基于多标度分形理论的金融风险测度指标研究

多标度分形(multifractal)理论是一种刻画金融市场波动复杂性特征的有力工具,而金融价格时间序列的多标度分形谱(multifractal spectrum)则是对测度对象复杂性特征的一种具体和全面的描述.以上海证券交易所综合股价指数高频价格时间序列的多标度分形谱计算为例,建立了基于多标度分形谱两个主要参数的市场风险测度指标Rf,弥补了传统风险测度指标在非有效市场条件下的不足.通过对上证综指的实证研究验证了这一指标的有效性,并对其在价格波动预测方面的作用进行了初步的探讨和理论解释.     

股指时间序列的多重分形Hurst分析

以深圳股票市场为例,对深证成指指数数据进行了多重分形分析。首先,运用多重分形重标极差的方法对深证成指进行实证研究,结果表明在整个时间标度上Hurst指数均表现为持久性特征,而且随着标度τ的增加,Hurst指数呈现总体递增趋势,并且在整个标度范围上存在2个标度临界点,这体现了股指价格在不同标度范围下的状态跃迁现象。其次,运用多仿射方法确认了深圳股票市场多重分形特征的存在,验证了R/S分析方法中存在的标度临界点,并且进一步分析了不同临界标度范围下价格动态的本质特征。     

金融时间序列的标度特性实证研究

分别从时间序列分析,简单分形分析及多重分形分析的角度,运用自相关、功率谱、盒维数以及多重分形谱方法对上证指数时间序列的标度特征进行了实证研究.首先,自相关函数和功率谱分析结果表明.上证指数时间序列在跨时间尺度的指教之间存在着相关性,表现为分形时问序列,说明市场未达到弱式有效;其次,盒维数的分析结果揭示了上证指数的聚类特征及标度变化,并且盒维数随临界值增加而递减的规律体现了多标度特征的存在;最后,多重分形谱的方法进一步确认了上海股票市场的多标度特性,并指出该特性是股票市场信息倍增级联过程的结果.     

基于多分形理论的动态VaR预测模型研究

经济物理学(econophysics)的大量研究表明,金融市场的波动具有复杂的多分形(multifractal)特征,因此准确地测度和预测市场波动,对金融风险管理工作的意义重大。在已有多分形波动率(multifractal volatility)测度及其模型应用基础上,以上证综指10年的高频数据为对象,提出了基于多分形波动率的样本外动态风险价值(out-of-sample dynamic VaR)预测法。通过两种规范的后验分析(backtesting)结果表明,与8种主流的线性和非线性GARCH族模型相比,在高风险水平上,基于多分形波动率测度的VaR模型明显具有更高的样本外动态风险预测精度。     

金融市场的多分形波动率测度、模型及其SPA检验

提出一种新的金融市场波动率的测度方法--多分形波动率(multifractal Volatilty)测度,并以上证综指在长达8年左右时间内的高频数据样本为例,构造了多分形波动率的ARFIMA动力学模型.同时,运用最近提出的SPA(superior predictive ability)检验法,实证对比了多分形波动率模型与现有的如实现波动率(realized volatility)模型、GARCH模型以及随机波动(stoclaastic volatility,SV)模型对市场波动预测能力的优劣.实证结果显示,在某些损失函数标准下,文中提出的多分形波动率测度及其动力学模型具有比现有其它模型更优的波动率刻画能力和预测精度.     

金融资产收益非对称性的多标度分形测度及其在VaR计算中的应用

通过提炼多标度分形分析过程中所产生的对描述金融资产收益非对称特征有益的统计信息,提出了一种新的资产收益非对称测度--多标度分形非对称测度(Multifractal asymmetry measurement)Δf,并以沪深300指数长达7年左右的5分钟高频数据为实证样本,通过两种不同的VaR后验分析(Backtesting analysis)方法,实证对比了Δf测度和传统的偏度系数(Coefficient of skewness)测度在市场风险计算准确性方面的差异。实证结果表明:基于Δf测度的市场风险计算模型的VaR计算精度优于基于偏度系数测度的对应模型,Δf测度具有较偏度系数测度更为优异的对金融资产收益非对称特征的刻画能力。     

中国股票市场的多分形波动率测度及其有效性研究

由多分形分析出发,提出了一种新型的金融市场多分形波动率测度Sα。与传统测度Δα相比,Sα更为充分地利用了多分形分析过程中产生的对描述金融市场波动有益的统计信息。以上证综指和深证成指1354个交易日内5个不同抽样频率的高频数据为例,通过运用具有bootstrap特性的SPA检验法,检验了Sα测度和Δα测度对中国股票市场真实波动率估计的有效性差异。实证研究表明,Sα测度对市场真实波动率的估计较Δα测度更为准确。     

金融市场的多分形特征及与波动率测度的关系

以上证综指和标准普尔500指数的高频价格数据为样本,运用多分形谱分析(Multifractal spectrumanalysis)方法研究了两种指数价格变化的多分形特征。结果表明:多分形特征存在于这两种指数价格的波动中,多分形语言中蕴含了有关金融资产价格波动的丰富信息。最后初步提出了运用多分形理论所提供的工具来进行波动率研究的思路。     

多标度条件下的幂相关性：中国股市收益率的经验分析

对上海证券交易所综合股价指数(SSECI)收益率(5-min数据集)多标度条件下的相关性研究发现,在多重分形消除趋势波动法MF-DFA(适用于非稳定序列多点间相关性分析)的度量框架下,收益率序列G和G在101×5~105×5min的4个数量级标度条件下具有非唯一的幂相关指数,不同波动幅度表现出不同的长程相关性特征;收益率序列G的幂相关指数谱宽度大于序列|G|的指数谱宽度,平均谱指数小于|G|的平均谱指数,序列|G|表现出较G更强的正向持久性。     

基于多分形波动率测度的权证定价方法研究

金融复杂性研究表明,无论是成熟资本市场还是新兴资本市场,其价格波动除了具有时变、聚类和杠杆效应等典型特征外,还普遍具有更复杂的多分形特征.以中国股票市场中的4只认购权证为例,通过深入考察并充分提炼股价多分形分析过程中产生的对定量描述价格波动有益的统计信息,提出一种新的金融市场波动率测度,即多分形波动率,并进一步探讨其在权证定价领域中的实际应用.实证结果表明,中国股票市场的股价波动确实具有明显的多分形特征;且在B-S定价模型框架下,多分形波动率测度具有比常用的GARCH波动率测度和EGARCH波动率测度更优异的权证定价精度.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.