近代“青年”观念的形成与展开——以近代日本青年主义发展的过程为例

青年与青年运动既伴随着近代社会的进程而诞生,同时也是作为近代社会的对立、对抗的一方而存在。"青年"理念的产生并不是一个由社会问题而产生的孤立现象,或者是政治运动的权宜之计,而是近代化过程中一种新型思想的诞生,是一种以"青年"理念为核心的概念群的产生。这类概念体系在充满着形形色色"主义"的19世纪可以被称之为"青年主义"。到了19世纪80年代,日本的知识界、舆论界将近代西方哲学和社会理论进行了翻译与再创造,构筑了汉语范围内有关"青年"话语的原生系统。自此,"青年"作为一种思想的形成和发展,贯穿整个20世纪,并且深刻地影响了现代中国的政治社会进程。     

青年发展本质:对我国青年研究的反思

青年发展在本质上是一种自由自觉的劳动实践,与社会、国家之间具有历史、现实、伦理价值的实然统一性。由此出发,反思当前我国青年发展研究,就存在一般性指标、生存性指标过重及研究流于普遍化的问题。从而,我国青年发展研究应强化青年发展的本质指标与内在指标,建构与深化具体、历史与自我价值性的"个化"研究范式。     

试论全球化视野下中国青年的责任与担当

全球化以不可逆转之势影响着我国青年的价值观发展和社会角色的转换,同时青年又作为时代发展的"晴雨表"也影响和推动着全球化的进程。全球化视野下中国青年需肩负历史使命、把握现实定位、致力于自我发展,培养责任意识和担当意识     

香港“青年危机”:表征、影响及策略

在全球青年运动此起彼伏的背景下,以青年或青年学生为主体的违法"占中"等事件给香港社会各界敲响了警钟:香港青年出了问题。种种现实和数据统计表明,香港青年也确实面临着一系列有形无形危机,主要表现为:持续递减的人口危机、前景不明的职业危机、难以脱贫的贫困危机、日趋延迟的过渡危机和迷惘模糊的认同危机等。这些问题给陆港关系的深化融合、香港社会的和谐稳定以及青年个体的信心提振都带来极大隐忧和冲击。鉴于此,建议政府尽快出台青年发展战略、加大青年帮扶力度、广开青年民主言路和畅通青年晋升通道,以期消解青年危机,促进青年长远发展。     

社会经济变迁视野中的青年发展

青年的发展与社会经济的发展始终有着千丝万缕的联系。经济的发展不仅催生了青年的概念,促使了青年的社会流动,而且青年的价值观念、行为方式无不打上一个时代社会经济发展的烙印。处在社会转型期的当代中国青年,既享受着经济高速发展带来的机遇,又面临着诸多的问题和困惑。     

百年历程下的中国青年发展与青年工作路径探索——"新时代、新征程与中国青年发展"研讨会综述

中国共产党成立一百周年是中国青年赓续初心使命并继续稳步向前的历史节点,为深入挖掘百年历程下中国青年的成长与发展,研究新时代中国青年的发展之路,探析"十四五"期间我国青年发展趋势与规律,2021年5月,上海社会科学院社会学研究所举办了"新时代、新征程与中国青年发展研讨会".来自全国各地60余位专家学者围绕建党百年与青年运动、"十四五"规划与青年发展、城市数字化转型与青年参与、高质量发展与人才培养等重要理论与实践问题,进行了深入阐析和专题研讨.     

“底端青年”假设及发展——基于对几种特定青年群体的关注与研究

当今社会存在这样一类青年群体,他们在某个领域位于社会的最低端,他们地位低下、处境艰难、被人歧视。"底端青年"所涵盖的范围很广,涉及的数量众多,对于社会发展和青年发展均产生影响。"底端青年"有几个典型的群体,其中,学习中的"底端青年"群体(以高职大学生为例)、工作中的"底端青年"群体(以酒店基层员工为例)以及生活中的"底端青年"群体(以青年农民工为例)具有代表性,他们值得人们去关注与研究,进而引发全社会对于"底端青年"及其发展的重视。     

国外青年自组织现状研究

当今世界青年自组织已成为一支独立的社会力量,在各个领域发挥着越来越大的作用,在很多发达国家青年自组织已成为参与社会公共事业管理的重要成员之一,而我国对国外青年自组织的研究相对不足。本文试图通过对国外青年自组织研究,尤其是青年自组织与政府及社会关系研究的总结与归纳,给我国青年组织的发展一些启示,为以后的深入研究奠定基础。     

大都市单身青年“婚恋焦虑”现象调查及成因分析

当代青年出生和成长于社会改革发展时代,社会物质的极大丰富对青年一代的精神生活产生了极大冲击,种种压力和诱惑导致很多年轻人的价值观产生变化,从而衍生出多元化的婚恋观,单身青年在适婚青年中的比例日益上升。在北京、上海等现代化大都市,单身青年普遍存在着"婚恋焦虑"现象,并且呈现出低龄化趋势。总的来看,"婚恋焦虑"现象的出现背后存在着人口结构、经济条件、社会观念、交际方式、家庭压力等多重因素影响。在新的时代背景下,青年人要学会辨别是非,以一颗真诚的心来面对婚恋问题。     

从“道德体验”到“社会效益”:青年志愿服务发展的逻辑演变

道德性是青年志愿服务与生俱来的天然特性,"道德体验"也是早期青年群体参与志愿服务最为朴素的精神追求。从青年志愿服务的主体动机或客观效果的演变来看,青年志愿服务萌芽、探索和全面发展的过程其实也是一个从追求"道德体验"到追求"社会效益"的发展演变过程。青年公益创业就是青年志愿服务"社会效益"最大化的有益尝试。青年公益创业不仅能繁荣社会企业,扩大社会就业,推动社会体制改革,促进社会治理创新,而且在促进社会公正,改善社会风气等方面具有重要作用。     

Généalogie et évolution de la catégorie de « cadre » en Italie

Conceptions of the social world in industrialized countries use categories worked out in the course of a nation's history. In this respect, the notion of cadre for referring to both a concrete social group and a statistical, cognitive category turns out to be a French invention. From a societal perspective, why are there no cadres in Italy? Why is this sort of catchall category for referring to persons in the middle range of employees missing there? Although the notion crystallized through the French experience does not fit the Italian situation, we can inquire into it by examining the history of two close but distinct socioeconomic categories: quadri and dirigenti. A constructivist approach is taken to examining several aspects of the emergence of these categories in Italian society: the place of the institutions that defend and objectify them as a socioeconomic category; the expectations and aspirations that motivate them; the impact of historical and symbolical events in making these categories; and the role of sociologists who persist in analyzing Italian cadres by using quite different theoretical and ideological presuppositions.     

Comment confronter mobilité « subjective » et mobilité « objective » ?

The methods for analyzing objective social mobility and subjective mobility as perceived by individuals are reviewed in the case of two surveys: Trois générations by the French Old-Age Fund (CNAV, Caisse Nationale d'Assurance Vieillesse) and Formation qualification professionnelle by the French National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE). These two surveys have formulated subjective mobility in quite different ways, but this observation also holds for objective mobility, which, for the purpose of comparison with respondents' subjective evaluations, is defined using specific procedures. A method is proposed for contrasting these two sorts of mobility based on classical mobility tables. When the latter are designed so as to cross three variables (social origins, destinations and average scores of subjective mobility), the spontaneous sociology that can be collectively detected in the assessments made by respondents turns out to be not very different from the scholarly sociology of social categories produced by sociologists. After showing that subjective and objective mobility vary coherently in relation to each other, an additional hypothesis is advanced to account for some discrepancies.     

Contenir le marché : la transition de la criée à la cotation électronique à la Bourse de Paris

Open outcry was fully replaced at the Paris Bourse by an automated trade execution system (CAC) in the late 1980s. In this article, we focus on the circumstances that made this transition possible. We analyze the diverse compromises (both social and technical) that the officials and engineers in charge of the innovation process constructed in order to stabilize the new market device. They had to carefully inscribe into the new system the interests of the actors at stake: bankers and stockbrokers. This case study contributes to economic sociology by drawing a relation between a technical device and the interests set around the “modernization” of a market.     

Le modèle de « l'État-stratège » : genèse d'une forme organisationnelle dans l'administration française

Since the 1990s, a new organisational form of the administrative system in France has been steadily redefining relations between central administrations and local state units. Labelled “the steering state” or the “managerial state”, this new paradigm hinges on separating the strategic functions of steering and controlling the state from the operational functions of execution and policy implementation. The making of this new form of state organization involves two parallel processes: political and cognitive. For one thing, the adoption of concrete measures for “government at distance” results from power struggles between three major ministries (Home Office, Budget and Civil Service). For another, a new legitimate “categorization of the state” is being formed in the major committees involved in the reform process of the 1990s; it is borne by top civil servants and inspired by the ideas of New Public Management. — Special issue: New patterns of institutions.     

La précarité de l'emploi au service de la prospérité du fast-food

The fast food industry offers an exception to the traditional rule that steady employment and employee qualifications are necessary for business to thrive. Since this industry sprang up in the United States during the 1950s, its major firms have offered unskilled jobs to a young, devoted labor force in transit between fast-food establishments. As a consequence, the itineraries of incoming new hires and outgoing employees crisscross. Though causing a few operational problems, this high turnover rate among wage-earners is good for business. The major (just-in-time) principle of sales and production requires an exceptionally high commitment. Only new, young team-members correspond to the profile defined in these eateries.     

La restructuration des PMI à Saint-Étienne après la crise : traces du passé et limites de l'intégration horizontale

On the basis of a survey conducted in Saint-Étienne, France, as part of a comparative European project on “modes of governance” in local economies (which, thus, takes into account the level of small and medium-sized industry and the middle level of the territory), questions are raised about the goods and services that enable these industries to be competitive with big firms or holdings. For these industries, solutions developed two decades ago for the machine tool industry, mechanics and metal-working are still significant resources. The momentum detected in a small number of fields can lead to an increasing specialization and horizontal integration that favor a more competitive growth. How to know whether this momentum results from still (temporarily) active remnants of the past or whether it is evidence of a collective impetus that can stimulate new economic growth?     

Les « intermittents » de l'Église. Modalités d'emploi des personnels laïcs dans le catholicisme français

Given the shortage of priests, bishops have assigned permanent religious duties to several thousand laypersons, a majority of them women. Many of these persons have employment contracts. The employment conditions of this new type of permanent personnel tend to be unfavorable: assignments for a few years despite contracts of unlimited duration, part-time work and a nearly minimum wage. Various factors account for this fragility: the dire financial straits of French dioceses; ecclesiastical authorities, determination to present the clergy as the only fully legitimate, permanent personnel in the Church; and the attitude of laypersons who seem to be satisfied with their lot. The efforts to institutionalize this work have encountered difficulties with respect to both the labor code and the unexpected effects produced internally by the advocacy of a “culture of limited duration commitment”.     

Les usages nationaux d'une science « globale » : La diffusion de nouveaux paradigmes économiques comme stratégie hégémonique et enjeu domestique dans les champs nationaux de reproduction des élites d'État

This paper analyses the production and international diffusion of different forms of State expertise, such as economics, from a threefold perspective: hegemonic strategies structured around the Cold War, professional rivalries between lawyers and economists within the field of state power and the internationalisation of the academic circuits for the reproduction of national elites. In order to understand the relatively low (or delayed) introduction of neo-liberal paradigm in Asia, it starts by highlighting the authoritarian genesis of these new fields of economic expertise, as an instrument for the developmental policies launched by the Cold War dictatures, such as Suharto in Indonesia or Marcos in the Philippinnes. Then, by focusing on the cases of India and South Corea, it analyses how the processes of institutionnalisation and consolidation of these new professional fields was structured around an international division of scientific labour, in which the elite US campuses control both the production of theoretical innovation and the academic networks for the reproduction of the elites of the periphery.     

La carrière des artistes et les transformations de la production musicale. Relations de travail et relation au travail dans le monde des musiques rap et électroniques

The interaction between the artistic and managerial poles of the world formed by the persons specialized in rap and electronic music in France is described as well as musicians' occupational culture. The aesthetic and organizational characteristics of these musical genres are shown to influence the division of labour in recording and production. Owing to the combination of artistic and managerial activities typical of these musicians, occupational networks are fluid. This blurring of roles is especially visible in the recording labels used from home studios. Technical changes in the “tools” for this work have led these artists to become professionally involved in management and advertising. Cultural motivations also explain this involvement: the critical stance adopted by the “cultures” of rap, electro, techno, etc., tends to make obsolete the image of the artist as a creator who avoids the engineering aspects of the commercial distribution of his recordings. In contrast, rap and electronic musicians' careers develop through participation in many and various projects, which nurtures their artistic production, improves the quality of their groups and enhances their reputations. Accepting more short-term professional engagements supposedly increases their control over their career profiles. However these musicians voice concerns, in particular, about bonds between the individual and the groups whom they cross (and who cross them) — concerns that can be extended to other types de workers caught up in an occupational world organized “by project”.