家庭化、亲情化、社区化养育为孤残儿童构筑爱的家园

作为孤残儿童成长的最佳模式之一,家庭寄养已经成为南昌市儿童福利院儿童照料的主要模式.十多年来,南昌市儿童福利院的家庭寄养工作走过了一条摸索与前进的道路.     

天津市儿童福利院 构建家庭寄养配套服务体系

开展家庭寄养工作既是满足孤残儿童身心发展的需要,也是“以人为本”的儿童福利事业改革与发展的必然结果。为了保证家庭寄养工作在高平台上持续发展,天津市儿童福利院自2000年开始探讨孤残儿童家庭寄养的配套服务体系——五级网络管理体系,家长功能支持保障体系,家庭寄养专业评估体系,特殊教育体系,康复训练、指导、培训综合体系。其配套服务体系的运行在维护寄养儿童的合法权益,满足寄养家长的需求方面发挥了重要作用。     

以人为本 亲情抚育——南昌市开展家庭寄养工作纪实

南昌市儿童福利院的家庭寄养工作始于1981年。当时为了缓解孤残弃婴(特别是女婴)过多的压力,南昌市儿童福利院尝试性地开展了家庭寄养工作。至1995年正式开展孤残儿童农村家庭寄养工作时,已有近两百名儿童在寄养家庭中健康地成长。1997年,在"浩德"国     

浅析小组家庭寄养模式

随着我国儿童福利事业不断深化改革,儿童福利院逐渐突破传统的养育模式。向社会化、人性化、个性化的方向发展。为使孤残儿童能有一个良好的成长环境,武汉市儿童福利院在现有的福利院集中供养、家庭分散寄养的基础上。于2007年8月开展了“小组家庭寄养模式”。     

浅析小组家庭寄养模式

随着我国儿童福利事业不断深化改革,儿童福利院逐渐突破传统的养育模式,向社会化、人性化、个性化的方向发展。为使孤残儿童能有一个良好的成长环境,武汉市儿童福利院在现有的福利院集中供养、家庭分散寄养的基础上,于2007年8月开展了"小组家庭寄养模式"。     

青岛市：根据儿童成长需求 采取不同养育模式

随着社会的发展与进步,孤残儿童的生存环境发生了巨大改变,生存质量明显提高。为儿童的身心健康成长,寻找合适发展路径,是近几年民政系统各级领导和儿童福利机构广大干部职工孜孜一求并勇于探索的问题。青岛市儿童福利院坚持以人为本,从孤残儿童的养育状况和自身需要出发,积极争取政府部门和社会各界的支持帮助,围绕改善孤残儿童的医疗、康复、生存条件,探索出孤残儿童城市分散家庭寄养、农村养护教育基地寄养、城市社区集中寄养,城市爱心家庭寄养等多种养育模式共存的家庭寄养,加快了儿童福利社会化进程。     

昆明市儿童福利院:勇创“昆明模式”堪称全国典范

昆明市儿童福利院孤残儿童家庭寄养项目实施以来，以“孤残儿童利益最大化”为原则，秉承“政府出资、社会支持、家庭寄养、统一监护”的宗旨，构建了家庭寄养工作三级监护网络，实现了孤残儿童由生存型向发展型的转变，寄养工作由被动管理向主动服务的转变，实现了寄养项目的本土化，形成了具有鲜明人文特色的农村家庭寄养模式一“昆明模式”，堪称全国一面旗帜!     

成都市儿童福利院：寄养儿童档案管理科学规范

家庭寄养是中国孤残儿童照料的一种新模式,为了让孤残儿童拥有一个更好的生活和发展环境,成都市儿童福利院继2000年10月推出农村家庭寄养工作后,于2001年1月又启动了城市家庭寄养。十年来,该院将＂以孤残儿童为本＂的理念贯穿寄养工作始终,不断总结经验、勇于探索创新,在寄养儿童的档案管理方面做出了特色,做出了品牌,使寄养工作更加科学化、规范化。     

成都市：着力加强寄养家庭规范化管理

成都市儿童福利院现收养孤残儿童560余名,其中家庭寄养儿童231名（城市11名、农村220名）,占全院收养儿童总数的41%。在寄养儿童中,残疾儿童占96%。2000年10月,成都市儿童福利院尝试开展家庭寄养工作,认真贯彻落实《家庭寄养管理暂行办法》,     

昆明市儿童福利院:探索类家庭寄养模式

正2000年起,为改变机构集中养育孩子易出现人格发展缺陷等诸多问题,昆明市儿童福利院借鉴国内外先进的家庭寄养模式,结合本地特点,在昆明周边的县区开展农村家庭寄养。农村家庭模式是由政府出资、社会支持、家庭寄养、统一监护的方式,形成儿童福利院、街道(乡镇政府)、社区居委会(村委会、村民小组)参与的三级化监护网络及定期巡查,对孤残儿童寄养期间的生活、营养、康复、教育、身体发育情况等进行全面跟踪指导,为儿童提供有利于身心发展     

Counting family support

Preventative family support approaches are positioned as central to child welfare policy reforms aiming to address the problems of relying upon investigation and out‐of‐home care as the main modes of intervention. Extensive claims are made for family support but relatively little is known about its scope, processes and impact. This study examines the provision of family support in one jurisdiction. A census‐type survey of family support services in one Australian state was conducted using a performance measurement framework in which inputs, outputs, processes and outcomes were measured. Family support services constituted a minor part of child welfare expenditure. They provided a narrow range of service types, and most families received short duration, low intensity services. Workers had difficulty identifying the specific child and family needs that were met by services. For family support to be a genuinely alternative response to concerns about the care of children, it must be capable of making an observable difference in the lives of families experiencing serious difficulties. The collection of aggregate performance data on family support would assist in understanding the nature and outcomes of service provision, as well as ensure family support is ‘counted’ in measurement‐orientated policy and budget processes.     

After Safety,What is the Goal of Child Welfare Services: Permanency,Family Continuity or Social Benefit?

Child welfare services have multiple goals, including child protection, family continuity, and achievement of legal permanency so children can end their involvement with child welfare services and have a lifetime family. These goals are not all achievable to the same extent in all cases. American child welfare policy has, in the last few years, become more definitive about the priority of child protection above family preservation. Now, situations which involve safety risks that are too great do not require any efforts at reunifying children to their biological homes. Less clear in American child welfare policy and practice is the value to be placed on other factors – particularly when a child cannot return home and will need an alternative adoptive family. Practitioners often emphasize family continuity – that is, the opportunity to maintain contact with the biological parent and extended family members – as a key decision making consideration. Yet, family continuity does not necessarily predict a successful transition to adulthood that is healthy for children or provides social benefits to the community. This paper explores the rationale for expanding child welfare decision making criteria by adding longer-term outcomes and the likelihood that children will eventually generate social benefits.     

Inequalities in child welfare intervention rates: the intersection of deprivation and identity

Child welfare systems internationally exhibit very large inequalities in a variety of dimensions of practice, for example, in rates of child protection plans or registrations and out‐of‐home care. Previous research in the midlands region of England (Bywaters; Bywaters et al.) has detailed key aspects of the relationship between levels of neighbourhood deprivation and intervention rates. This paper reports further evidence from the study examining the intersection of deprivation with aspects of identity: gender, disability, ethnicity and age. Key findings include a decreasing gender gap and a decreasing proportion of children in need reported to be disabled as deprivation increases. The data challenge the perception that black children are more likely than white to be in out‐of‐home care, a finding that only holds if the much higher level of deprivation among black children is not taken into account. Similarly, after controlling for deprivation and age, Asian children were found to be up to six times less likely to be in out‐of‐home care. The study requires replication and extension in order that observed inequalities are tested and explained. Urgent ethical, research, policy and practice issues are raised about child welfare systems.     

Young people leaving care in Sweden

The transition from a placement in care to an independent life can be a problematic phase for young people. In Sweden, special care‐leaving services are almost non‐existent. What then happens to young people when they leave a placement in out‐of‐home care? This paper draws on the results of a study in which 16 young care leavers between the ages of 18 and 22 years were interviewed. Telephone interviews were also performed with the young care leavers' parents, social workers, foster carers and institutional staff. The aim of the study was to investigate how young care leavers perceive the transition from care to an independent life. The Swedish welfare model, the prolonged transition to adulthood and the family‐oriented welfare discourse have been used as analytical perspectives. The results show that young care leavers have a pronounced need for social, emotional, practical and financial support. Whilst such support is occasionally provided by foster carers and residential staff, it is seldom given by social services or biological parents. This group is at risk of facing severe problems in the transitional phase from care to independent life, a fact that is not acknowledged by the Swedish welfare system.     

Barriers to collaboration on behalf of children with challenging behaviours: a large qualitative study of five constituent groups

Inter‐agency collaboration is seen as an effective way to support children and families with multiple and complex needs. Children in out‐of‐home care, especially those exhibiting challenging and disruptive behaviour, often require the services of multiple agencies. Ninety‐two South Australian stakeholders experienced in supporting children in out‐of‐home care were interviewed about their experience of collaborative practice, using the specific example of supporting children with extremely challenging behaviour. Participants were teachers, foster parents, child welfare workers, child mental health professionals and residential care workers. Thematic analysis revealed several tensions inherent in such collaboration. Results are discussed in terms of their unique implications for managing challenging behaviour, and suggestions are made for improving collaborative approaches to behaviour and multi‐agency practice.     

Children in permanent foster care in Sweden

The Swedish child welfare system has no permanency planning as we know it from, for example, the United States and Great Britain. Regardless of whether the child is placed in foster care with or without the parents’ consent, the law requires semi-annual reviews and there is no time limit set on reunion. Nevertheless, there are foster children who remain in the foster home throughout the whole of childhood, on terms similar to permanent foster care or adoption. This paper concerns a selection of findings from a research project entitled ‘Is there a difference in being a foster child?’. Foster children aged 10–11 were interviewed three times and the children’s perspective was focused on, complemented by the perspective of their foster parent(s). When interviewed about their relationship to their natural family as well as to the foster family, and about having a sense of family belonging and expectations for the future, 11 of the 22 children perceived their stay in the foster home as permanent and regarded themselves as belonging only to the foster family, although all of the children had contact with their birth parents. The study concerns the children’s views as well as those of the foster parents. The perception of permanency in the absence of a legal option of permanency is discussed.     

The impact of parental incarceration on children's care: identifying good practice principles from the perspective of imprisoned primary carer parents

Parental incarceration has wide‐ranging impacts on families. One key effect may be disruption to the care and legal custody of children, yet few studies have examined processes and outcomes relating to care planning for children of prisoners. This paper presents findings of interviews with 151 primary carer prisoners in two Australian states which aimed to address this research gap. The study examined care planning for children upon parental arrest, sentencing and imprisonment, stability of care arrangements and primary carer prisoners' involvement and satisfaction with care planning. Around one third of prisoners had discussions regarding children's care arrangements at arrest and imprisonment, although the issue was more commonly raised at sentencing. While there was much variation in the stability of care arrangements, children placed in out‐of‐home care experienced the most instability. A minority of prisoners reported being involved in care planning and decision‐making for children upon imprisonment, and around one third rated care planning process poorly. Prisoners were more satisfied with care planning when there were fewer movements of children, where prisoners felt involved with decision‐making, and when police officers, lawyers and corrections staff inquired about the welfare of their children. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.     

A comparison of state support for young people leaving care in Norway and Sweden: Differences within comparable welfare systems

The aim of this article is to account for and discuss support to young care leavers within the comparable welfare regimes of Norway and Sweden and to explore key differences between these 2 countries. This model implies that children and young people are included and entitled to support through being family members, not as independent actors in their own right. This makes young care leaver's transition from care to adulthood problematic—as they often do not have access to family support, they may be positioned in a vacuum where they are clients neither entitled to support from the child welfare system nor supported by their families of origin. In Norway, legislators and policymakers have agreed that care leavers need particular attention and targeted support, whereas in Sweden, there has been no such agreement. However, the Norwegian system of giving leaving care services is not strong enough to provide transition support to all care leavers, even if the legislation gives stronger protection than in Sweden. The article discusses the need for targeted measures of support for a successful care‐leaving process.     

社会工作介入孤残儿童家庭寄养工作的空间

自90年代以来,福利院集体照顾模式已无法满足社会发展的需要。1999年国家民政部正式提出有关儿童社会福利改革的思想,并明确提出改变集中供养模式的指针。家庭寄养工作自开展以来,在全国各地得到广泛的响应。本文通过对已有研究的回顾,立足我国家庭寄养工作的现实情况,指出了家庭寄养工作面临的问题,探讨了社会工作在我国孤残儿童家庭寄养工作中的介入空间。     

Do public services influence patterns of informal care? Informal networks and public home care in three Swedish municipalities

Whether an individual receives home care services depends on two factors: the functional disability of the care recipient and the caregiver's gender, when the living arrangements of the care recipient are controlled. Data from this longitudinal study of social networks and home care organization in 3 municipalities in Sweden show that care recipients with a severe disability received more home care services than others. In cases where the main caregiver lives together with the care recipient, the public services are adjusted to the family situation and are independent of the functional disability of the care recipient. Care recipients who live with the primary caregiver receive less formal help than do care recipients who live alone. When the primary caregiver does not live together with the care recipient, the public services are adjusted to the functional disability of the care recipient and are independent of the primary caregiver's gender. Care recipients supported by a male helper received more formal help than care recipients supported by a female helper. Those supported by a female helper received more informal help. Various models of relationships, supplementation and complementation between informal care and public services are discussed. The dependence on public home services is high. Assistance with basic activities of daily living is the first area requiring complementary contributions from the public services. A special type of kin independene was found, related to the function of public services in a modern and gender-equal society. The results provoke a discussion on research design as well as comments on welfare policy and gender equality in the transformation of the welfare state.