实现全球绿色气候的路线图——应对气候变化能力建设法律保障体系的构建与完善

发展中国家应对全球气候变化的能力建设问题是国际气候制度领域一个崭新的重要议题,它直接决定着包括中国在内的广大发展中国家切实履行国际公约义务的能力和程度。用法律手段保障气候变化能力建设的实施具有重要的战略意义,这是我国不断提升应对气候变化综合能力的必然选择。我国应当以全球气候变化能力建设法律保障的国际法依据为基础,结合我国相关能力建设的基本国情及其法律保障的现状,尽快构建应对气候变化能力建设的法律保障体系。     

江苏应对气候变化产业结构调整法律问题研究

气候变化与产业结构之间存在关联性,将环境保护与经济发展综合决策在应对气候变化和产业结构调整领域进行落实是迫切的现实需要。地方应对气候变化产业结构调整立法是系统地、综合地、低成本地解决社会现实问题的可行路径。在应对气候变化产业结构调整耦合立法中,应对气候变化与产业结构调整体现为目标与手段的关系,强调以社会利益为本位。可视其为生态化的产业结构调整地方立法,是一系列地方性法规和规章的集合体,是对相关法律法规的合理制度创新。江苏应对气候变化产业结构调整立法的初步制度设计应包括:建立产业分类制度,明确相关各方的权利与义务,构建透明的产业决策制度,设计合理的决策风险评估机制,制定可操作的市场交易规则,完善激励与法律责任制度,确立法律间的协调机制。     

中英气候伦理对话：从分歧走向共识——第四届气候变化与公共政策国际学术会议综述

2014年9月21日至23日,第四届气候变化与公共政策国际学术会议暨中英气候伦理与政策研讨会在英国雷丁大学和牛津大学召开。会议围绕五组主题展开：代际气候正义与代内气候正义,气候贫困与消费者选择,平等与发展,国际法律与国际制度,新问题与新技术方案。此次会议对中英学者在应对气候变化问题上增进了解、求同存异、寻找共识起到了重要作用,进一步提升了我国学者参与国际气候问题交流与合作的水平和能力。     

关于应对气候变化的几个问题

近些年来,随着气候变化影响的加剧,气候变化已经从自然科学所面对的问题转而成为重要的社会问题、经济问题和国际斗争问题,引起大家的高度重视。我们应当正确认识和对待IPCC报告及其他不同意见。坚持＂节能减排＂的国策,大力降低能耗,调整产业结构,淘汰落后产能。在国际上,我国必须力争应有的排放权和发展权。必须加强应对气候变化的科学研究,提升应对气候变化的能力。     

拉丁美洲国家应对气候变化法律与政策分析

为有效应对气候变化,拉丁美洲国家在参与气候变化国际谈判的同时,还制定了相应的应对气候变化的法律、政策和行动计划,形成了两种推进方式：以气候变化法律为主、政策为辅的法律主导方式,以气候变化政策为主、少有甚至没有相关立法的政策主导方式。整体上看,拉丁美洲国家在应对气候变化上取得了较大进展,尤其是在气候变化综合性立法上取得了突破,在发展中国家中处于领先地位;气候变化国家政策正顺应时代潮流加速发展。在气候变化立法上,拉丁关洲国家在发展中国家中处于领先地位,在气候变化政策上,拉丁美洲国家正加快发展速度。由于受到多方面因素的制约,拉丁美洲国家在制定与实施应对气候变化法律与政策时仍面临一定阻力,个别国家在应对气候变化上徘徊不前,须尽快弥补政策空白。     

多维视角中的国际气候制度研究综述

全球气候变化问题日益突出,构建并完善国际气候制度已经成为国际社会的大势所趋。由于国际气候制度是一个涉及政治、经济、法律、环境、科技等跨学科的综合性问题,因此受到学者的普遍关注。本文主要就近10余年来国内学者对气候变化框架公约的研究成果作了简要的梳理,以便进一步推动对日益重要的国际气候制度的研究。     

后京都时代背景下应对气候变化的政策问题思辨——首届“气候变化与公共政策”国际学术会议综述

在德班气候变化会议召开前夕,举办此次学术会议意义重大。参加此次会议的大多学者都认为气候变化不是单纯的学科或单纯的科学认知问题,已演化成为人们共同关心的重大社会问题。会上,学者们就减缓与适应气候变化的对策问题进行了探讨,并集中探讨了气候变化中伦理问题、经济社会管理对策的有效性、应对气候变化的政策（或政策工具）选择与法律调控的相关内容等。他们认为,今后我们既需要从不同层面对气候伦理问题进行研究,也需要在应对气候变化的管理体制、采取减缓气候变化的具体政策选择、控制温室气体排放法律制度的完善等方面进行更深入更系统的研究。     

碳中和目标下法国应对气候变化法制及其启示

法国应对气候变化立法源于全球气候问题的急迫性,作为欧盟创始国之一的法国在碳中和的背景下,充分利用既有的理论资源,积极构建应对气候变化法制,形成政策、法律、行政法规交相呼应的应对气候变化规范体系,并通过以此形成的价值观来服务欧盟的外部行动,进一步维持和巩固其在气候变化中已获得的全球领导地位。同时,法国在国家框架之外对全球应对气候变化进程产生了一定的影响,并利用这种领导地位来加强其作为一个值得信赖的全球参与者的形象。应对气候变化法制的“法国方案”——理论渊源、实现路径以及所产生的内外效应,可以在气候领域为我国在实现碳达峰碳中和目标的道路上提供有益经验,也为我国在气候变化领域形成“中国方案”提供重要借鉴。     

论气候变化损失与损害的国际法规则

气候变化损失与损害问题在2015年巴黎气候大会中再度升温,并成为发达国家集团和发展中国家集团激烈论争的焦点问题,其规范成果最终体现为原则性的《巴黎协定》第8条及其相关规定。考虑到国际法的碎片化与融合发展趋势,以及气候变化损失与损害问题的特殊性,有关气候变化损失与损害问题的未来国际立法应当以国际应对气候变化框架为主平台,并积极吸收国际减灾框架中的有益实践经验,同时以国际责任法作为补充性的制度工具。其中,国家责任的发展应当优先于私法层面的跨国环境侵权责任。     

“里约三公约”框架下利用传统知识适应气候变化相关国际法律制度及我国应对措施研究

应对气候变化是当今国际社会最热门的研究领域。适应和减缓气候变化不仅能够互补,而且能够共同降低气候变化带来的风险。土著居民在数千年来的生存和发展过程中所积累的适应气候变化的传统知识,逐渐被认识为适应气候变化战略的重要资源。“里约三公约”虽未明确利用传统知识适应气候变化的机制,但其已奠定了利用传统知识适应气候变化的制度基础。完善国际及国内决策体系、尊重和信任传统知识的作用,构建传统知识交流平台、技术支撑服务体系以及资金支持创新模式,是利用传统知识适应气候变化的有效路径。     

Developing a global approach to the theory and practice of young people leaving state care

This paper argues that globalization, although needing to be recognized as a highly complex phenomenon and a contested concept, should become part of the debate about improving the life chances of young people leaving care. Understanding globalization is essential to developing the effective strategies of engagement and resistance needed to address the social exclusion of these young people. Consideration is given to the considerable difficulties faced in moving from that general recognition to a sufficiently nuanced view of the impact of globalization on care leaving required as the basis for action. Existing approaches to promoting international exchange and understanding are discussed and a conceptual model presented as the means to start the work of identifying how the needs of care leavers are assessed and met in different national contexts. It is suggested that by identifying patterns of cross‐national similarities and differences, it will become possible to understand and to engage with the processes and institutions of globalization. An international theoretical and practice agenda are proposed appropriate to the present early stage in ensuring that globalization works for and not against the interests of care leavers.     

Social risk assessment and social capital: A significant parameter for the formation of climate change policies

Public policy issues arising from climate change projections are becoming increasingly important in terms of the range and the scope of their effects. In order to effectively confront them it is important to address social, environmental and economic aspects as fully as possible in decision-making processes. In this context, social risk assessment techniques have begun to be applied to explore citizens’ risk perceptions of climate change projections. The present study aims to contribute to this area by examining the influence of four social capital parameters (social trust, institutional trust, social norms and social networks) on public risk perceptions of climate change. An empirical study was conducted for this purpose in Greece's fourth largest city, Heraklion. Results demonstrate that social capital is a significant explanatory parameter for citizens’ risk perceptions. Specifically, individuals with lower levels of social capital tend to perceive higher risks from climate change impacts. The most important parameter explaining this result is the low level of institutional trust, revealing that Heraklion's citizens do not believe that existing public institutions will be able to effectively manage projected climate change impacts.     

从赋权型到保障型——吉登斯应对气候变化的国家思想研究

吉登斯认为,国家是应对气候变化的主要行为者,要在民主体制内进行政治变革——由赋权型国家向保障型国家过渡。赋权型国家更多的是发挥民众和社会团体等的社会自治作用,保障型国家则着重强调国家和政府的主导地位。赋权型国家虽然具有一定的优势,但是在应对气候变化问题上显得力不从心;保障型国家在应对气候变化中发挥着主导作用,气候变化要求政府在自由民主的政治框架内加强管制和监督。保障型国家必须实现多方合作,包括民主政府和威权政府之间的合作,保障型国家与民众、非政府组织合作,凝聚各方力量,积极应对气候变化。     

气候正义诉求下的气候伦理原则

气候变化造成了数以万计的死亡和灾难,它要求人类对此作出伦理回应。回答不了气候正义的问题,国际范围内的合作就难以展开。因此,我们需要建立起一种表达了气候正义诉求的气候伦理,为各种应对气候变化的方案提供价值的引导。在商谈应对气候变化时,我们需要将不伤害原则、公平原则和知情同意原则作为气候伦理原则应用其中,同时就气候正义的基本原则达成一致,并将这种原则贯彻到全球温室气体减排的计划中,才有望在国际层面展开合作,共同应对气候变化对人类生活产生的不利影响。     

生态文明与气候治理——第三届气候变化与公共政策国际学术会议综述

虽然国际社会对气候变化的科学认知还存在差异,但普遍认为人类活动对气候变化的影响绝对不容忽视,所有人均要承担相应的责任。第三次气候变化与公共政策国际学术会议围绕生态文明与气候治理这一主题展开,在科学认知全球气候变化与人类活动,理性思辨应对气候变化的伦理基础及实现路径,合理定位气候治理对策与气候变化应对机制,有效融合能源战略、生态环境与经济的管理对策等方面进行了深入探讨。     

中国应对全球气候变化的伦理责任评估

应对气候变化是一项全球性的任务,中国承担着不可推卸的责任。从《伦理维度应对气候的变化》（EDCC）白皮书提出的八个伦理维度分析了中国应对全球气候变化需承担的伦理责任,指出了中国特例下履行责任所面临的赔偿责任、开发新技术与新能源、国际国内参与、程序公平与正义等重大挑战,构建了中国政府、国内其他参与者及境外参与机构组成的多层次气候治理框架,提供了决策参考和建议。     

气候变化冷思考

气候变化事关每一个人,人们有权利听到“不同的声音”,以确保正确的应对气候变化的行动。气候是否在变暖？气候变冷说和气候不变论都是对气候变暖的质疑,科学界内部对气候变暖尚未形成完全一致的看法。气候稳定是否存在？人们试图实现的可能不是稳定的气候,而是人们所熟悉的气候。气候变化是自然的还是人为的？相对于自然界产生的二氧化碳等温室气体而言,人类产生的二氧化碳总量微不足道,把可能的气候变暖归咎于人类活动是武断的。人类活动总是消极的吗？只有将自然因素引起的气候变化与人类活动引起的气候变化进行对比研究,才能得出具有实质意义的结论。气候变暖一定是坏事吗？如果气候变化的收益远远超过损失,那么气候变化或许会是一件好事。是否一切负面问题都与气候变化有关？很多事件与全球气候变化趋势没有必然联系,气候变化与农业、公共健康和生物多样性没有直接关系。科学家、政治家和其他学者将各类负面事件归咎于气候变化,其原因很可能是为了实现气候寻租,谋取经济利益,争取国际发展权。神学家们特别关注气候变化问题,因为气候变化及其引发的危机使旧宗教与气候变化的新宗教结成了联盟,人们因排放温室气体而犯了“气候罪”,这是人类新的“原罪”。     

Room for climate advocates in a coal‐focused economy? NGO influence on Australian climate policy

Many Australian environmental non‐government organisations (NGOs) have campaigned for greater political action and community awareness on human‐induced climate change for almost two decades. Australian emissions are the highest per person in the world, yet the Government's response is heavily influenced by the economically‐significant fossil fuel industry. NGO campaigners are sceptical of their campaigns' effectiveness. This paper presents three methods for evaluating the effectiveness of NGO climate change campaigns: Moyer's Movement Action Plan, Schumaker's Assessment of Political Effectiveness, and a document analysis of the influence of NGO submissions to climate policy processes. Evaluation is critical for NGO campaigns to improve their effectiveness, and evaluation criteria and methods should ideally be designed in parallel with the campaign strategy. Using these evaluation methods, it is evident that Australian NGO campaigns on climate change have been effective.     

Regulating product markets: a growing challenge for open economies – with special references to agro-food product markets

In the present phase of internationalisation, processes of social construction of product markets are under stress. On one hand, the internationalisation of production processes gives more room for manoeuvre to the producers. On the other hand, the development of scientific technologies, embedded with new risks and uncertainties, makes it difficult to control the quality of products and production processes. The drive for competitiveness in a world where only free trade arguments seem to be heard limits the willingness of individual countries to take action. International institutions have been unable to launch the international co-ordination that could have helped countries to get out of this deadlock, though they need to fight climate change and pollution as well as the pressing new environmental hazards, which are illustrated with the case of the agro-food product markets in Europe. They should foster international processes of social construction of product markets to learn how to strike a better balance between free trade and safe trade principles before it is too late.     

Breaking down ideas and institutions: the politics of tax policy in the USA and the UK

As the existing comparative policy literature suggests, both ideational and institutional analyses have clear analytical value in their own terms but, under many circumstances, it is the combination of the two perspectives that allows for a full understanding of policy trajectories. In this article we suggest that, to improve our understanding of how ideas and institutions interact to produce change, it is important to break down these two overly broad concepts. This is because beyond general arguments about how ‘ideas’ and ‘institutions’ interact, students of public policy should itemize ‘ideas’ and ‘institutions’ into more focused, and empirically traceable, subcategories while recognizing the changing and contingent nature of their interaction, over time. To illustrate this, we turn to the politics of tax policy in the United States of America and the United Kingdom, tracking developments from the rise of the New Right and an aggressive income tax cutting agenda, personified by President Reagan and Prime Minister Thatcher, through to the revived debate about the legitimacy of increasing taxes on those earning the highest incomes that emerged in the era of austerity that followed the Great Recession of 2008.