美国青少年移民社会融合政策的演变

美国是一个由多族裔移民组成的国家,在关于青少年移民的社会融合政策方面,美国经历了"美国化""自由放任"和"选择性限制"三种政策范式的演变。"美国化"式的青少年移民社会融合政策促成了早期青年移民及其子女的归化,但它缺乏对其族群个性的尊重。"自由放任"式的社会融合政策赋予了青年移民及其子女个体、社区、民间组织等以自主地位,丰富了美国文化的多样性。"选择性限制"式的融合政策避免以单一化原则来应对所有青年移民及其子女的社会融合问题,但它并未真正实现其"反恐"和确保国土安全的政策初衷。这些关于青少年移民的社会融合政策对于当代中国城市的新移民(青年农民工、随迁子女、大学毕业生、外籍青年移民等)的管理与服务政策的完善具有重要启示,主要体现为对多元文化和青少年移民自主性的尊重、保障弱势青少年移民群体的合法权利、重视吸纳高层次的青年劳动力移民以及充分发挥社区和民间组织在青少年移民社会融合过程中的作用等。     

北非穆斯林移民融入法国社会的类型分析

法国是北非穆斯林移民人口最多的欧洲国家。2011年利比亚战争爆发后,大批穆斯林难民的涌入导致法国穆斯林融入问题更加突出。从1852年法兰西第二帝国成立至今,法国社会接纳了四代北非穆斯林移民,这些移民在融入法国社会的过程中大致形成四种类型:移民殖民同化型、双向互动融合型、移民更改国籍归化型和具有多样性的分化型。总的来看,仅有少数北非穆斯林成功融入法国社会从而成为"新法国人",而多数仍以穆斯林定义个人身份,使法国政府的穆斯林融入政策难以达到预期目标。     

少数民族搬迁移民儿童社会融入何以可能——基于优势视角的融入机制与支持网络构建

在后扶阶段,影响我国少数民族搬迁移民儿童社会融合的主要因素已经由政府政策、资金等外部宏观因素转变为家庭、学校及社区等微观因素。研究少数民族移民儿童社会融合的关注点要由聚焦于政策、制度等宏观领域转至家庭、学校等微观场域,研究视角也理应由聚焦制度排斥的问题视角转向关注社会融入的优势视角。由此,根据优势视角理论及布朗芬·布伦纳的个体发展模型,在正视移民儿童社会融入问题和困难的前提下,剖析促进搬迁移民少数民族儿童社会融入的动力机制,挖掘移民儿童所具有的内外优势与资源,构建促进其社会融入的社会支持网络。     

香港回归的挑战:从结构转变看社会问题

本文从社会问题的角度，研究以往香港人口、阶级和文化结构，提出几个尚待深入探讨的问题。人口结构方面，有人口老化及新移民剧增可能引致的文化、制度滞差和个人适应问题；而于阶级结构，则有收入差距不断扩大，富裕中的贫穷并未消除；在文化结构中，保守内向的功利家庭主义，随着社会的发展亦开始转变，而市民参与公众事务的意念及信心有退却趋势。     

美国镀金时代和进步主义时期工人阶级的阶层固化现象初窥

美国的镀金时代和进步主义时期被认为是引领美国进入现代社会的重要阶段,美国也确实在这一时期实现了工业化,具备了多民族移民国家——民族熔炉——的雏形。然而在这一时期鲜明而广泛的人口流动、阶级冲突、社会融合之外,社会阶层的固化现象亦十分鲜明,且对美国的现代化道路产生了深远的影响。本文以该时期美国工人阶级内部的阶层固化现象为镜,以政治、经济和种族为切入点,映射出社会垂直流动性不足的特征,从较为新颖的视角重新审视了现代社会和现代性本身。     

美国华文媒体的发展及其对华人社区的影响

近年来在美国蓬勃发展起来的华文媒体是华人移民社区内语言、文化、制度、社会经济运作模式多元化的一种反映 ,同时也是美国华人移民生活多重性的一种表现。在本文中 ,我们尝试回答这一问题———作为一种制度机制的华文媒体 ,它究竟起到何种作用 ,是有助于华人移民逐渐融入美国主流社会 ,还是使移民更为自我封闭、远离主流社会 ?本研究依据两个资料来源 ,一是对美国的华文印刷媒体和电子媒体 ,包括报纸杂志、电视节目、电台节目、互联网网页的内容分析 ;二是小样本调查和访谈 (从 2 0 0 0年底 - 2 0 0 1年春 ,我们在洛杉矶、纽约、华盛顿特…     

青年新移民社会适应状况与发展

青青年新移民的社会适应与发展是非常值得关注的议题,对519名青年新移民的问卷调查显示,青年新移民在各个维度的社会适应程度是不一样的。在经济融入维度青年新移民存在明显优势;在行为适应维度青年新移民与原住民的交往频度和深度不高、社区参与度低;在文化接纳和身份认同维度青年新移民对"上海性"认可度较高,对"上海人"身份的认同程度相对较低;在并此基础上提出促进青年新移民社会适应与发展的思考与建议。     

浅谈水电站工程建设中移民的安置工作

水电站建设是中国解决能源问题的优先方案,随着国际石油价格持续上涨,中国的水电站建设还在快速增加,还将有大量水库移民群体产生。水电站移民的补偿问题涉及中国数万人的利益,文中引入市场机制来研究探索水库移民经济补偿的新理念、新原则、新办法,并对补偿制度的改革提出新思路。     

青年新移民定居行为的城市个案研究——基于合肥市经济技术开发区住宅区青年新移民访谈

城市青年新移民指的是在我国城镇化进程当中产生的从农村户籍变为城市户籍的群体,以及户籍虽未变动,但在城市工作和生活时间较长,已定居或有强烈定居倾向的青年群体。作为青年新移民城市融合问题的一个具体切入点,从居住的角度,基于“定居是青年新移民城市融合必要步骤”的假设,以中部省会城市舍肥为研究个案,通过访谈式调查,归纳城市青年新移民的定居类型,并就城市青年新移民当前居住状态、定居意愿、定居策略与过程、定居影响因素等调研内容作出初步研究结论。     

来信

“常说有梦的人才是幸福的。而一个成功的社会也常常受某种强烈的信仰所激励,这种‘信仰’,有时就是全社会所接受的‘梦’。众所周知的美国梦曾经引导了几代美国人不断实现自己的人生梦想,维持了美国社会的稳定发展和融合。当全世界都瞩目中国的和平发展时‘,中国梦’之信仰正催生着新一轮的发展能量,象征着一个国家的无限生机和人们美好生活的希望。北京王晓芦“把钱用到百姓身上”应是医改核心一项调查显示,79.7%的受访者对即将出台的医改新方案充满期待。他们希望这个方案能从体制上把当前医疗界的沉疴一扫而光。在谈到“新的医改方案最…     

从中美经贸“恐怖平衡”看我国外经贸模式的转型

在中美经贸金融关系中客观上存在所谓＂恐怖平衡＂,这不仅反映了美国过度消费模式和美元霸权地位所带来的全球经贸＂平衡＂,也反映出我国偏重出口导向型和外资依赖型的经济发展模式的某些特征,凸显了我国对外经济发展中的一些矛盾。这种畸形而充满风险的＂平衡＂状态目前虽有些＂积重难返＂,却是不能长久维持的。因此,从中国的实际出发,亟需大力调整自身的外经贸模式,逐步扭转在国际经贸、金融、产业及市场大格局中的不利地位。同时,应当抓住时机,采取一系列切实有效的措施,扩大对外投资,继续有效利用外资,大力发展服务贸易,促进加工贸易的转型升级,提高出口商品的竞争力,通过深化体制改革和完善政策法规,积极推进内外贸一体化,加快促进我国外经贸模式的调整与转型。     

British and Irish Migration and Integration in Ferrol: A Survey of British and Spanish Documentary Sources

This article documents the participation of British and Irish immigrants in an ambitious programme of naval reform in eighteenth-century Spain. In so doing, it explores their integration in their new host country in the town of Ferrol, located in north-west Spain. This town grew up around the royal dockyard which was established there by the middle of the century. In this period, the government of the Spanish monarchy actively developed a policy to attract and import foreign labour for the dockyards in order to face serious competition with foreign countries, gain supremacy over the seas, defend the country and protect its interests abroad. The migration of technicians and craftsmen from British yards to Ferrol has been often analysed on the basis of foreign experience and technology for the development of the shipbuilding industry but little attention was paid to the internal structure of this immigrant population and to the nature of the motivating factors behind these individuals's decision to move to Spain. Based on this argument, this study addresses the presence of women in this migration process, analyses the incentives for migrating and considers the role of social networks as a channel for migration and integration. These issues have been dealt with using data from primary sources which provide a more complete picture to understand this migration to Ferrol and to study the identification and adaptation of immigrants within their new social and cultural environment.     

The roles of human capital and social capital in the economic integration of new arrivals from Mainland China to Hong Kong

Although it has been hypothesized in the literature that both human capital and social capital are important for the economic performance of new immigrants, few studies have examined these relationships empirically, especially in understudied populations such as Chinese populations. This study simultaneously examines the roles of human capital and social capital in the economic integration of new arrivals from Mainland China to Hong Kong, using a random sample of immigrants. In the early stage of immigration (less than 6 months after arrival), we find little support for the presumed positive effects of both human capital and social capital on employment status among new arrivals in Hong Kong. Follow-up studies are underway to investigate the dynamic relationship between social capital and economic integration in this group of new arrivals, and whether social capital, especially friendship networks, plays a more important role in the economic integration of new immigrants 1 or 2 years after arrival.     

Between Spatial and Social Segregation among Immigrants: The Case of Immigrants from the FSU in Israel

Studies on immigrants' residential concentration have reported mixed findings. Some have argued that immigrants' residential concentration is a necessary step in the process of their social integration because there the newcomers find housing and employment opportunities as well as social support. As they learn the language and improve their socioeconomic status, they move to neighborhoods where they share space with the native population. Others have argued that the ethnic neighborhood delays the process of social integration in the new society because it nurtures informal ethnic social networks that provide incomplete information and retard the process of language acquisition. The study reported here investigated the effect of motivations, perceptions of attitudes of the host society, acculturation and socioeconomic factors on immigrants' residential concentration. It also sought to expand previous research by examining the relationship between immigrants'residential concentration and social relationships with nonimmigrants. Data for the study were collected in 1999 through a survey of immigrants from the FSU who had settled in one northern city in Israel after 1989. The results show a negative relationship of socioeconomic status and fluency in Hebrew with the percentage of immigrants residing in a given neighborhood. The higher the socioeconomic status and the more fluent the immigrant in Hebrew, the lower the percentage of immigrants in his or her neighborhood. Immigrants who expressed a proactive motivation for migration resided in neighborhoods with a low percentage of immigrants. Immigrants' residential concentration was not found to be related to the development of social relationships with the local population. The implications of the findings are discussed.     

What Influences Philanthropic Participation by Chinese Internal Immigrants: Research Based on the Perspective of Integration

Philanthropic participation is a stepping stone to integration for immigrants. However, the philanthropic participation behavior of Chinese internal immigrants, the largest immigrant group in the world, is not well understood. Data from the Special Survey on Social Integration and Mental Health of the Chinese Immigrant Population are employed to examine philanthropic participation among Chinese internal immigrants based on the perspective of integration. The study demonstrates that Chinese internal immigrants are less likely to engage in philanthropic activities than non-immigrants in China. The regression results suggest that, with the exception of social security, integration factors at the economic level are not important drivers to participate in philanthropic activities, while integration factors at the social, psychological and cultural levels, including social networks, social identity and acculturation, are positively related to philanthropic participation. In addition, social integration circumstances, including perceived inclusion and community services, are significant drivers of immigrants’ philanthropic participation. These findings improve our understanding of the philanthropic behaviors of Chinese internal immigrants and have important policy implications for government and NPO to promote immigrants’ philanthropic engagement.

     

青年白领移民社会适应实证研究

青年白领移民的社会适应状态是该群体能否在所居城市永久居留的重要表征。城市外来移民居留意愿的选择,历来存在客观因素决定论和主观因素决定论两种研究取向。调查发现,青年白领移民生活压力对社会适应具有显著性影响,青年白领移民的平均社会适应水平对青年白领的呈偏低态势,多数的青年白领移民有居留趋向。虽然研究数据一定程度上支持客观因素决定论的研究取向,但决定白领移民是否居留应是主客观因素共同作用的结果,对所在城市的主观认同和归属是青年白领移民真正植根的根本标志。     

社交网站兴起与青年价值结构分析

青年价值结构反映了青年在价值观念变迁中现代化维度和后现代化维度中的转变程度。目前社交网站覆盖人数众多，用户以高学历、年轻化、城市分布规律化和交际现实性为主要特点。社交网站发展与青年价值结构变迁具有内在的密切关联。社交网站技术引进国内却丧失了原有的“意义图景”，说明我国青年在价值理性方面的缺失和对工具理性的追逐：接受社交网站说明“熟人社会”结构在青年社交活动中仍然延续．社交网站也能为青年实现个人成就提供可能性：社交网站馈赠型社会化模式有效改进了青年“相对被剥夺感”严重、幸福感低迷的现状，这是社交网站进一步发展壮大的功能基础。     

Divorce and immigration: the social integration of immigrant divorcees in Israel

This paper attempts to supply information on what motivated some 7000 Jewish divorcees to leave their countries of origin in the last decade and settle in Israel. The study also examines the differences in social integration of immigrant divorcees who came to Israel from different political systems--authoritarian or democratic regimes. Finally, the study examines the extent to which immigrant divorcees, who generally arrive in Israel with children, are to be considered as a "high risk" social group requiring special attention and particular aid. Of the 287,487 immigrants aged 15 years and over who arrived in Israel between 1970-1980, 53.7% were women (sex ratio: 860 males per 1000 females), and 3.6% were divorced. The findings indicate that there are significant differences between divorcees from Anglophone and Eastern European countries in their motivation for immigrating to Israel. The former decide to immigrate primarily for individual reasons--generally after divorce--expecting that immigration will increase chances of remarriage. In contrast, those who came from Eastern Europe are motivated by political, economic, and ideological reasons; the issue of immigration often sparks the divorce crisis. Divorcees from Anglophone countries are less socially isolated, more likely to meet veteran Israelis, and more satisfied with their life in Israel. Eastern European divorcees usually restrict their social contact to encounters with other immigrants from their country of origin, are less satisfied with their life in Israel, and feel themselves more isolated and frustrated. Despite the difficulties encountered by this group, it was found that there are no marked differences between divorcees and married immigrant women in social integration. In Israel, immigrant divorcees cannot be considered as a "high risk" social group.     

Social security reform: Does partial privatization make sense for China?

By the year 2025, one quarter of the world's population over age 60 will be living in China, a nation in the process of partially privatizing its social security system. This article presents a brief history of social security policy in China, describes the current scheme, presents an analysis of the pros and cons of this scheme, and asks why China is currently on the road to adopting policy changes that are so strongly influenced by the neoliberal social security model being advanced by the World Bank. Social security policy in China is being driven largely by demographic considerations, but it is also being influenced by factors linked to globalization. The plan to partially privatize the nation's social security system will put at risk many vulnerable categories of the population, particularly women, low-wage workers, those in the informal sector, and recent immigrants from rural areas.     

Participation in ethnic associations: the case of immigrants in West Germany

This paper gives the results of a 1981-1982 study of Greek, Italian, and Turkish immigrants in West Germany. Ethnic organizations such as those that presently exist in large numbers in West Germany are often viewed as indicating a lack of social integration and participation by immigrants in the host society. Whether these organizations segregate the immigrants and make their assimilation more difficult, as research on minority groups often claims, or whether they serve as mediating institutions to help integrate and assimilate the newcomers, as other theories would lead one to expect, will depend on the basic orientation of the ethnic organization itself toward the host country. Results indicate the distinctive characteristics of the organizations serving each of these 3 different groups, the extent to which persons of each nationality participate in these associations, the reasons they give for their participation, and the ways in which participation in organizations with different organizations affects the social integration and assimilation of the individual immigrants. Efforts to increase and support the political activities of minority groups at the local level will have positive consequences; this would be 1 modest but decisive step toward eliminating the mutual prejudices of minority and majority group members. As long as immigrants have a clear right to remain in their host country, a secure means of existence, and recognition and acceptance as members of an ethnic minority, their heritage and pride should not be seen as an indication of any lack of identification with the dominant society.