权力斗争的历史话语——谱系学与福柯对主体的重构

谱系学是福柯的历史观与主体现的集中表达.与现代性思想以理性看待历史,并把历史解读为统一进步的过程不同,谱系学方法透过权力看待历史,把历史过程解读为差异和断裂.通过谱系学方法,福柯消解了现代性思想所建构的认识主体,并用身体主体取而代之.身体主体现有助于人们重新认识历史和正确把握今天的现实社会,有助于人们以有效方式进行突破技术理性的压抑与束缚的当代解放实践.     

主体性、谱系学和身体——福柯对尼采哲学的接受

福柯整体的思想方法来自尼采,福柯曾说,自己只是运用尼采的哲学方法思考了一些历史,福柯受尼采影响最大的是尼采的谱系学和透视主义.尼采和福柯的哲学实际上都是对现代的主体性进行反思.福柯的思想的起点是我思和疯狂史,尼采曾说,笛卡尔禁闭疯癫,这直接给福柯提供了思想灵感.福柯走出现象学和存在主 .义主要借助了尼采,在尼采的启发下,福柯对身体现象学进行了深入思考.     

哈贝马斯对福柯谱系学研究方法的批评

谱系学是福柯重要的研究方法,通过这一方法,福柯关注了诸如疯癫、精神病院、罪犯、监狱等处于理性边缘的"非理性的历史",其目的是要反抗追求"本源、本质、同一"的传统历史研究方法,并揭示出权力对知识和理性的控制。而哈贝马斯却指出福柯的谱系学研究方法仍然没有走出主体哲学的困境,不但深陷相对主义的泥沼,而且就连对权力概念的使用都自相矛盾。虽然哈贝马斯对福柯的谱系学进行了激烈的批评,但我们仍要对其有一个客观的认识,尤其是要看到这一方法所蕴含的反思精神和反抗意识对今天学术研究的意义所在。     

福柯及其生平、著作和思想

福柯及其生平、著作和思想于奇智一、生平与著作１．生平福柯（ＭｉｃｈｅｌＦｏｕｃａｕｌｔ，１９２６－１９８４）是法国后现代思潮的前卫人物，１９２６年１０月１５日出生于法国西部古城——普瓦提埃。米歇尔·福柯原名保尔·福柯，“米歇尔”是其母亲给他起的，家人...     

福柯《规训与惩罚--监狱的诞生》述评

福柯（ＭｉｃｈｅｌＦｏｕｃａｕｌｔ１９２６～１９８４）对现代性的解剖 ,以及他对权力、知识和主体的分析都独树一帜 ,颠覆了传统见解 ,也引起了诸多争议。《规训与惩罚》一书出版于１９７５年 ,在该书中 ,福柯综合了他早期著作曾涉及的论题 ,运用谱系学的方法 ,集中对现代社会的权力运作机制进行了深入分析。他考察了从１８世纪中叶到１９世纪中叶这段时期 ,近代的监狱史、惩罚史和规训纪律社会的形成史 ,从历史的角度对监狱的诞生进行了阐述。可以说他有关监狱谱系学的分析 ,最终旨在阐明现代社会中作为权力对象和工具的主体的形成及处…     

伦理作为身体规训的契约:为身体立法

"身体"问题是现代性思想中的一个重要论域,身体作为伦理秩序的始基,是以身体立法;而伦理作为对身体的规训,又为身体立法。伦理的历史可以说就是一个"修身"的过程,以"理"修"身"的实质是权力通过身体来实施和彰显。对此,以谱系学和女性主义来检视身体—性别与知识—权力相互纠缠的历史情状,借以探讨以现代的从自我关怀出发的身体伦理来取代古代的从禁忌出发的道德体系的可能。     

法制与规训——福柯的双重控制论

福柯认为现代社会是靠法制与规训双重控制的社会。福柯在其权力理论的基础上从“非中心化”的视角和权力运作的过程来探讨法制与规训理论的运转机制和实现手段。在福柯看来现代社会的控制是法制与规训相互配合,并且侧重于规训;规训是从监狱的管制扩展到了整个社会;规训是一种“生命权力”其目标在于对个人身体的控制,规训是一种全方位的民主化的政治技术。     

身体在后现代的遭遇——以福柯的刑罚哲学为例

身体的现代性的最根本表现是身体对灵魂的造反,从作为刑罚对象的身体的具体形态演变来看,即为刑罚的人道化要求在现代获得了正当性并确立起支配性地位.然而,在福柯看来,刑罚人道化这一现代性要求和表现实际上掩盖了身体被规训的事实,刑罚的现代性背后隐含的是权力和知识的统治原则和统治技术.现代性启蒙发现了自由的身体,福柯的后现代性启蒙则发现了被规训的身体.身体自由彰显的是欲望的个体,欲望是自然性的欲望;身体被规训体现的是社会性的个体,社会性要求必然会对身体欲望产生抑制.因此,在现代性充分发展的现代社会中,身体的现实处境便是身体自由与身体被规训处在永远也解决不了的双重性纠缠当中.     

学术交流二○○二年总目录

·邓小平理论研究·邓小平对毛泽东的马克思主义学风　观的继承与发展张志荣 (1 .1 3 )邓小平与当代中国知识分子社会属　性的认识研究倪宪章 (2 .7)邓小平对人的自由而全面发展的论述彭立学 (3 .1 2 )邓小平对西部发展的理论贡献王金辉 (5 .65 )·三个代表思想研究·江泽民创新思想体系的构建李文爽 (1 .2 1 )马克思主义理论创新的新成果新境界潘春良 ,刘光慧 ,张云峰 (5 .1 )江泽民关于社会全面发展理论的　突出特点樊文娥 (6.1 )·哲学·心理学·莱布尼茨的当代境遇刘孝廷 (1 .1 )哲学视野中的死亡超越王文科 (2 .1 8)对芝诺否定事物是“…     

后结构主义视域下社会工作价值取向的反思与重构 ——来自福柯的启示

理论与实务的分裂状态让社会工作者容易忽略社会结构与个体价值之间的辩证关系,使社会工作在实践中显现出"安抚型"的价值取向.这在一定程度上背离了社会工作的专业使命.在后结构主义视野下,个体价值是多元的,而非臣服于总体社会结构.福柯以其知识考古学、权力谱系学和自我技术(生存美学)解构了现代社会的各种"权力",这对实现社会工作理论与实务的有机融合、重构社会工作的价值取向提供了可能的路径.     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Social security reforms in Kenya: Towards a workerist or a citizenship‐based system?

With social security provisions in Kenya remaining under‐reported in the more recent literature, this overview covers recent reforms in key areas of the country's social security system. In the health sector and in old‐age pension provision social security is still mainly workerist (biased toward those in formal employment), and attempts to expand coverage have had limited effect only – cash transfer programmes, for instance, have been expanded but in practice they do not universally cover the entitled categories. Thus, although the Kenyan social security system now has a considerable pro‐poor social assistance component it remains biased toward those in formal employment, to the benefit of the highest income quintile.     

A Man Can be Destroyed but Not Defeated

Santiago,the main hero in the Old Man and the Sea is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish,the sail of his skiff resembles "the flag of permanent defeat." But the old man refuses defeat at every turn:he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin,tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight,and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey,even though he knows the battle is useless. He establishes a great hero:a man can be destroyed but not defeated.     

Feminist Criticism in The Scarlet Letter

The Scarlet Letter written by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a great book. Through feminist criticism we can get how The Scarlet Letter may be read as dramatizing Hester Prynne's spiritual and physical struggle to survive as an individual in a society whose values authorize the privileged power of men.     

循环经济与可持续发展刍议

发展循环经济已经成为当今世界的潮流和趋势,循环经济将经济活动组织成为"资源-产品-消费-再生资源"的物质反复循环的闭环式流程,从上世纪90年代确定可持续发展战略以来,发达国家正在把发展循环经济、建立循环型社会看作是实施可持续发展战略的重要途径和实现方式.循环经济是集经济、技术、社会于一体的系统工程,其启动和推广不仅需要政府、企业、科学界和公众等社会各界的不懈努力和共同参与,而且需要资金、技术以及法规、制度等软硬环境的强力支撑.     

Determinants of Perceived Safety Among the Elderly

Abstract

A survey of randomly selected elderly residents (N = 301) of a largely rural county in Northwest Ohio sought to explore the perception of the fear of crime victimization. Those who participated in the study were asked a series of questions about their community, actual experiences of crime victimization, perception of fear related to victimization, and social support. Logistic regression analyses were computed to explore perceptions of neighborhood safety. Most participants reported limited experiences of victimization. As expected, in this rural environment, there was more reliance on informal supports and limited use of existing formal services.     

Social protection systems and the future of work: Ensuring social security for digital platform workers

Digitalization is transforming societies and economies worldwide at an unprecedented scale and pace. In the wake of automation and digitalization, new forms of employment have been emerging in various occupations and sectors, such as the digital platform economy. The emergence of new forms of employment, such as work on digital platforms, requires that existing social protection systems adapt to the specific situation and needs of such workers, as to realize the human right to social security for all. Current social protection coverage for workers on digital crowdwork platforms reveals significant gaps in social security coverage. Where such coverage exists, it is often provided through the workers’ previous or additional jobs, or indirectly through their spouses or other family members. This raises questions about digital platforms free riding on the traditional economy with regard to the financing of social security. How can social protection systems adapt to changing forms of work to ensure full and effective coverage for workers in all forms of employment, including those in “new” forms of employment? How can workers in all types of employment, including those on digital platforms, be protected in an adequate and comprehensive way, combining contributory and non‐contributory mechanisms and based on equitable and sustainable financing mechanisms, so as to ensure adequate social protection to all?     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.