试析伊拉克经济重建之难点

伊战结束至今已一年多了，但战后的伊经济重建却进展缓慢，原因是伊经济重建是一项庞大系统工程，美国事先对其难度估计不足，也缺乏具体计划；伊资金严重缺乏，债务负担沉重；伊安全形势严峻，重建工作雪上加霜；美独家主导重建的做法使许多国家对参与重建的兴趣不高；伊政治过渡进程一波三折，且各派利益斗争激烈。尽管这种局势对伊经济重建产生了一定的消极影响，但考虑到重建额大、周期长、利润丰厚，且伊石油储量丰富，各国对伊重建前景仍然看好。     

美对伊战争目的与伊重建

美英于3月20日对伊发动了战争，5月1日，布什总统宣布在伊的“大规模战斗”已经结束。至此，美结束了其“改造”伊拉克的第一阶段行动；第二阶段的工作是重建和掌控伊拉克，从中获取丰厚的经济利益；第三阶段是在伊建立美式民主制度，作为样板供中东各国效仿。但战后，伊社会状况混乱，民不聊生，伊重建将面临诸多困难。     

政权移交后的美伊关系探析

6月28日，美英联军当局提前向伊临时政府移交权力，标志着伊拉克历时14个月的被占领状态在法律意义上正式结束，为实现“伊人治伊”目标迈出了重要一步。但临时政府将会遇到重重阻力和挑战，交权后，美对伊的控制地位不变，因此，未来的伊政治格局仍是美为幕后导演，登台主演的是伊临时政府。     

老婆的不同版本

不少女读者向某顺（作者鱼顺顺自称“某顺”）倾诉，在家不被老公心疼，出门不被老公惦记，自己不过是爷的免费性伴侣和不拿报酬的家政服务员；其他，竞再也看不出做人老婆有啥便宜可赚。发此牢骚的一般都是好女人，里里外外一把手，大事小事都是她的事，伊的孩子比老公听话，伊的老公比孩子还难伺候；     

政权移交后的美伊关系探析

6月28日,美英联军当局提前向伊临时政府移交权力,标志着伊拉克历时14个月的被占领状态在法律意义上正式结束,为实现"伊人治伊"目标迈出了重要一步.但临时政府将会遇到重重阻力和挑战,交权后,美对伊的控制地位不变,因此,未来的伊政治格局仍是美为幕后导演,登台主演的是伊临时政府.     

语文闲谈

中古汉语里第三人称代词出现“伊、渠、他”。现代普通话里只保留了“他”，至于“伊、渠”只在某些方言里使用。王力《汉语史稿》：“第三人称的性别区分，最初由少数人提倡，始于1917年；本来希望在口语中造成一种分别，后来失败了”。“五四”前后，文学作品中用“伊”，后来都改为“她”。这个“她”字是刘半农在1926年的创造。可是，这只是书面语的视觉区分，不是口语的听觉区分，在口语中“他”和“她”听起来仍旧没有分别。“文法”改了，“语法”未改。     

伊拉克:面壁十年图破壁——海湾战后10年的美伊关系

海湾战争结束以来,美国采用武器核查、禁飞区轰炸、石油换食品计划及分化伊拉克盟国等手段,想方设法对伊进行制裁,使伊拉克人民处于水深火热之中。伊拉克针锋相对,在国内国际采取了一系列艰苦卓绝的反制裁斗争并取得成效。阿拉伯国家因形势变化重新分合。从当前看,国际社会解除对伊制裁尚须时日。伊拉克仍存有不测因素。     

战后科威特经济走势及我政策

美伊战争后，科威特经济发展的外部隐患被消除，科财政收入大幅增加，投资扩大，国内需求增加，市场消费旺盛；对外贸易增长，贸易顺差加大；外国投资活跃，资本流入增多。伊科是传统贸易伙伴，在地理、人文、资金等方面都具有开展贸易的得天独厚条件。中国企业可以科为跳板，与科企业进行广泛紧密合作，不失时机地进入伊市场。     

伊拉克战争以来中国与伊拉克的关系

伊战前中伊两国间保持着长期的友好交往。伊战结束后，中国积极参与了联合国倡导的伊拉克重建，并与美国等西方国家及俄国、阿拉伯国家合作，与伊拉克新政权建立了良好的关系。中国公司也积极参与了伊拉克的经济重建。与战前相比，中伊经济关系发生重大变化，即贸易规模迅速扩大，能源合作的地位上升，中国从贸易顺差变为逆差，而中国公司的投资从一般制造业和建筑承包转向能源和高层次的制造业。中国对伊拉克新政权的外交政策和经济合作对于伊的稳定和发展起到了积极作用，同时保证了中国在伊的权益，在2014年6月以来伊拉克的动荡中，中国和伊拉克共同努力妥善保障了中国的利益。     

中国企业参与伊重建的思考与建议——浅谈中国化工企业进军伊重建市场

伊拉克油气资源丰富，对世界各大企业很具诱惑力。伊战后，美虽欲独占伊重建市场，但可能性不大。中国企业应加强与伊及其周边国家的联系，努力通过间接渠道进入伊重建市场。     

Transformative learning for social integration: overcoming the challenge of greetings

Many universities in different parts of the world are seeking to enhance the cultural diversity of their staff and student body and yet repeated studies have shown that good integration can be difficult to achieve. Although several studies have examined the reasons why such integration is difficult, there has been very little research into the actual process of social integration. This paper addresses this gap through a qualitative study of intercultural learning. Students were asked to focus on a behaviour that was personally or professionally important to them but that they were having difficulty adapting to. The paper reports the varying, unfolding experiences of six of these students as they faced the affective, behavioural and cognitive challenges of adjusting to different greeting patterns and the strategies they used for gradually overcoming them. Drawing on the literature and the findings, an intercultural growth model is proposed. The paper ends with a discussion of the implications of the findings for enhancing social integration at university.     

Sharon: A self-employed lone parent with a disabled child

Sharon's story was collected as part of a study of parents combining employment with the care of disabled children in Britain. Sharon is a lone parent with three daughters, one of whom, Helen, has severe epilepsy. Here she explains to researcher, Trish Heaton why work is important to her but also why it is so difficult for her to sustain work and caring in the context of minimal formal or informal support from within the community. The practical and emotional difficulties of negotiating with inflexible services can drive working parents to crisis point. Sharon describes one such crisis point where all her arrangements had broken down. The supports she needed were minimal, but their absence had a profound impact.     

Toddlers Activate Lexical Semantic Knowledge in the Absence of Visual Referents: Evidence from Auditory Priming

Language learners rapidly acquire extensive semantic knowledge, but the development of this knowledge is difficult to study, in part because it is difficult to assess young children's lexical semantic representations. In our studies, we solved this problem by investigating lexical semantic knowledge in 24‐month‐olds using the Head‐turn Preference Procedure. In Experiment 1, looking times to a repeating spoken word stimulus (e.g., kitty‐kitty‐kitty) were shorter for trials preceded by a semantically related word (e.g., dog‐dog‐dog) than trials preceded by an unrelated word (e.g., juice‐juice‐juice). Experiment 2 yielded similar results using a method in which pairs of words were presented on the same trial. The studies provide evidence that young children activate of lexical semantic knowledge, and critically, that they do so in the absence of visual referents or sentence contexts. Auditory lexical priming is a promising technique for studying the development and structure of semantic knowledge in young children.     

The Ethical Practitioner in Formation: Issues of Courage,Competence and Commitment

This article reports on a small study exploring students' accounts of ethically difficult situations. Participating students were studying professional qualifying programmes in social education and social work at three higher education institutions in Finland, France and the UK. Variations in how students describe ethically difficult situations are noted—including whether they feature the student as an active moral agent facing a difficult ethical decision and the extent to which they utilise recognisably ‘ethical’ language and concepts. The types of situations reported as ethically difficult are identified as focusing on: the difficulties of challenging service users and colleagues; the power and responsibility of the worker; and defining the boundaries of the professional relationship. Similar types of situations were raised by students in the different countries, although there is some variation in how they describe their ethical difficulties and the specific concerns they raise. Implications for teaching include the need to develop skills and qualities in students that enable them to recognise the ethical dimensions of difficult situations and to develop the courage to act on their decisions.     

Domestic violence intervention program: Unconditional shelter?

This case examines the difficult choices facing a domestic violence shelter in crisis. Beth George had been on the run from her estranged husband with her two sons for three years. When the shelter hired Beth rather than another former resident (her roommate at the shelter) for a staff position, the roommate called Beth's ex‐husband and told him where they were. Police arrested Beth, sent the children back to their father, and began an investigation of whether shelter staff had knowingly harbored a fugitive. The shelter had just begun a fundraising campaign for a new building, but all financial contributions immediately stopped, throwing the organization into financial crisis. The executive director and staff were under enormous pressure and faced possible criminal sentences. The board had to try to minimize the damage to its reputation in the media, figure out how to keep the organization from failing financially, decide whether to continue to employ Beth George and the executive director, who were under criminal investigation, and fend off attacks from fathers' rights activists. The case explores the difficult management issues facing an organization and individuals in crisis. It examines how class, sexual orientation, race, and feminist ideology structure services to battered women. It also provides a window into the difficult job of front‐line workers skating on the edge of the law as the law begins to recognize and protect victims of intimate violence. It invites readers to consider how one should decide what and whom to believe. Finally, it considers the significance of grass‐roots feminist mobilizing to support feminist organizations.     

The transnational effect of multicultural policies on migrants' identification: the case of the Israeli diaspora in the USA

While it is difficult to gauge the effect of multicultural policies within countries, it is even more difficult to measure them across countries. In this article, I use fundamental multicultural changes that have occurred in Israeli society in recent decades as a case study, and track their effect on how Israelis who reside in the USA identify with Israel. Analysing the US census and the American Community Survey, I have focused my research on three groups of Israeli‐born migrants in the USA – Israeli Arabs, ultra‐Orthodox Jews and the Jewish majority. Findings indicate that originating from a minority community in the homeland predicts not only a different rate, but also different longitudinal trends of Israeli identification. I offer several possible explanations for these variations, but an in‐depth analysis of the Israeli case indicates that the transnational effect of the changing multicultural agenda in Israel is the leading mechanism at play.     

Skills of novices early trained or traditionaly trained versus experienced drivers confronted to simulated urban accidents' scenarios

In order to prevent the over-representation of young drivers in car crashes, France instated an early driver training from the age of 16, but the positive effects of this opportunity have not yet been proven. Three groups of male drivers (12 subjects each) were confronted with some prototypical accident scenarios introduced in a simulated urban circuit. The first and second groups were composed of young drivers having less than one month of driving licence; twelve have had a traditional learning course, and twelve had followed, in addition to the initial course, an early driver training under the supervision of an adult. The third group was composed of experienced drivers. Strategies of the three groups were analyzed through their response time, speed and maneuvers. No difference appeared across groups regarding obstacle detection. But traditionally-trained drivers' position control was more conservative than the two others groups, which were more likely to involve efficient evasive action. The exposure gained during early training could thus increase the development of visuo-motor coordination and involve better skills in case of difficult situations. Others accidents' scenarios could be used to confront young drivers with difficult situations not commonly encountered in natural driving.     

ARE GOALS AND TOPICS INFLUENCED BY GENDER AND MODALITY IN THE INITIAL MARRIAGE AND FAMILY THERAPY SESSION?

Establishment of a goal is crucial to therapy, but identification of therapeutic goals may be difficult in conjoint therapy because each participant may identify a different problem. We examined the influence of gender on ability to successfully introduce therapeutic topics in marital and family therapy by conducting two studies. The first study evaluates the ability of therapists to identify therapeutic goals that matched goals prioritized by both women and men clients on pretherapy questionnaires. The second study examines the process of initial therapy sessions to see whether gender influences a client's ability to introduce a therapeutic topic. Results suggest that therapeutic topic is influenced by the interaction of gender and treatment modality. Specifically, therapists were better able to match women's pretherapy stated goals in marital therapy than family therapy, men were more successful at introducing topics in family therapy, and women were more successful at introducing topics in marital therapy.     

Michel Foucault,Body Politics and the Rise and Expansion of Modern Anatomy*

Abstract The New Science and the arts flourished vigorously in the seventeenth century Netherlands. Of special importance were the anatomical theatres in Leiden. Delft and Amsterdam. These theatres were important cultural centres in the sense that they were centres of arts and sciences, meeting places for artists and scientists, and places with a public function. What role did anatomy played in the rise and expansion of modern science. Many scholars assume that religion, and more generally speaking, morality, was strongly opposed to anatomy, but then it is difficult to explain how anatomy and anatomical theatres could be of such central significance. It is Michel Foucault's thesis, however, that there was no hindrance by religion and morality, but an antagonism between two medical discourses, the clinical (life) and the anatomical (death). This thesis is tested by exploring anatomy practices and regulations in early-modern Italy. Holland. England and France. The results indicate that, not only antagonism between medical discourses, but also conflicting opinions on teaching and the conditions for scientific progress, and. most of all, the interest taken by government in anatomy, played a part. The question as to whether moral standards were a hindrance to the advance of science, was primarily dependent on body politics.     

Understanding the “Difficult” Patient from a Dual Person Perspective

This article examines the concept of the difficult patient from a two person perspective. Patient characteristics and behaviors may be problematic but the degree of difficulty is also related to therapist expectations, affective responses and needs, and capacity for tolerance. Suggestions for enhancing tolerance are offered. The shift from a one person to a two person perspective is illustrated by a case presentation.