甘肃省出生缺陷1：2配对病例对照研究

为了解甘肃省出生缺陷死亡率及易患因素,为“甘肃省出生缺陷干预工程”项目的实施提供可干预的核心因素。根据甘肃地理特点及经济状况,按随机分层整群抽样方法,抽取了4个县,共42个乡为调查点。结果显示四县市婴儿总死亡率15.8‰(98例),出生缺陷死亡率7.7‰。甘肃省出生缺陷前五位的致病因素依次为:母亲孕早期接触农药史;母亲孕前一月服药史;母亲孕期接触农药史;母亲孕早期感染史;既往流产史。     

孕前优生项目—中国的创新实践

国家免费孕前优生健康检查项目（简称孕前优生项目）是2010年经国务院批准,由原国家人口计生委和财政部共同组织实施的重大公共服务项目。四年来,在李斌主任和委党组的高度重视下,在各级人口计生、财政部门的共同努力下,项目进展顺利,降低了出生缺陷发生风险,取得了良好效果,积累了宝贵经验,成为中国为预防出生缺陷而进行的创新实践。实施孕前优生项目意义重大我国是人口大国,也是出生缺陷高发国家,出生缺陷发生形势严峻。     

提高深圳出生人口素质的理论与思考

一、引言 出生人口素质主要是指出生人口的身体和智能素质,它是人口素质的基础。人口素质本身不仅仅是社会经济发展的一个重要指标,而且是决定社会经济发展的重要因素。相关研究表明,深圳市0～5岁户籍儿童的出生缺陷发生率为10.23‰;另据深圳市卫生局统计,深圳市每年的新生儿中平均有13.06‰存在出生缺陷,2005年总的出生缺陷率为15‰。     

免费孕前优生健康检查为待孕夫妇保驾护航

2012年,江西省樟树市在全市范围实施免费孕前优生健康检查项目,并列入政府民生工程。近年来,全市坚持＂政府主导、部门配合、技术支撑、群众自愿＂的原则,面向农村,面向家庭,面向高危人群,以市人口和计生服务站为龙头,乡级服务所为基础,以向计划怀孕的夫妇提供免费和优质的孕前优生健康检查服务为手段,减少出生缺陷,提高出生人口素质,为待孕夫妇保驾护航。     

创新服务模式 促进项目发展

国家免费孕前优生项目是一项利国利民的重大民生工程,对于预防出生缺陷,促进出生人口素质提高具有重大而深远的意义。浙江省按照国家免费孕前优生项目要求,积极推进项目工作,在出生缺陷预防工作中发挥了积极作用。据浙江省卫生部门出生缺陷监测数据显示,2011年,全省出生缺陷发生率首次出现下降情况,从2010年的27.20‰下     

孕前优生项目——建立检验质量监控体系

国家免费孕前优生健康检查项目是惠及亿万家庭的重大民生工程,旨在为农村计划怀孕夫妇免费提供孕前优生服务,降低出生缺陷发生风险,提高出生人口素质。项目直接关系群众身心健康,服务质量是项目的生命。孕前优生项目基本服务内容共19项,其中13项为临床检验。准确的检验结果是正确评估计划怀孕夫妇健康状况、在一般人群中筛查区分有风险因素人群的主要依据,因而检验质量是项目的生命。     

孕前“地贫”干预 造福广东百姓

众所周知,人口素质不仅关系到中华民族的未来,也直接关系到国家的竞争力。出生缺陷严重影响出生人口素质,影响我国综合国力和国际竞争力的提升。广东省是全国人口大省和流动人口大省,但出生缺陷形势严峻,地中海贫血高发,且出生缺陷数量庞大。汪洋副总理曾指示广东省要争取＂率先实现免费孕前优生健康检查全省覆盖＂,朱小丹省长在政府工作报告中要求＂支持欠发达地区开展待孕夫妇地中海贫血干预项目以及免费孕前检查＂。     

山东邹平县“六大措施”力降出生缺陷

2006年以来,山东省邹平县计划生育妇幼保健服务中心采取“六大措施”,严格把好孕前、孕中、孕后、产中、产后五个环节,努力降低出生缺陷发生率。一是启动免费婚检工程,把好降低出生缺陷第一关。在县民政局婚姻登记处设婚检中心,通过多方宣传、正确引导和优质服务,全县婚检率大大提高,目前已达81．5%。二是积极开展宣传教育培训。县“服务中心”在各镇办     

山东邹平县魏桥镇筑牢“三级干预”体系

山东省邹平县魏桥镇计生办联合县妇幼保健院和县中心医院,大力开展孕前、产前病毒筛查,筑牢出生缺陷"三级干预"体系,从源头上预防出生缺陷的发生,提高了出生人口素质。具体做法是:     

筑牢人口质量第一道防线——内蒙古扎实推进免费孕前优生健康检查

内蒙古将免费孕前优生健康检查项目纳入2012年"十大民生工程",推进孕前优生健康检查项目工作,降低出生缺陷发生的风险,筑牢人口质量第一道防线。政府统筹部门合作全力推进内蒙古将免费孕前优生健康检查项目纳入为群众办的"十件实     

西部地区出生缺陷干预的实践

本文介绍了甘肃省开展“出生缺陷干预工程”的基本情况,总结了取得的经验。     

西部地区农户购买政策性种植业保险的影响因素分析—基于甘肃省627户农户的调查数据

本文基于人类财险甘肃分公司和甘肃省627户农户问卷调查获取的数据资料,就甘肃农户购买政策性种植业保险的影响因素进行了分析。分析结果表明：甘肃农户购买政策性种植业保险的意愿与农民收入水平、种植业保险的保障水平和政府对种植业保险的财政补贴标准等呈显著性正相关,与农户的年龄和受教育年数等相关性不显著。针对甘肃种植业生产风险较高且政策性种植业保险有效需求不足的问题,依据影响甘肃农户购买政策性种植业保险的主要因素提出了相应对策建议,以利于促进甘肃及我国西部地区政策性农业保险的可持续发展。     

Increasing contraceptive use in Bangladesh: The role of demand and supply factors

This article analyzes the determinants of contraceptive use in Bangladesh, focusing on the roles of demand for additional children and of family planning service supply. Data from the Matlab Family Planning Health Services Project are used to examine the contributions of these factors to the difference in prevalence of modern contraceptive use between the project area and a control area served by the government family planning and health programs. Results of multivariate analysis deriving from the Easterlin synthesis framework show the importance of family planning supply factors in reducing psychic and resource costs of fertility regulation and in activating latent demand for contraception. Demand for birth limiting and for birth spacing emerge as important explanatory factors; demand for birth spacing is greater in the project area, and both demand measures exert a stronger effect on contraceptive behavior in that area.     

Contents of heavy metals in arable soils and birth defect risks in Shanxi, China: a small area level geographic study

The burgeoning demands of China’s urbanization and industrial development put pressure on the resources of the entire country and have direct and indirect effects on the health of individuals, at times in areas far removed from cities themselves. Current evidence suggests that heavy metal pollution in soil, a common by-product of coal mining and other industrial activities, may be linked to risk of birth defects. We examine this hypothesis using small area level data including soil samples and detailed birth records from 2002 to 2004 from 97 villages in Shanxi province, a heavy coal-mining region. We find that soils containing arsenic, lead, and nickel are significantly correlated with the incidence of birth defects. In particular, we find a strong positive dose-dependent association of birth defects with lead, a moderate positive effect with arsenic, and a dose-dependent negative association with nickel. These results are consistent with the postulated link between arsenic and lead and human birth defects, but raise questions about the effects of nickel in this context. China’s rapid urbanization underscores the need for closer attention to the relationship between the health and the environment.     

文化变迁与长白山人口文化建设

人口文化是社会文化体系的一部分,在我国加快建设社会主义文化,构筑社会主义核心价值体系的背景下,吉林省人口计生委提出打造长白山人口文化品牌,这是贯彻落实党的十七届六中全会精神的一个重要举措,是适应新形势、探索人口计划生育宣传教育工作的一个重点工程。从文化变迁理论出发,分析长白山人口文化的历史渊源和地域特点,探讨建设长白山人口文化的主要路径。     

落实计划生育利益导向机制，做好为民服务工作

国家建立和完善了人口和计划生育利益导向政策体系．全面推行农村计划生育家庭奖励扶助制度和“少生快富”工程，使计划生育家庭优先分享到改革发展的成果。甘肃省为此出台了一系列具体措施加以落实。     

Community-based contraceptive distribution: a Korean success story

The results of a community-based contraceptive distribution program using village women canvassers in Cheju Island province, Korea, are evaluated. This rural province had the highest fertility and lowest contraceptive use before the project began. After pre-testing in another area, township-level family planning field workers recruited 365 new female canvassers per 150 women at risk of pregnancy, compared to 10,000-25,000 per worker in the previous scheme. The canvassers were to contact every household, offering them pills or condoms, or vouchers for an IUD or sterilization from the clinic. The former target system, which in reality had limited the numbers of acceptors, was suspended, necessitating an increase in budget outlays for family planning in Cheju province. By 1985 the contraceptive prevalence had doubled, and fertility fell 40.1 and 32.4% in the 2 Cheju counties. Costs per couple-year for the Cheju program were lower than those in other areas. The results of this project suggested that increasing the number of community workers or canvassers in rural areas helps reduce barriers to the use of contraceptives.     

甘肃省人口城镇化的发展与预测

本文回顾了1960年以来甘肃省城镇化的发展历程,分析了甘肃省城镇化的现状及存在的问题,在此基础上采用社会经济发展指标与城镇化水平指标之间的统计关系,对甘肃省人口城镇化的水平进行了预测,结果表明,甘肃省人口城镇化如果继续按照目前的模式发展,前景不容乐现.最后,就城镇发展指导思想、城镇建设投资体制改革、城镇化道路、城镇化形式和户籍制度等方面提出了甘肃省城镇化发展的对策建议.     

Genital tract tears in women giving birth on a birth seat: A cohort study with prospectively collected data

BackgroundBirth positions may influence the risk of tears in the genital tract during birth. Birth positions are widely studied yet knowledge on genital tract tears following birth on a birth seat is inconclusive.AimThe objective of this study was to describe the proportion of genital tract tears in women who gave birth on a birth seat compared to women who did not.MethodAn observational cohort study based on birth information collected prospectively. In total 10 629 live, singleton, non-instrumental births in cephalic presentation were studied.ResultsFewer women who gave birth on a birth seat experienced an overall intact genital tract compared to women who gave birth in any other position. Women who gave birth on a birth seat were less likely to have an episiotomy performed. Women who gave birth vaginally on a birth seat after a previous caesarean section may have an increased risk for sustaining a sphincter tear.DiscussionIt is important to be aware of the decreased chance of an overall intact genital tract area when giving birth on a birth seat. Furthermore, there is a possibly increased risk of sphincter tear in women having a vaginal birth after caesarean. It is required and of importance to provide pregnant women with evidence-based information on factors associated with genital tract tears including birth positions.