试论城市少数民族流动人口问题与城市民族关系

少数民族人口的流入对城市民族关系带来了较大影响,致使城市民族关系的发生主体与涉及范围增加.在厘清少数民族流动人口与城市民族关系的内在联系基础上,认为少数民族流动人口问题的出现是对城市民族关系产生消极影响的主要因素,提出不要忽视他们在城市中遇到的一些问题.从两个层面系统解析了少数民族流动人口问题对城市民族关系的具体影响,提出应构建应对城市少数民族流动人口问题的城市民族关系调控新机制,认为其应该由事前防范预警机制、事中排解应对机制、事后处理弥补机制组成,尤其应重视事前防范预警机制的作用.     

城市少数民族流动人口现状调查——以长株潭两型社会试验区为例

随着现代社会城市化进程的加快,城市少数民族流动人口在不断增加,即给城市发展带来了活力,有助于构建多元城市文化和实现民族团结与共同繁荣,同时,也为城市管理带来了困难,如何管理城市少数民族流动人口已成为城市民族工作面临的新课题。本次调查以长株潭地区少数民族流动人口作为研究个案,采取定性分析和定量分析的方法,对区域内少数民族流动人口的基本状况和所产生的影响进行了深入分析,指出了城市少数民族流动人口服务管理工作中存在的困难和问题,最后提出了完善城市少数民族流动人口服务管理工作的对策与建议。     

让各族群众共享广东改革开放发展成果——专访广东省民族宗教事务委员会主任陈小山

正广东是改革开放的前沿,也是各民族交融汇集之地。如今的广东已经成为全国输入少数民族人口最多、外来少数民族人口增长最快的省份。2013年12月底,广东省委省政府高规格召开全省城市民族工作会议,系统总结并进一步研究部署城市民族工作。会议提出,要将少数民族流动人口服务管理纳入流动人口管理体系并摆在城市民族工作重中之重的位置,创新举措,坚持不懈地抓好抓实。如何做好新形势下的城市民族工作,让在粤的少数民族同胞可以共享改革开放发展成果,共     

湖北城市民族工作的新机制和新趋势

湖北是一个多民族的省份,有55个少数民族,少数民族人口283万,占全省总人口的4.68%。湖北城市化水平较高,2010年城镇化率已达到46%。随着经济的发展和城市化进程的加快,城市少数民族常住人口和流动人口不断增加。目前,湖北城市少数民族常住人口约70万,流动人口约20万。近年来,湖北省全面贯彻民族政策法规,高度重视并不断加强城市民族工作,走出了一条符合本省特点的省级民族工作部门抓城市民族工作的新路子。     

依法行政:浙江城市民族工作的“秘诀”

城市化发展进程中的一个显著特点是人口的流动与迁徙，少数民族流动人口进入城市，是民族散居形式的人口流动现象。加强少数民族流动人口的管理和权益保障，是市场经济条件下城市民族工作面临的新问题。     

少数民族流动人口融入意愿的族群差异

少数民族流动人口具有鲜明的民族性、宗教性、文化性等特点,因此,他们的流动兼具跨民族文化的意义。鉴于民族关系问题的敏感性与复杂性,做好少数民族流动人口在城市社会中的适应、融入工作就显得至关重要且极具现实意义。而融入意愿是流动人口融入流入地社会的前提与重要路径。本文使用2012年"流动人口动态监测调查"数据,基于族群比较的视角,采用线性回归模型,分析了汉族与少数民族、不同少数民族之间的城市融入意愿差异。研究发现:各民族流动人口对流入地都有强烈的融入意愿;与汉族流动人口相比,蒙古族、回族、维吾尔族等少数民族的融入意愿更为强烈,而苗族、土家族的融入意愿略弱。这一方面说明,不同族群之间的融入意愿确实存在差异,另一方面也表明,民族文化因素已不是影响少数民族流动人口融入意愿的重要因素。     

北京市少数民族流动人口子女教育问题调查研究

少数民族流动人口受教育权保障是当前城市民族工作的重要内容,是实现少数民族流动人口发展权的重要途径。北京市少数民族流动人口大量集中,在其子女受教育问题上还存在着一些问题。教育公平的实现关系着民族平等原则的真正落实及和谐民族关系的构建,对首都北京的社会稳定也存在着一定的积极影响。因此,必须要加大针对少数民族流动人口子女的教育投入、完善相关法律和政策,多方努力,进一步保障少数民族流动人口子女受教育权,保障少数民族的发展权。     

让各族群众共享广东改革开放发展成果——专访广东省民族宗教事务委员会主任陈小山简

广东是改革开放的前沿，也是各民族交融汇集之地。如今的广东已经成为全国输入少数民族人口最多、外来少数民族人口增长最快的省份。2013年12月底，广东省委省政府高规格召开全省城市民族工作会议，系统总结并进一步研究部署城市民族工作。会议提出，要将少数民族流动人口服务管理纳入流动人口管理体系并摆在城市民族工作重中之重的位置，创新举措，坚持不懈地抓好抓实。     

城市少数民族流动人口社会支持网的构建与实践 ——以广州市“民族之家”为例

随着我国沿海地区经济的快速发展和少数民族群众对美好生活的不断追求,城市少数民族流动人口日益增多。广州市创建社区“民族之家”,搭建了政府、社会、少数民族流动人口之间的多元交流共融平台。以“民族之家”为典型个案,探索构建三者合一的社会支持网,能有效提升少数民族流动人口群体的城市融入度。但由于正式社会支持的不完善和非正式社会支持的力量薄弱,少数民族流动人口难以获得更多的社会支持。为此,本文提出了城市少数民族流动人口社会支持网构建的有效路径：积极推进政府、社会、少数民族流动人口三者共同发力,形成强大合力,提升社会支持质量,即健全基层民族工作部门组织建设;社会各方力量整合资源,增强社会支持的可持续性;少数民族流动人口主动作为,提升自身综合竞争力。如此,才能编织好各方期待的城市少数民族流动人口社会支持网,为城市少数民族流动人口铸牢中华民族共同体意识提供成功经验。     

创新服务管理模式 促进各民族交往交流交融 青海西宁市少数民族流动人口服务管理工作侧记

近年来,西宁市委市政府始终把加强对少数民族流动人口服务管理工作作为贯彻落实习近平总书记视察青海时关于"四个扎扎实实"重大要求的重要实践,以打造全省各民族群众共有的幸福西宁为己任,不断推动少数民族流动人口管理服务工作制度化、法治化和规范化。健全公共服务体系,少数民族流动人口享受均等化服务。随着城镇化进程加快,针对外来少数民族人口逐年增多的实际情况,探索建立让城市更好接纳少数民族群众,让少数民族群众更好融入城市的服务管理体制机制,有序推进了少数民族流动人口市民化,为少数民族流动人口提供了共居共学共事共乐的社会环境。     

铸牢城市少数民族中华民族共同体意识的价值、困境及路径

大量少数民族由农村迁移至城市,既为城市的发展注入了活力,也为民族工作和城市治理带来了挑战。铸牢城市少数民族中华民族共同体意识是做好民族工作的关键,能够帮助少数民族更好地适应并融入城市生活,并有助于在城市地区进一步做好民族团结进步示范创建工作,有效破解城市治理的难题。应从完善保障城市少数民族合法权益的机制和体制,努力提高城市少数民族贫困群众的生活质量与水平,关注并及时满足城市少数民族的精神需求,充分调动和发挥城市常住少数民族群众的积极性和带头作用四个方面去铸牢城市少数民族中华民族共同体意识。     

民族团结进步政策创新的若干建议——基于江苏省民族工作经验的调查

民族团结进步事业是民族散杂居地区一项复杂而艰巨的任务。新世纪以来,江苏省民族团结进步事业的发展面临着少数民族流动人口逐年增多、城市少数民族贫困人口有所增加、城市清真网点建设困难、民族工作机构和制度有待加强等新情况。通过调查,我们认为应该更新理念,深化民族工作的社会化发展;进一步健全民族工作机构建设;大力推进全国性社区民族工作的开展;切实加强流动人口服务管理;要加大清真网点扶持管理力度;鼓励民族团结宣传教育和创建活动的创新。     

云南少数民族老年妇女经济保障的结构性脆弱——社会性别视角

I. The current situation of ethnic minority women’ s economic security One of the most prominent problems faced by the international community is how to ensure the e-conomic security of the elderly, and how to help those elderly people who have lost the ability to work to be properly cared for. According to Yang Shijie’s investigation, 75% of the poor population in Yunnan are ethnic minorities, and of this fig-ure, minority women are more impoverished than men. 1 . The poverty rate in Yunnan is a little bit higher than the national average poverty level. Although Yunnan’s economic indicators have made considerable progress, they have yet to reach the national average because of the province’s ho-mogenous industrial structure, low level of indus-trialization, and high proportion of resource indus-tries. The average wage of workers in Yunnan is only 85. 85% of the national average wage, and the poverty rate is higher than the national aver-age. 2 . There is a significant number of elderly women without pensions, and their poverty rate is high in Yunnan. Due to the dual urban-rural structure of the social and economic system, as well as the design issues related to the social pension security system connected with employment, the number of elderly women without pensions is quite significant in Chi-
na. In ethnic minority areas, only 24. 12% of peo-ple over the age of 60 have a pension, among them, the number of women is considerably lower than for men, accounting for only 10%. Elderly women from ethnic minorities are further excluded from the social pension security system. Only a small population of elderly ethnic women enjoy the benefits of the system, and their average monthly pension is significantly lower than that of the men. Compared with elderly men, elderly women rely more on other members of the family. 3 . The high rate of widowhood brings difficul-ties to the elderly. According to a sampling survey of 10% of the national population in 2010 , the widower ratio is 29. 55%, and widow ratio is 70. 45% among eth-nic minorities aged over 60 . Ethnic minority women devote more energy to unpaid housework in their youth and middle age, and their chances of finding employment are low. This means they normally de-pend on their spouse when they become old, how-ever, the loss of their spouse makes them even poorer, and increases their risk of falling into pov-erty. 4 . The ethnic minority women ’s property rights are difficult to be protected. Because of the influence of outmoded feudal i-deas in the ethnic minority villages, women gener-ally have no right to inherit property. For example, among the Pumi, property is inherited by the men, and women generally have no right to inherit. The
case is the same with the Naxi ethnicity. In the in-heritance systems of the ethnic minority people in Yunnan, wives rarely have the right of inherit-ance;the custom of“passing property to the men, but not the women” is still quite prevalent. If the husband dies, the wife will not only find it difficult to inherit her husband’s property, but may also lose her own property, including land rights. This leads to a low rate of property ownership among widows. II. Analysis of the causes of vulnerability of the gender structure 1 . Cultural lag American sociologist W. F. Ogburn was the first to use this concept, which refers to the time lag between material culture and non - material culture in the course of social change. Generally speaking, change in material culture occurs faster than in non -material culture, and they are not synchronized, so there is a gap between them. Ethnic minority women in Yunnan have been af-fected by the patrilineal system up to the present day, which influences the thought and behavior of all ethnic groups, and gradually builds a psycho-logical barrier in the ethnic women’ s minds, con-straining their talent and creativity. Yunnan is lo-cated in China’s southwest frontier region, and the ethnic minorities live in remote and isolated moun-tainous areas, where the concept of the low status of women is ingrained, and thus not easily changed. 2 . The cumulative effect of education and em-ployment Compared with boys, there are different edu-cational expectations on or investments in the girls in the social culture, which brings disadvantages to women looking for employment of in their youth and middle age. Because they can generally only involve themselves in housework, it is not possible for them to accumulate employment experiences, and this leads to a negative economic status when they become old. 1) Low level of education. Due to the tradi-tional influence of “valuing sons over daughters”,
the number of ethnic minority women who have not attended school is significantly higher than that of men; the number of ethnic minority women who have never received an education is more than twice as high as the number of men. The phenome-non of early marriage and childbearing in ethnic minority areas is still prominent. Due to the influ-ence of early marriage culture, the girls do not generally wish to receive a higher education. Addi-tionally, because of the development of tourism, girls tend to drop out of school very early and in-volve themselves in business or becoming tour guides. All these factors lead to ethnic minority women’s lower level of education. Because they do not receive a higher, or even elementary educa-tion, women’s lives are concentrated around the family and housework. 2 ) Devotion to housework. The elderly ethnic minority women not only have to take part in agri-cultural production, but they also have to take care of the “left-behind” children whose parents have left to work in urban areas. For instance, De’ang women play an important role in family, social and economic activities; they have to bear the load of heavy housework every day, including carrying wa-ter, collecting firewood, cooking, feeding pigs, cattle and children, weaving, washing clothes and farming. The Bulang women, together with the men, have created the ancient Bulang culture, and women play the role of “main tentpole” in the housework and farming. According to our investi-gations of the Yi in Chuxiong of Yunnan province, Yi women spend on average over six hours each day on housework, and most men almost never par-ticipate in housework. 3 ) Unemployment or low paid occupation. Ethnic minority women’s degree of participation in social labor is low, however, their housework du-ties are taken for granted, and not recognized by the wider society, so their labor value is underesti-mated, even ignored. Due to their low level of ed-ucation and contribution to unpaid housework, a lot of ethnic minority women are unemployed. E-
ven though a small number of them are in employ-ment, their jobs are concentrated in the low in-come industries, and few of them are supported by social insurance. 3 . Traditional gender roles in the division of labor Because of the traditional gender roles in the division of labor, the social expectations for the women’s role is still family-centered. This means women have to bear a lot of housework duties and child rearing responsibilities. Due to women’s spe-cial physiological characteristics, women have a double burden: the responsibility of human pro-duction and social production. However, under the influence of gender inequality, women who have made great contributions to the development of so-ciety and humanity have been subjected to unfair treatment. Their contribution is regarded as a bur-den unique to women or indeed the women’s natu-ral weakness, and can even become a discrimina-tory factor in employment and promotion—this is a great injustice to women. In summary, it seems that the structure of the fragility of elderly ethnic minority women is a sim-ply an issue of sex difference, but it essentially re-flects the social system and conceptual culture of“valuing sons over daughters” which is ingrained in the minority areas, and is an issue of gender in-equality. III. Countermeasures and suggestions The elderly ethnic minority women are a spe-cial group in China’s aging population. This group shows a structural vulnerability due to such as in-fluences of ethnicity and regional location, eco-nomic conditions, educational level, marital sta-tus. From the perspective of social gender, this paper studies the economic security status of ethnic aged women, analyzes the problems of economic security for this group, and puts forward some poli-cy recommendations for improving the economic se-curity situation of the elderly women in ethnic mi-nority areas. 1 . The state should increase investment in tye economic development of ethnic minority areas in order to provide more jobs and solve the problem of employment of women. Economic development in the minority areas could provide adequate economic security to improve the living conditions of the eld-erly women in those areas. 2 . The concept of gender equality needs to be strengthened. Women should enjoy equal rights in education, and equal employment opportunities as men, as well as equal rights in the husband-wife relationship. In addition, we cannot simply take each gender as exactlythe same, but should under-stand the psychological and physiological difference between men and woman, and pursue gender e-quality in terms of society, personality, opportuni-ties, and rights. 3 . National policy should afford some recogni-tion to women and their capacity for childbirth. Due to physiological factors, women have to take the responsibility of childbirth and feeding the child, however, they also have to work . Women’s contributions to the family will inevitably lead to their inferior position in terms of social professional competition. Therefore, when policies are drawn up, the physiological characteristics of men and women should be considered, moreover, gender awareness and gender equality should be a part of various policies. 4 . Policies should protect women’s employ-ment rights, and ethnic minority areas should en-courage women to go out to work. The state should make policies to protect women’s employment rights, solve the problem of sexual discrimination which might exist in the workplace, and create e-qual employment opportunities so as to reduce the probability of elderly women from ethnic minority areas becoming impoverished . 5 . Improve the urban and rural pension sys-tem, and improve women’s pension insurance cov-erage rate.     

西部民族地区全面建设小康社会应注意处理的若干问题

本文从历史和现实两个方面分析了我国西部民族地区的基本情况,认为正确认识和把握这一基本情况是民族地区全面建设小康社会的立足点,并指出民族地区全面建设小康社会的关键是处理好与民族有关的若干问题,即东部与西部的关系;民族自治地方与中央及非自治地方的关系;少数民族与汉族的关系;杂散居民族与聚居民族的关系;传统文化与现代经济的关系。文章最后提出了战略机遇期民族地区全面建设小康社会的根本途径是全面贯彻落实党的民族政策,促进各民族共同繁荣进步。     

社会人类学的都市族群研究

从社会人类学的视角对都市族群研究进行文献综述和理论回顾,并对我国都市族群研究的可能性方向和研究方法进行探索,指出我国都市族群研究至少包括三个领域:(一)海(境)外华人在中国都市的族群认同、文化认同、国家认同表述研究;(二)少数民族融入大都市之后的族群、文化与社会认同表述研究;(三)新移民进入都市之后的族群性地域认同研究。都市族群研究内容包括认同建构研究、文化表述研究、大都市人意识与身份的形成过程研究。在研究中应注意族群内心情感问题、族群形成过程问题、认同的理性选择问题和历史记忆在认同建构中的作用问题。     

关于现阶段处理少数民族宗教问题的分析与思考

我国少数民族大部分信仰宗教。少数民族宗教问题往往与少数民族地区的改革、发展、稳定紧密相联 ,是一个关乎全局的大问题。新中国成立以来 ,少数民族宗教工作经历了 4个发展阶段 ,积累了丰富的经验。新世纪新阶段进一步处理好少数民族宗教问题 ,要做到 :加强党的民族、宗教政策的宣传教育工作 ;依法管理宗教活动场所 ;加快培养爱国爱教的新代表人物 ;正确对待和处理少数民族宗教之间、教派之间、教派内部的一些问题 ;提高对民族分裂主义的认识 ,有效抵御境外敌对势力利用宗教对我国的渗透 ;加强和改善党的领导     

中国民族间发展的多重差异格局与差别化、协同性政策开发研究——论中国民族关系的新形态与民族政策的新体系

After 60 years of implementation, the ethnic regional autonomous policy has provided basic political support for promoting the common development and prosperity of all ethnic groups. Especially since the period of “Reform and Open-ing Up” began, the national preferential policies and support for ethnic minority areas gradually in-creased, and economic and social development in the ethnic minority areas clearly speeded up. Ac-cording to official statistics, after more than 30 years of “Reform and Opening Up”, the economic growth rate of China’s ethnic minority areas is high-er than the national average. However, at the same time , the economic and social development gap be-tween different ethnic groups has become more and more pronounced. The development of the ethnic groups has created a structure of multiple dispari-ties, which fundamentally restricts ethnic unity, as well as political and social stability in ethnic areas of China. This structure of multiple disparities re-flects the imbalances mainly in four aspects: 1 ) the ongoing large gap between the ethnic minority areas and Han Chinese regions remains; 2 ) the unequal economic and social development among the various ethnic minority people has expanded;3 ) the economic gap within the same ethnic minor-ity autonomous region has gradually become more pronounced;and, 4 ) the differences in develop-ment within the same ethnic group who live in vari-ous regions of China are also very obvious. The multiple inequalities of the economic and social development of China’s ethnic groups add more complexity to the ethnic problems of China. The disparity in economic and social development between different ethnic groups is not only an eco-nomic problem, but is also a significant political issue. Hence, promoting a balanced economic and social development among the various ethnic groups has a very obvious practical significance for main-taining ethnic unity, promoting national integra-tion, and maintaining national stability . Based on the discussion above, this article mainly explores which kind of ethnic policy can ef-fectively resolve the multiple disparities found with-in ethnic development and is beneficial for promo-ting the integration of the various ethnic groups in China? On the basis of summarizing and reviewing approaches found in earlier research, the author puts forward the following core ideas:1 ) The economic and social development differences of various ethnic groups have formed a pattern of multiple disparities in China, and it is no longer simply a gap between the Han and ethnic minorities. Since the implementation of the “Re-form and Opening Up” policy, the differentiation or disparity between China’s ethnic minorities has become more and more pronounced—this phenom-enon constitutes a new challenge to China’s ethnic unity and national unification. Therefore, we must adjust ethnic policy in order to solve the “true problem” or “new problem” concerning China’s ethnic problem. 2 ) The multi-faceted disparities found in the economic and social development among China’s ethnic minorities result from many factors, inclu-ding institutional, policy, historical, geographical, cultural, and psychological. Therefore, we must realize a diversity of ethnic policy, and build a comprehensive ethnic policy system. 3 ) For the purpose of realizing the integration and state construction of the ethnic groups, in ad-dition to implementing the current policy of differ-entiation, we must also ensure a “four balanced and coordinated development”. This includes a balance between the Han areas and ethnic minority areas, a balance among the various ethnic minori-ties themselves, a balance within the same ethnic minority areas, and a balance within the same eth-nic group who live in different areas. This requires the central government to strengthen a double dif-ferentiation and collaborative orientation of ethnic policies concerning the market, labor, resources, technology, and capital.     

两宋政府的少数民族赈济措施刍议--兼论宋朝民族政策的转变倾向

宋朝的社会救济事业在中国古代历史上是较为发达的，对少数民族的赈济是其中一个重要方面。其对西北(北方)地区少数民族的赈济，以安定边地社会为主要目的，方式上以生活性接济为主；对西南及南方地区少数民族的赈济，则是在国家势力南进及对该地区进行经济开发的过程中配合实施的，因此，方式上以生产型济助为主；对东北及北方地区少数民族的救济，则以笼络怀柔为主，方式上以居养安置为常见。这些措施的实施，对于进一步团结少数民族，稳定和巩固社会政治统治，促进少数民族地区社会经济发展，起到了一定的积极作用。从性质上看，两宋对少数民族的赈济仍属传统怀柔政策的延续，但也发生了明显的转变，即从对少数民族上层分子象征性的笼络逐渐转向对少数民族普通民众务实性的物质援助。     

论民族自治地方立法公众参与机制的完善

The legislative public participation in ethnic minority autonomous areas has its legal basis. The fifth regulation in the lifa fa ( The Leg-islative Law ) of China makes a general require-ment on public participation in legislation. In order to ensure the effective participation of the public in legislation, some ethnic minority autonomous re-gions have outlined some requirements on public comment, demonstration, and hearing during the legislative process through autonomous regulations. These ethnic minority autonomous areas are com-prised of both autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties. However, the breadth and depth of the public participation in legislation in ethnic minority auton-omous areas is inadequate, and a perfect mecha-nism of public participation in legislation in ethnic minority autonomous areas has yet to be formed. This is mainly reflected in the following aspects:1 ) The relevant laws of public participation in leg-islation have not been perfected;2 ) The enthusi-asm of public participation in legislation is not high;3) Legislative information is not fully open, and the feedback mechanism has not been perfec-ted;4 ) The limited approach for public participa-tion in legislation, and the lack of ethnic and re-gional characteristics. To improve the mechanism of public partici-pation in the legislation of ethnic minority autono-mous areas, we can start with the following:1 ) Improving the legal regulation of public participation in the legislation of ethnic minority
autonomous areas The state and the ethnic minority autonomous areas should develop operational laws of public participation, so as to provide a legal basis for the public’s participation. The ethnic minority autono-mous areas should fully integrate the actual situa-tion of the local ethnic people and create autono-mous regulations with local characteristics, protect public participation rights, and promote public participation in legislation in an orderly and effec-tive manner. 2 ) Improving the level of enthusiasm forpublic participation in ethnic minority autonomous areas From a subjective standpoint, correct ideas on public participation in legislation in ethnic minority autonomous areas should be cultivated. Firstly, the awareness of the public participation in legislation in ethnic minority autonomous areas should be pro-moted . Secondly the autonomous organ’s concept of legislation should be changed. From an objective point of view, on the one hand, we should vigor-ously promote the development of the economy in ethnic minority autonomous areas. On the other hand, we should make great efforts to promote the development of civil society. 3 ) Improving dissemination of information and feedback mechanisms for public participation in legislation of ethnic minority autonomous areas The dissemination of information publicity and feedback mechanism of the public participation in-ethnic minority autonomous areas should be estab-lished on the basis of two-way communication and
consultation between the autonomous organs and the population of all ethnic groups in ethnic minori-ty autonomous areas. Autonomous bodies fully dis-close all kinds of legislative information to the pub-lic, from whom the autonomous bodies obtain legis-lative views, through to the legislative information feedback to complete the legislative interaction be-tween the two sides. 4 ) Developing and expanding effective meth-ods of public participation in the legislation of eth-nic minority autonomous areas The effective methods of public participation in the legislation of ethnic minority autonomous ar-eas can be considered from two standpoints:The first is the endogenous mode of public participation in legislation. This means, according to its own objective conditions and actual needs, relying on the inner force of the autonomous bodies and the populations of all ethnic groups, the ethnic minori-ty autonomous areas can explore and innovate suit-able methods for the local legislation of public par-ticipation. The second is the exogenous mode of public participation in legislation. This means, in order to expand the public participation in the leg-
islation, ethnic minority autonomous areas learn, understand, and borrow some foreign public partic-ipation methods and techniques, making it a suit-able method for local public participation in legis-lation.