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1.
Interdisciplinary foundations of urban ecology 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Robert F. Young 《Urban Ecosystems》2009,12(3):311-331
Researchers have identified urban ecology as a new field integrating social and ecological science. Critics have portrayed
the field as under-theorized with negative implications for research and urban environmental planning. Unprecedented urbanization
and historical bias against research integrating social and ecological systems are identified as driving this deficit. Researchers
have called for new integrative approaches to address this issue. In response, this paper applies ecology’s analytic framework
of “patch dynamics”, Kuhn’s concept of “normal science” and Mazoyer and Roudart’s “evolutionary series” to demographic data
and historical texts to perform an analysis of interdisciplinary contributions to theory applicable in the field of urban
ecology. The subsequent exploration reveals a rich history of interdisciplinary inquiry along the nature/society divide. The
paper concludes that these “largely ignored” contributions offer urban ecology the opportunity to claim much broader depth
as a field gaining access to precedents and innovations accomplished during the field’s early theoretical development. Drawing
upon this history, a framework for ecological urban development is suggested to inform and assist contemporary research in
urban ecology and planning.
相似文献
Robert F. YoungEmail: |
2.
This article focuses on the Urban Area Security Initiative (UASI) controversy as a case study in the politics of risk assessment.
It examines struggles among diverse actors–think tank experts, journalists, politicians, and government officials–engaged
in the contentious process of establishing a legitimate definition of risk. In the field of homeland security, the means of
conducting rational risk assessment have not yet been settled, and entrepreneurial officials from urban and regional governments
use different techniques to identify local risks and vulnerabilities. In this contentious process, federal bureaucrats are
responsible for determining how to allocate resources fairly and rationally to different cities and metropolitan regions,
given that local officials have clear incentives to request funds and little cause to refrain. Although “rationality” is supposed
to replace “politics” in making bureaucratic decisions over the allocation of resources, what we find instead is a political
struggle over how to define, measure, and manage risk. For political actors, victory in debates over urban security comes
from codifying one’s interests within the technical practice of risk assessment. 相似文献
3.
Our essay responds to the critique of Dooling et al. (Urban Ecosystems in press, 2007) of our previously published article
“Goal attainment in urban ecology research: a bibliometric review 1975-2004 (Young and Wolf, Urban Ecosystems, 9:179–193,
2006). We identify our critics’ concerns as rooted in a project of deconstruction of scientific inquiry and a redefinition
of the boundaries separating academic disciplines from each other and science from society. While we identify important differences
with our critics, we largely support this critical project, as evidenced by our previously published empirical research. In
exploring the relationship between critical and positivist approaches to urban ecology research and how we might work toward
an integration of nature and society in thought and action, we defend pragmatic approaches to empirical research as well as
disciplinary projects as legitimate and essential elements of urban ecology research. We argue in favor of theoretical and
methodological pluralism. Rather than define urban ecology through exclusionary projects that would limit the scope and significance
of urban ecology research, we reaffirm our call for diverse sets of actors inside and outside university settings to engage
and support each other in order to develop and strengthen analysis and pursuit of sustainability.
相似文献
Robert F. YoungEmail: |
4.
Johanna Foster 《Sociological Forum》1996,11(3):523-547
Despite the many angles from which the biological phenomenon now known as “the menstrual cycle” has been addressed, no work
explicitly focuses on how social groups actually draw lines around and mentally partition these complex biological processes
into discrete temporal units. This paper examines not the meaning of “the menstrual cycle,” per se, but hegemonic Western
culture's intersubjective notions of how to carve up this inherently unstructured phenomenon in the first place. Although
sociologists of cognition have still to consider this sociomental structuring of “the menstrual cycle” as a case of mental
cartography, and sociologists of time have still to consider “menstrual time” as a case of sociotemporality, I conclude that
the mental mapping out of what constitutes the elements of this rhythm is a highly social act with serious implications for
women's lives. 相似文献
5.
6.
Natalie Boero 《Qualitative sociology》2007,30(1):41-60
In the last twenty years scientific, medical, and public health interest in obesity has skyrocketed. Increasingly the term
“epidemic” is being used in the media, medical journals, and public health policy literature to describe the current prevalence
of fatness in the U.S. Using social scientific literature on epidemics, social problems, and feminist theories of the body,
this paper traces the historical emergence of the “obesity epidemic” through an analysis of 751 articles on obesity published
in The New York Times between 1990 and 2001. Through the identification and analysis of three discursive pairings I argue that the “obesity epidemic”
is a part of a new breed of what I call “post-modern epidemics,” epidemics in which unevenly medicalized phenomena lacking
a clear pathological basis get cast in the language and moral panic of “traditional” epidemics. I show how this moral panic
together with the location of the problem within the individual precludes a more macro level approach to health and health
care delivery at a time when health care services are being dismantled or severely cut back.
相似文献
Natalie BoeroEmail: |
7.
Lisa Stampnitzky 《Qualitative sociology》2011,34(1):1-19
“Terrorism” has proved to be a highly problematic object of expertise. Terrorism studies fails to conform to the most common
sociological notions of what a field of intellectual production ought to look like, and has been described by participants
and observers alike as a failure. Yet the study of terrorism is a booming field, whether measured in terms of funding, publications,
or numbers of aspiring experts. This paper aims to explain, first, the disjuncture between terrorism studies in practice and
the sociological literature on fields of intellectual production, and, second, the reasons for experts’ “rhetoric of failure”
about their field. I suggest that terrorism studies, rather than conforming to the notion of an ideal-typical profession,
discipline, or bounded “intellectual field,” instead represents an interstitial space of knowledge production. I further argue
that the “rhetoric of failure” can be understood as a strategy through which terrorism researchers mobilize sociological theories
of scientific/cultural fields as both an interpretive resource in their attempts to make sense of the apparent oddness of
their field and their situation, and as schemas, or models, in their attempts to reshape the field. I conclude that sociologists
ought to expand our vision to incorporate the many arenas of expertise that occupy interstitial spaces, moving and travelling
between multiple fields. 相似文献
8.
Ran Spiegler 《Social Choice and Welfare》2006,26(2):385-402
An axiomatic modeling approach to multi-issue debates is proposed. A debate is viewed as a decision procedure consisting of two stages: (1) an “argumentation rule” determines what arguments are admissible for each party, given the “raw data”, depending on the issue or set of issues under discussion; (2) a “persuasion rule” determines the strength of the admissible arguments and selects the winning party. Persuasion rules are characterized for various alternative specifications of the argumentation rule. These characterizations capture rhetorical effects that we sometimes encounter in real-life multi-issue debates. 相似文献
9.
Vincent Jeffries Barry V. Johnston Lawrence T. Nichols Samuel P. Oliner Edward Tiryakian Jay Weinstein 《The American Sociologist》2006,37(3):67-83
Conclusion This article has presented a vision of what a field of altruism and social solidarity could potentially involve. An additional
perspective on the nature of this field and how it could contribute to the discipline and to society is provided by the science
of psychology. In the last decade a fundamental new orientation has developed in this discipline, growing from the pioneering
work of Martin E.P. Seligman. Generally identified as “positive psychology” it represents a shift from a focus on trying to
understand and find solutions to mental illness and various pathologies of thought and behavior in a “disease model” to a
focus on human strengths, virtues, and other positive characteristics. This shift in focus is regarded as making a direct
contribution to understanding what is best in human emotions and traits and how society can support the psychological flourishing
of individuals. This new perspective in turn provides increased awareness of how the problems studied in the disease model
can more effectively be prevented (Seligman, 2003, 2005). The importance of this focus on the positive for sociology and a
call to action is stated by Seligman (2003): The third pillar of positive psychology is the study of positive institutions
and positive communities. 相似文献
10.
Urban wildlife ecology and conservation is a discipline worldwide in scope. Although some attention was given the subject
in the early to mid-1900s, most activity in the field is of more recent origin. Many European countries have active programs
and activities, including the United Kingdom-Man and the Biosphere (UK-MAB) Urban Forum and The Wildlife Trusts of England,
the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization's MAB Program, and urban ecology research in Germany
and Poland. The Netherlands' concept of “ecological landscapes” introduced a new approach to design of urban open space. Durban,
South Africa followed with “D'MOSS,” a metropolitan open space system founded on the principles of island biogeography theory.
The park connector network of Singapore combines principles of conservation biology and landscape planning. Urban wildlife
programs and activities exist in the United States at the federal, state, and local levels as well as in private conservation
organizations. The Wildlife Society established an Urban Affairs and Regional Planning Committee in the mid-1970s that later
became the Urban Wildlife Committee and then evolved into the Urban Wildlife Working Group. Urban wildlife research is providing
knowledge of wildlife and plant populations and communities in urban areas that hopefully will lead to better understanding
and greater sustainability of urban ecosystems. 相似文献
11.
Rachel May 《Urban Ecosystems》2004,7(1):7-15
Urban ecology is increasingly interdisciplinary, with biophysical and social scientists joining forces to study how human and built environments and processes interact with non-human nature. Humanistic disciplines that study high culture and intellectual currents also bear upon urban ecology, since cities are not simply aggregates of human and non-human factors but seats of civilization and loci of concentrated creative energy. The Russian city of St. Petersburg, which Dostoevsky called the most abstract and intentional city in the world, offers an example of the way individual acts of intellectual and artistic creation affect the energy balance of a city and its interaction with ecological forces. Such concentrated creative energy may be a key to making cities sustainable, and it should not remain outside the calculus of urban ecology. 相似文献
12.
Hale C. Bolak 《Qualitative sociology》1996,19(1):107-130
This article uses examples of the experience I had in the field as an indigenous researcher in Turkey in order to problematize
claims to knowledge. I contend that for researchers who are positioned as relative “insiders,” whether indigenous or bicultural,
such aspects of the researcher identity as gender, class, professional and relationship status are made especially salient,
perhaps even more so in Middle Eastern contexts. I also argue that while indigenous status can be both empowering and restricting,
the insider/outsider position can be employed as a useful vantage point for “rethinking the familiar.” I discuss with examples
how this position informed my researcher role and my perspective on what is traditional. 相似文献
13.
Neil McLaughlin 《The American Sociologist》2004,35(1):80-101
In response to the recent The American Sociologist special issue on Canadian sociology, this rejoinder dialogues with some of the perspectives offered there on the discipline
north of the border with an eye towards lessons that American sociologists might learn from the Canadian experience. My reflections
build on a larger analytic piece entitled “Canada’s Impossible Science: The Historical and Institutional Origins of the Coming
Crisis of Anglo-Canadian Sociology” to be published soon in The Canadian Journal Sociology. Particular attention is paid to the different institutional arrangements of higher education in Canada and the United States,
Anglo-Canadian reliance on the particularly English “weakness as strength” strategy for sociology, tensions between the cultural
values of populism, egalitarianism, and excellence, and the trade-offs between professional and public intellectual work.
A critique is offered of the “origin myth” of Canadian sociology as a particularly vibrant “critical sociology,” with discussion
of Dorothy Smith's influence on sociology in Canada.
His research interests are in sociological theory, the sociology of culture, and the study of intellectuals from the perspective
of the sociology of organisations and professions. He is studying Edward Said as a “global public intellectual” as part of
a Canadian government-funded interdisciplinary grant on “Globalization and Autonomy” at McMaster University. He is also working
“Canadian professors as public intellectuals,” a project also funded by the Social Science and Humanities Research Council
of Canada. 相似文献
14.
John J. Macionis 《Qualitative sociology》1978,1(2):130-143
Community theory, at present, gives little importance to communal character in modern urban settings. This “search for community”
results from continually conceptualizing community rigidly in terms of the traditional social forms of kinship and rooted
neighborhood. Recent interest in social networks has revealed that individuals characterized by mobility and high achievement
may not participate in traditional community, but rather in primary friendship networks based upon other variables such as
affectivity. A comparative analysis of such networks and traditional community is presented. The primary friendship network
while containinggesellschaft characteristics is community-like. Community theory, therefore, must consider manifold forms of primary association to gain
a fuller understanding of the communal elements present in modern urban society.
This is a revision of an earlier paper entitled “Evolving Community, Friendship and Communion: Some Conceptual Notes” presented
at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, August, 1976. I wish to acknowledge the contribution of several
persons to the development of this paper. T. Dunbar Moodie, Judith-Maria Buechler, L. C. Young, James L. Spates, Lynn E. Crevling,
and especially Jack Dash Harris have provided challenging, and therefore valuable, criticism. 相似文献
15.
The G8–Unesco World Forum recently held in Trieste examined the relationship between knowledge and sustainable development,
focusing on the gap between industrialised and developing countries. In reviewing the proceedings, I provide some comments
on the issue of turning the broad ideas discussed during the Forum into concrete actions. Despite being the Forum largely
interdisciplinary, important aspects of knowledge were not explicitly considered, namely, humanities and social sciences,
as well as indigenous knowledge. The focus on research in “hard” sciences did permit a thorough discussion of a number of
crucial issues but found its limits when ideas had to turn into actions. This is particularly important for sustainable development,
when community involvement at regional and local levels is key in obtaining feasible solutions. In order to help promote knowledge
creation and dissemination in practice, this paper will concentrate on highlighting a common ground of agreement, from different
perspectives, and what ought to be done in future for promoting a better match between all knowledge components and sustainable
development.
相似文献
16.
Ava R. Therkelsen 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2011,22(3):518-545
Using interviews with senior level employees in the social sector, I analyze the interactions between organizations and individual
potential and existing donors. I recommend a reevaluation of the sector’s use of what I term “agents of philanthropy,” as
well as a reconsideration of the hesitation to introduce philanthropic giving to individuals and corporations. To support
this assertion, I conduct a thematic content analysis of The New York Times to show how the transference of philanthropic information affects the cognitions and subsequent actions of readers. Using
this analysis, I show how individuals may be primed for charitable giving if only these opportunities were presented. The
design and focus of this research addresses what I have perceived as oversights in philanthropic research to date: the exclusion
of psychology theory, an overemphasis on the conscious, stated motivations of donors, and the lack of interdisciplinary work
on prosocial behaviors. 相似文献
17.
Keith R. Brown 《Qualitative sociology》2011,34(1):121-141
Markets for “socially responsible” products are comprised of activists who lead protests, organize boycotts, and promote the
consumption of these goods. However, the ultimate success of these movements is dependent upon the support of a large number
of consumers whose self-professed values often contradict with their own purchasing patterns. Consumer support of socially
responsible products cannot be explained by consumer culture theories, which privilege identity, attitudes, and behavior, or mass consumption theories, which emphasize location and advertising’s influence on consumption patterns. These perspectives are informative
but unable to explain why some consumers will only buy socially responsible products while others with similar value systems
possess much more contradictory consumption patterns. I extend Collin’s theory of “Interaction Ritual chains” to show that
rituals and emotions—more than identity or coercive advertising—explain how ethical consumers are mobilized. I show how face-to-face
interactions between consumers and producers produce solidarity and motivate support for the Fair Trade movement. This paper
employs a micro-sociological approach to contribute to studies of ethical consumption in three notable ways: 1) it emphasizes
the importance of “contexts” and is able to explain contradictions in consumer behavior; 2), it contributes to our understanding
of “brand communities” by describing the micro-sociological processes that both help to build these communities and create
value within the products that organize these groups; and 3) it offers the potential to develop a predictive model for the
purchasing patterns of consumers. 相似文献
18.
Jeff Borland 《Journal of Labor Research》1986,7(3):293-307
An alternative interpretation of the Ross-Dunlop debate of the 1940s is provided, which reveals little difference in the opinions
of these two theorists on the role of optimizing behavior and of economic factors in explaining trade union behavior. Importantly,
both saw theories of union activity based on simple economic maximands as unable to incorporate some “political” features
of those unions. The recent wave of economic analyses of trade unions however seems to have answered such criticism to a large
extent. A survey of this work is provided to show how many of Ross’s “unanswered questions” can be explained by models where
rational trade unions maximize relatively straightforward objective functions.
This work is based on chapter 1 of the author’s M.A. thesis at the University of Melbourne. Many thanks are due to Ian McDonald
for his generous help, and to Greg Whitwell for his comments on an earlier draft of this paper. The author is presently a
graduate student at Yale University. 相似文献
19.
G. Sam Sloss 《The American Sociologist》2012,43(2):223-234
I revisit Allan Mazur’s 1968 claim that sociology is “The Littlest Science.” In doing so, I review four decades of disciplinary battles on how sociology might raise its scientific profile. I examine data on public attitudes toward sociology as a science and how sociology is perceived by the larger scientific community. I conclude that taking a more interdisciplinary perspective will improve the scientific status of sociology. 相似文献
20.
This article examines surveillance techniques utilized by several metropolitan community colleges to manage part-time faculty.
We find that with the increased use of part-time faculty, administrators at these organizations are relying less on direct,
personal supervision of these instructors and are instead using more “remote” surveillance practices to certify that “acceptable
educational standards” are being maintained. The use of these practices not only signals a decline in the professional status
of college instructors, but also points to differences in social control techniques used in “productive” institutions versus
those used in “disciplinary” institutions. We find that while surveillance techniques employed at these community colleges
make the education process visible and controllable, they simultaneously render part-time faculty invisible but controlled. 相似文献