人类开发利用地下空间的历史发展概要

随着城市地下空间的大规模开发利用，其在解决日益严重的空间资源危机、推进城市宜居环境建设等方面显现出其他空间资源所不具备的巨大优势，也越来越受到学术研究界的关注。笔者对地下空间历史发展演变过程进行了初步的概要性研究，总结了人类在不同的发展历史阶段对地下空间改造设计利用的利弊，为解决当前城市地下空间规划设计所面临的问题、更加科学地探索未来地下空间的发展方向吸取有益的经验。     

国内地下空间环境对行为心理影响研究进展

地下空间作为城市开发的重要方向,其环境对人的行为心理的影响是评价城市地下空间质量的重要因素之一。本文通过对国内现有地下空间环境对人的行为心理影响研究的文献分析,探讨该领域的研究进展。首先,结合文献数量及城市发展背景,梳理研究历程并划分为三个发展阶段;继而结合建筑空间设计与环境心理学视角,讨论现有研究中的主要路径与手段;随后对空间环境影响要素进行梳理,根据需求层次理论构建影响行人行为心理的地下空间环境要素体系,包含生理需求、安全需求、行为需求与情感需求。最后总结当前地下空间环境对人的行为心理影响这一研究领域中存在的研究对象单一、研究理论与设计实践脱节等问题,提出针对长期停留人员影响特性研究、视角多元化交叉研究等未来的研究方向,并对建成后的地下空间环境评价进行反馈与长期监控,为今后地下空间环境的设计、研究提出建议。     

地下空间功能演变及历史研究脉络对当代城市发展的启示

地下空间形态从点、线、网状发展到空间的立体化与系统化利用,与城市发展聚集程度密切相关。地下空间利用在城市产生之初就具有系统性特征,柯布西耶等提出的"垂直的田园城市"规划思想对当代中国地下空间规划及利用具有奠基性意义。1790至今的研究表明,"地下空间"一词出现于1980年后地下空间的规模化开发,2000年之后中国成为地下空间开发及研究的主战场。中国由于城市发展状况多样、地理气候多样,地下空间开发模式兼具世界各国的特征,未来地下空间的开发将吸取国外地下空间的发展经验,建立多种地下空间开发模式。     

透视"北京2008"奥运城市规划问题

2008年奥运会无疑会加速北京现代化建设进程,与此同时,更多的矛盾与问题也会接踵而至,这也是摆在城市设计者面前的客观现实,因此我们需要冷静地思考,对城市整体空间内的社会、文化、经济等诸多相关理论和现实问题综合考虑,统筹研究北京奥运城市空间规划.     

生态空间与容量约束下城市空间增长研究——以贵阳市花溪区为例

综合考虑快速增长的刚性需求、提质发展的客观要求以及山水生态环境保护的现实条件,是确保西部山地城市健康、快速发展需解决的关键问题。本文在分析生态敏感性、生态承载力的研究方法及其作用特征的基础上,设计了整合生态敏感性空间约束、生态承载力容量约束的城市空间规划技术方法。以贵阳市花溪区为实证,从规模容量控制、空间格局规划以及管控指引等方面示范了相应的技术方法,明确了其发展规模和空间,并提出了控制要点。     

智慧城市发展中的理论变革——基于城市经济视角

智慧城市受到全球关注,在我国也开始大规模发展,这是无法逆转的城市发展新趋势,亟须深刻阐述智慧城市发展的本质及相关理论问题,促进实践与理论良性互动发展.智慧城市是城市发展的重要历史演进阶段,对传统城市形成了前所未有的挑战.在与传统城市对比分析的基础上,笔者从城市经济视角阐述智慧城市的根植性变革及其引致的城市经济理论变革,最后提出相关启示,以期更好地促进我国智慧城市发展.     

治理精细化背景下的城市公共空间规划管理实施路径

公共空间在空间规划改革和城市人居环境建设中承担着关键的作用,我国在过去40年中公共空间的建设得到空前发展,2000年以后有关公共空间的中文研究文献也大幅增长。但在城市设计转型和城市治理精细化的背景下,公共空间规划管理面临着法律依据、规划引导和审查机制等方面的问题。通过文献梳理和实地走访,总结当下国内典型城市在公共空间规划管理方面的创新与尝试,提出"法制化、精细化、协同化"是未来提高城市公共空间治理能力的关键,并力图提供可供参考的实践路径。     

城市设计思维下城镇开发边界"修订"方法研究——以广州为例

2019年5月9日,《中共中央国务院关于建立国土空间规划体系并监督实施的若干意见》的发布标志着国土空间规划成为新时期国家空间发展的指南。其中,划定生态保护红线、永久基本农田、城镇开发边界等"三线"是国土空间规划的核心内容。城镇开发边界作为国土空间规划中指导和约束城镇发展的区域边界线,在城镇实际建设中承担底线控制和引导发展的双重作用。我国的城镇开发边界划定思路总体采用底线思维,对于城市设计思维的考量尚缺乏系统性的研究探讨。本文从城市设计思维出发,结合广州市国土空间总体规划的编制工作,对城镇开发边界划定过程中的格局识别、方案划定、边界修正等步骤提出城镇开发边界"修订"方法,并建议在生态斑块和空间单元视角下丰富城镇开发边界规整工作。     

基于边缘效应理论的居住区边缘空间优化设计——以重庆广益街居住区为例

居住区边缘空间是居住区与城市之间信息传递与物质交换的载体,承担着居住区与城市异质空间之间资源交换的功能。然而就目前而言,居住区边缘空间普遍存在着与城市分离、封闭性过强、空间利用率低、功能形式单一、缺乏人性关怀等系列问题。该文针对现存问题,以重庆广益街居住区为例,引入生态学中的边缘效应理论,建立“柔化—融合—共生”的策略框架,以期柔化居住区与城市之间的硬性分隔,提升城市整体空间形象,激活城市空间活力,为类似的居住区边缘空间规划与设计提供参考与借鉴。     

城市绿色空间健康效益的社会生态调节因素研究

城市绿色空间是城市生态系统服务的重要载体。既往人—境交互视角下的大量研究基本证实了绿色空间的健康效益,但对影响二者间效益转化的调节因素缺乏深入研究。根据社会生态理论与相关研究,从社会人口和物质环境两方面定性分析了调节因素及其作用机制,即社会生态调节因素通过影响使用动机、使用机会或易用性来影响绿色空间使用并由此调节健康效益。进一步,基于城市游园研究案例对此予以实证。结果显示,游园使用具有一定的情绪健康改善作用,但此过程受到使用者年龄、教育程度、收入水平、家庭结构以及游园使用距离等因素的调节。面对不断凸显的公共健康问题和愈发紧缺的绿色空间,未来相关研究的焦点有必要从"绿色空间是否影响健康"的基础研究转向包括调节过程在内的"绿色空间如何影响健康"的应用研究,以有效提升应用实践效率。     

Back and Forth and Beyond

The Journal invited Tom Andersen, author of major pioneering work on the reflecting team, and his colleagues, to offer comment on The Reflecting Team Process in Training. We thought such a north-south dialogue was in keeping with the spirit of reflecting teams, and the team members in Melbourne and Tromsø agree — Editor.     

Time and aging--mechanisms and meanings

A recent European Molecular Biology Laboratory Conference on Science and Society entitled "Time & Aging--Mechanisms & Meanings" fascinated scientists from different research areas as well as nonscientists. Topics discussed included not only the biological aging process but also the psychological effects of aging and social influences that affect this process.     

Arts and Crafts and Reconstruction

Abstract

This paper examines the role of arts and crafts in reconstructing communities after times of upheaval, their use in creating employment opportunities, and their impact on the nature of South African art history. It looks at craft initiatives during and after the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, and draws parallels with early twentieth-century initiatives, particularly those of Florence Phillips, who founded the Johannesburg Art Gallery in 1910, Emily Hobhouse, who established Boer home industries, and the South African National Union, which promoted the manufacture and use of local products.     

Sexual Compulsivity and Sexual Behaviors Among Gay and Bisexual Men and Lesbian and Bisexual Women

Within the existing body of research, the information pertaining to sexual compulsivity (SC) among women, both homo- and heterosexual, remains rather limited in comparison to men. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of SC in a community sample of gay and bisexual men and lesbian and bisexual women and to identify differences in sexual practices based on classification as sexually compulsive within gender. Supporting previous research, the findings indicated that gay and bisexual men were significantly higher in SC when compared to lesbian and bisexual women. Similarly, sexually compulsive gay and bisexual men were more likely to report drug use with sex than their non-sexually compulsive peers, suggesting that “party n' play” may play a larger role for men with SC. In addition, the findings demonstrated empirical support for the proposition that lesbian and bisexual women with symptoms of SC were more likely to engage in specialized sexual behaviors in comparison to their non-sexually compulsive peers. These data suggest that SC manifests differently in gay, lesbian, and bisexual men and women.     

Evening and night work schedules and children's social and emotional well-being

ABSTRACT

An emerging body of evidence shows that parents’ non-standard work schedules have a detrimental effect on children's well-being. However, only a limited number of studies have investigated mediating factors that underpin this association. Likewise, only a few studies have examined the impact of fathers’ non-standard work schedules on children's well-being. Based on data from the Families in Germany Study (FiD), this study aimed to address these research gaps. The sample consists of parents and their children at ages 7–8 and 9–10 (n?=?838 child observations in dual-earner families). The data were collected in the years 2010–2013. Non-standard work hours were defined as working in evenings and or at night (every day, several times a week, or changing as shifts). Children's social and emotional well-being was measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The findings show that both mothers’ and fathers’ evening and night work schedules are linked to an increase in children's externalizing and internalizing behavior and that this association is partially mediated by mothers’ and fathers’ harsh and strict parenting, with a stronger mediation effect for fathers parenting.     

History and the here and now

This paper explores the lesser-known histories and present-day realities of small towns and non-metropolitan areas in the internal provinces of South Africa. It is different inasmuch as it focuses on transformations that have taken place at the local level, and where possible, generalises from these, rather than following the normal route taken by social scientists – at least from 1994, which has been to examine them from the top down. One feature of such changes has been the growth of gated communicates across the length and breadth of South Africa, but there are many more. One reason for their anonymity is that their evolution has been gradual and corpuscular, that they have become unconsciously familiar and are left unexamined. Another is our collective preoccupation with the metropolitan areas rather than the smaller localities where such processes are subterranean and confined. This paper presents very briefly some of the results of the researchers of the Local Histories and Present Realities programme over the past five years, in 19 separate centres. It examines the history and present circumstance of chiefdoms of Ga-Mphahlele and reveals the surprise finding that much of recent and contemporary politics revolve around events 200 years old. An analogous situation has arisen in Venda as well as in Mpumalanga and elsewhere, where a combination of new legislation to revive chiefly powers, and land reclamation legislation have lent a new legitimacy to chiefly powers, and inspired hundreds of phantom – and time-consuming – quests. Another massive development which has gone on around us but whose internal dynamics have never been observed is the rise of game hunting and ranching all over the interior of South Africa. This is a monster subject which is likely to have influence on all of our lives into which our group is now in a position to offer insights. A change of equal proportions is the rise of mining all over the interior Bushveld Igneous Complex – Mokopane is a good example of this and the huge social consequences this has brought in its wake. One final theme which embraces all the communities that we have studied is the local histories of transformation – collectively the most important – since 1994. This is almost entirely hidden to a wider world, including the transformed positions of local Indian residents.     

Acceptance and Caregiving of Married and Divorced Custodial Mothers and Fathers

The study examined whether differences in gender and family status affect parental caregiving disposition and acceptance of children among parents of children in mid-childhood. The number of participants were 122 divorced-custodial fathers, 107 married fathers, 85 divorced-custodial mothers, and 82 married mothers (n?=?398). A comparison among four groups of parents revealed the following gender differences: mothers scored higher on anxious caregiving and parental acceptance than fathers, and lower on avoidant caregiving. Regression analysis indicated that the higher the caregiving avoidance or anxiety, the lower the parental acceptance. Family status moderated parental acceptance, as avoidant caregiving was associated with reduced parental acceptance among married parents, but not among divorced custodial parents. The finding that avoidant caregiving was not associated with reduced acceptance among divorced custodial parents implies that their parental acceptance behaviors toward their children are affected by their parental status as sole custodial parent, and the associated responsibilities, rather than by gender.