后发企业如何从追赶到超越?——基于机会窗口视角的双案例纵向对比分析

中国的后发企业正逐渐从追赶向超越追赶甚至创新前沿演进。机会窗口视角整合了技术、需求、制度多层次情境因素,是解释后发企业成功追赶的重要理论基础。本研究通过两家中国安防行业后发企业追赶过程的纵向案例对比分析,探究了后发企业在以国内领先为目标的追赶阶段与以国际领先为目标的超越追赶阶段,机会窗口与企业创新战略的匹配关系对后发企业追赶绩效的作用机制:(1)技术机会窗口与技术探索性创新战略的匹配,在追赶和超越追赶阶段都会更好地促进后发企业追赶绩效的提升。(2)需求机会窗口与市场探索性创新战略的匹配,在追赶阶段会更好地促进后发企业追赶绩效的提升;需求机会窗口与市场利用性创新战略的匹配,在超越追赶阶段会更好地促进后发企业追赶绩效的提升。(3)制度机会窗口与技术利用性创新战略的匹配,在追赶和超越追赶阶段都会更好地促进后发企业追赶绩效的提升。     

数字化水平对企业可持续绩效的影响研究——创新类型的中介作用和环境竞争性的调节作用

基于可持续发展和技术可供性理论,以2015-2021年中国沪深A股上市的制造业企业为研究样本,采用文本挖掘方法衡量企业数字化水平,实证检验数字化水平对企业可持续绩效的影响,探究技术创新和商业模式创新的中介作用,同时考虑环境竞争性对数字化水平与企业创新(技术创新和商业模式创新)的调节作用。实证结果表明:（1）数字化水平显著促进制造业企业可持续绩效;（2）技术创新和商业模式创新两者都在数字化水平与制造业企业可持续绩效之间发挥了部分中介作用;（3）环境竞争性在数字化水平与技术创新关系中存在显著负向调节作用,而在数字化水平与商业模式创新关系中的调节作用不显著。     

差异化与同质化的统一——基于双元战略的后发企业市场追赶研究

双元性学习对后发企业市场追赶具有重要作用,但现有文献对双元理论追逐目标的研究仍停留在探索目标及利用目标上。本文通过对拼多多2015—2021年市场追赶的纵向案例进行分析,发现企业在追赶过程中采用以差异化及同质化为追逐目标的共时型双元战略,这种组合产生的学习优势帮助后发企业在没有技术创新的情况下实现市场追赶。研究结论不仅补充了双元理论中的追逐目标,而且明确后发企业在追赶过程中没有技术创新仍能实现市场追赶。     

企业创新系统的序变协同演化模型与仿真研究北大核心CSSCI

将企业创新系统界定为由技术创新子系统与商业模式创新子系统构成,基于B-Z反应模型,建立由技术创新、商业模式创新和企业绩效协同演化的序变协同模型;同时,基于演化方程组的仿真分析,描述了技术创新与商业模式创新的协同演化关系,以及二者序变协同对企业绩效的影响。研究表明:不同创新系统之间存在协同演化,协同演化的结果取决于演化过程中起支配作用的慢弛豫参量;技术创新会推动商业模式创新的发展,随着商业模式创新水平提升,也会推动技术创新的发展,同时二者会使得企业绩效不断提升;为了促进企业技术创新与商业模式创新协同发展,企业应做到多层次实施技术创新和商业模式创新,保障二者的协同发展。     

企业风险投资、商业模式塑造与企业绩效：基于CPSEDⅡ的实证分析

区别于独立风险投资过度追求财务目标，对于同时兼具财务与战略双重目标的企业风险投资如何影响标的企业绩效现有研究莫衷一是，根本原因在于对其作用机制缺乏深入分析.本研究基于资源战略匹配理论，从商业模式角度分析了企业风险投资对标的企业绩效影响的作用机制及边界条件.基于CPSED II的955家新三板IT企业实证研究发现：企业风险投资会通过商业模式创新维度(而非效率维度)这一中介效用对标的企业绩效产生负向影响，而标的企业股权集中度会对上述中介效应存在调节作用，本研究不仅厘清了企业风险投资对标的企业绩效影响的作用机理，同时也从商业模式视角深化和扩展了公司治理研究.     

以资源重构为中介的平行搜索对后发企业协同追赶的影响研究

在技术和市场双轮驱动的转型背景下,后发企业如何摆脱“落后-追赶-落后”的追赶困境以实现技术和市场协同追赶值得关注。基于创新搜索、资源重构以及后发追赶相关理论,探究平行搜索对后发企业协同追赶的影响以及资源重构的中介机制,以212份调查样本进行实证分析并通过Bootstrap方法检验中介效应,揭开了平行搜索影响后发企业协同追赶的“黑箱”机制。研究表明：领先搜索与跟随搜索对后发企业协同追赶均有促进作用;领先搜索正向影响资源重组却负向影响资源重置,而跟随搜索对资源重组和资源重置的影响与之相反;资源重组和资源重置均对协同追赶有促进作用,二者在领先搜索和跟随搜索与协同追赶之间发挥部分中介作用。     

将跨国并购作为技术追赶的杠杆:动态能力视角

我国企业对发达国家企业的技术寻求型并购发展迅猛,而现有的理论对这一问题缺乏逻辑一致的解释。本文从动态能力视角整合后发企业技术追赶理论和后发企业国际化理论的主要观点,对这一现象和过程进行了系统的分析和阐述。本文选取7个典型案例,运用扎根理论研究法中规范的译码程序对案例进行剖析,发掘出"并购企业初始技术能力"、"关键技术缺口"、"有价值的创造性资产"、"技术融合"和"技术追赶"五个范畴以及范畴之间的逻辑关系,并由此构建了以跨国并购为杠杆的后发企业技术追赶模型。我们发现,后发企业技术寻求型海外并购是一个精心设计、带有冒险特征的能力更新过程,通过海外并购,一些企业不仅跨越了技术创新的鸿沟,实现了技术的进一步追赶,而且推动了战略转型,形成了真正意义上的国际竞争力。     

高管胜任特征与战略导向的匹配对企业绩效的影响

"培养和开发与战略导向匹配的高层管理者"一直是战略管理与人力资源管理领域共同关注的重要问题。本文基于权变理论,系统分析了高管胜任特征与战略导向的匹配对企业绩效的影响。研究结果显示:第一,成本导向型、创新导向型和质量导向型3种战略导向类型在我国企业确实存在,且不同类型的战略导向对企业绩效有差异性影响,其中创新导向型企业与质量导向型企业都比成本导向型企业具有较高的财务绩效和人力资源绩效。第二,单维度高管胜任特征与不同战略导向匹配对企业绩效有差异性影响,其中战略意识对各战略导向型企业的绩效均有显著影响,组织建设能力对质量导向型与创新导向型企业的绩效有显著影响,品质素养对质量导向型企业的绩效和创新导向型企业的人力资源绩效有显著影响,而洞察力仅对质量导向型与创新导向型企业的人力资源绩效有显著影响。第三,多维度高管胜任特征与不同战略导向匹配对企业绩效有差异性影响,高管战略意识与成本导向型和质量导向型企业匹配,高管战略意识和组织建设能力与创新导向型企业匹配。基于此,本文对研究结果进行了讨论,并对单维和多维高管胜任特征与战略导向匹配对企业绩效影响的差异进行了拓展分析,同时给出了研究结果的管理启示。通过研究,旨在丰富与扩展高管胜任特征、战略导向与企业绩效之间匹配关系的研究,为理解与解释中国企业的战略决策提供了理论依据与实证支持。     

资源与决策逻辑:北汽集团汽车技术追赶的路径演化研究

中国本土汽车企业的技术追赶经常陷入"落后—引进—再落后—再引进"和"自主创新局限于非核心技术"这两个怪圈。北汽集团历经近60年的汽车制造历史,拥有轿车、越野车、轻卡、重卡等丰富的产品线,其技术进步经历了自力更生—产品引进—技术引进—自主创新的演变过程。本论文旨在以北汽集团汽车技术追赶为案例研究对象,深入探讨后发国家汽车企业技术追赶动用、演化路径与过程模型。在理论层面,多层次解读技术进步内涵与驱动因素,归纳了不同情境下后发企业的技术追赶路径:跨越式技术追赶、局部式技术追赶、高起点技术追赶,揭示了技术追赶路径演化与驱动因素、决策逻辑的内在关联。在实践层面,为后发汽车企业选择合适的技术追赶方式,提供重要的实践借鉴意义。     

基于技术追赶过程的后发企业能力重构演化机制研究

后发企业最终实现技术追赶得益于能力重构.然而,在技术追赶动态过程中,后发企业如何进行能力重构演化机制尚不明确.通过对圣龙的案例分析,本研究发现:市场动态性从外部为后发企业的技术追赶提供机会窗口,主导逻辑则从内部为后发企业的技术追赶提供认知引导.具体而言,初始追赶阶段的市场动态性低,后发企业通过定位逻辑实现能力演化;超越追赶阶段的市场动态性中,后发企业通过杠杆逻辑实现能力转换;行业前沿阶段的市场动态性高,后发企业通过机会逻辑实现能力替代.本研究强调了不同程度市场动态性的重要性,引入了主导逻辑视角,揭示了能力重构演化机制的内在规律.本研究既丰富了技术追赶理论,又为后发企业追赶实践提供了管理启示.     

Stress, the press, the baby and the bathwater

The most important service rendered by the press is that of educating people to approach printed matter with distrust.

Samuel Butler, 1835-1902 English novelist and satirist     

Bacon, Boole, the EPA, and Scientific Standards

The scientific standards of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) include the use of retrospective meta-analysis. This analysis entails a use of the theory of probability that is only a simulation and cannot accurately measure the confidence that should be placed in the results. The uncertainty necessary for probability is, in a retrospective study, simulated rather than real. There are three logical forms for establishing a proposition. In the logic of the syllogism, a proposition is established by deduction from assumed propositions. In the logic of the physical sciences, a proposition is established by its ability to predict the outcomes of future experiments. In the logic of the courtroom, a proposition is established by its ability to explain past events. The logic of the courtroom operates under the handicap of working with nonrepeatable events. It is more subject to the preferences of the judge than the logic of the physical sciences or that of the syllogism. Because the logic of the courtroom is less reliable than either the logic of the physical sciences or that of the syllogism, it is the logic of last resort, i.e., it is used only when the other two are not applicable. Under the EPA scientific standards, the logic of the courtroom is accepted for establishing propositions about the physical world. As the logic of the courtroom is less reliable than that of the physical sciences, this practice increases the likelihood of errors.     

Coverage, technology assessment, and the courts

Coverage decisions by third-party payers are relying more and more heavily on the conclusions of technology assessment programs about the safety and effectiveness of technologies applied in specific clinical situations. Assessment programs vary markedly in the sophistication and rigor of their methodology. Payers differ as to how such assessment information is integrated into their decision-making processes. Finally, coverage decisions about a specific technology can vary widely across the country.     

Values,decision-making,and the rich life

Young people increasingly take only one value seriously in making decisions about careers, that of salary levels. They should understand that there are many values which need to be weighed in making decisions about employment. Given the present milieu, it may prove effective to use language which describes these other, nonmonetary values as contributors to the “rich lifer”     

Administration, Globalization, and the Arab States

Globalization involves risks and opportunities for the Arab world. Realistic knowledge of these possibilities is essential for adaptation of governance and reform of public administration to deal more effectively with the unfolding processes of globalization. To be participants rather than mere subjects, the Arab states have to recognize opportunities and limit potential negative consequences. Success requires good governance and professional public management. Public administration in the Arab world has to transform traditional methods of command and control and nepotism into a more collaborative management that relies on institutional capabilities and practicing managerial values of accountability, performance evaluation, transparency, and ethics.

Bioethics, medicine, and the moral ground

"Bioethics" and "biomedical ethics" are new expressions, conveying new ideas and new concerns. They entered the language in the 1960s. "Ethics," of course, is an ancient word meaning the study of applied moral philosophy. Bioethics is an interdisciplinary field of study that considers ethical issues in wellness and illness. Some would strongly argue that it even embraces our entire natural ecology. It certainly concerns the profession of medicine. Bioethics, like ethics itself, seeks to know and understand "goodness."     

Trust, the Asymmetry Principle, and the Role of Prior Beliefs

Within the risk literature there is an ongoing debate on whether trust is vulnerable or enduring. Previous research on nuclear energy by Slovic in 1993 has shown that negative events have much greater impact on self-reported trust than do positive events. Slovic attributes this to the asymmetry principle: specifically, that trust is much easier to destroy than to create. In a questionnaire survey concerning genetically modified (GM) food in Britain (n= 396) we similarly find that negative events have a greater impact on trust than positive events. Because public opinion in Britain is skewed in the direction of opposition toward GM food, the pattern of results could either be caused by the fact that negative information is more informative than positive information (a negativity bias) or reflect the influence of people's prior attitudes toward the issue (a confirmatory bias). The results were largely in line with the confirmatory bias hypothesis: participants with clear positive or negative beliefs interpreted events in line with their existing attitude position. However, for participants with intermediate attitudes, negative items still had greater impact than the positive. This latter finding suggests that, congruent with the negativity bias hypothesis, negative information may still be more informative than positive information for undecided people. The study also identified the labeling of GM products, consulting the public, making biotechnology companies liable for any damage, and making a test available to detect GM produce as being particularly important preconditions for maintaining trust in the regulation of agricultural biotechnology.     

Trust,Emotion, Sex,Politics, and Science: Surveying the Risk-Assessment Battlefield

Risk management has become increasingly politicized and contentious. Polarized views, controversy, and conflict have become pervasive. Research has begun to provide a new perspective on this problem by demonstrating the complexity of the concept risk and the inadequacies of the traditional view of risk assessment as a purely scientific enterprise. This paper argues that danger is real, but risk is socially constructed. Risk assessment is inherently subjective and represents a blending of science and judgment with important psychological, social, cultural, and political factors. In addition, our social and democratic institutions, remarkable as they are in many respects, breed distrust in the risk arena. Whoever controls the definition of risk controls the rational solution to the problem at hand. If risk is defined one way, then one option will rise to the top as the most cost-effective or the safest or the best. If it is defined another way, perhaps incorporating qualitative characteristics and other contextual factors, one will likely get a different ordering of action solutions. Defining risk is thus an exercise in power. Scientific literacy and public education are important, but they are not central to risk controversies. The public is not irrational. Their judgments about risk are influenced by emotion and affect in a way that is both simple and sophisticated. The same holds true for scientists. Public views are also influenced by worldviews, ideologies, and values; so are scientists' views, particularly when they are working at the limits of their expertise. The limitations of risk science, the importance and difficulty of maintaining trust, and the complex, sociopolitical nature of risk point to the need for a new approach—one that focuses upon introducing more public participation into both risk assessment and risk decision making in order to make the decision process more democratic, improve the relevance and quality of technical analysis, and increase the legitimacy and public acceptance of the resulting decisions.