers in joining cooperatives and analyzes farmers’ awareness of cooperatives and relative laws, willingness to participate, real behaviors and performance in cooperatives. Empirical results show that farmers’ education level, the variety of agricultural products, planting area, future planting plan, sales difficulties, low prices of agricultural products, labor shortage, agricultural production costs and risks are the most influential factors in deciding what behaviors to take, while planting area, agricultural production costs, the variety of agricultural products and lack of agricultural insurance are the most influential factors deciding the final performance achieved. This paper concludes with policy suggestions, such as strengthening publicity of cooperatives, standardizing internal management of cooperatives, and enhancing the quality of services provided by cooperatives.     

“小产权房”问题及其背后土地制度问题的初步探索——基于社会演化的视角

"小产权房"建设是农村经济社会转型期出现的自发性经济行为,而政府介入清理和整治"小产权房"则反映了背后的深层利益矛盾或土地制度问题的复杂性。本文从经济演化的视角分析了此问题,认为在尊重农民经济选择意愿尤其是农民对土地拥有完整产权的前提下,依法承认并规范"小产权房"在一定领域内流动和交易,能够显著增加农村经济要素流动性并提高农民实际福利,而政府介入尤其是相关政策制定,需要采取谨慎和科学的方式,着力减少和解决这种交易行为带来的负面外部性,着力减少对自发性经济秩序的干预,这是农村经济社会转型形成良性制度结构的演进过程。     

The United States Agency for International Development and forest loss: A cross-national analysis of environmental aid

Among scholars of international development, there is a debate regarding the effectiveness of bilateral aid to improve the natural environment. Here we focus on evaluating whether United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) aid in the environmental sector reduces forest loss. Little empirical evidence exists on this question, partly because of the challenge of modeling such a relationship, given the problem of endogeneity whereby the same social, political, or economic processes that affect forest loss may also be correlated with a nation receiving aid from international donors. We contribute to this debate by utilizing a two-stage instrumental variable regression model to analyze cross-national data for a sample of 74 low and middle income nations. After controlling for potential endogeneity, we find that higher levels of USAID’s aid for environmental protection correspond with lower rates of forest loss. We also find that a forest’s proximity to infrastructure, agricultural and forestry exports, agricultural land area, and tropical climate are related to increased forest loss.     

Social work and sustainable rural development: The practice of social economy in China

The impact of globalisation on local agriculture and food systems has brought issues such as food security and rural sustainability to the forefront of policy‐making in developing countries. In China, the restructuring of domestic agriculture and liberalisation of trade following accession to the World Trade Organization have led to the growing reliance on imported food and raised concerns for food self‐sufficiency and safety. Inspired by the concept of social economy, social workers in China have explored alternative pathways towards sustainable food production and consumption through local initiatives. Based on participatory action research in a Chinese village, this study examines the potential contribution of social work intervention in responding to China’s agrarian challenges. It is shown that by linking rural cooperatives with the local food system and allowing farmers to sell directly to urban consumers at fairer prices, social economy initiatives provide a viable pathway for sustainable transformation by empowering rural producers while giving urban consumers access to sustainably produced food.     

西部县域公共产品供给模式探讨

向农民提供公共产品,是提高西部县域经济实力、发展农业生产力的有效途径。现阶段西部县域公共产品供给还存在总体供给不足的问题,地方政府应针对不同公共产品的性质,通过各种制度安排提高公共产品供给,即对县域纯公共产品由政府直接供给;对于准公共产品由政府间接供给。     

China’s Household Tradition and Its Rural Development Path: With Reference to Traditional Russian and Indian Village Communities

Sources of tradition that produce a lasting influence upon modern society are fundamental to that society’s development. Among Eastern sources of tradition, the village systems of Russia and India are very unlike the Chinese household system, a system that served as the foundation for China’s unique path of rural development. This system includes the following features: the organization of agricultural operations on the basis of household operations; an economy where agriculture, industry and commerce complement each other on the basis of their integration at the household level; forms of agricultural cooperation based on mutual assistance and cooperation among households; and a system of rural governance based on the joint governance by household and state. In China’s rural development process, the household system, though at one time discarded, still constitutes the institutional backdrop for current and future rural development.