差异化授权型领导与创新绩效: 基于社会认同的视角

  许多企业为适应经济竞争开始组织结构变革，以授权型工作团队代替传统的层级管理结构，因此授权型领导如何在团队层面发挥作用引起学者们的广泛关注。基于共享视角的团队导向授权型领导对创新绩效的作用机制已得到广泛研究，但在具有关系文化的中国团队情景中，团队领导不一定针对团队内部不同成员进行无差别的授权，相反团队领导很可能进行差别授权，因此差异化授权型领导对创新绩效的影响有待探究。         基于社会认同理论，通过跨层次分析方法，探讨差异化授权型领导如何影响个体创新绩效和团队创新绩效，检验团队认同在差异化授权型领导与个体创新绩效和团队创新绩效之间的中介作用，检验领导认同在差异化授权型领导与个体创新绩效之间的中介作用。以99个工作团队706位企事业单位员工为研究对象，采用问卷调查方法，运用Spss 19.0和Mplus 7.4对研究假设进行验证。         研究结果表明，①差异化授权型领导显著负向跨层影响个体创新绩效；②差异化授权型领导显著负向影响团队创新绩效；③差异化授权型领导显著负向影响团队认同，团队认同分别在差异化授权型领导与个体创新绩效和团队创新绩效之间起中介作用；④差异化授权型领导显著负向跨层影响领导认同，领导认同在差异化授权型领导与个体创新绩效之间起中介作用。         研究结果丰富了差异化领导的研究，并扩展了团队层面授权型领导的研究，验证了差异化授权型领导对创新绩效的负向作用；丰富了差异化授权型领导的理论研究视角，基于社会认同理论探讨差异化授权型领导对创新绩效的跨层次影响机制。团队领导在进行授权时要考虑团队的文化特性，增强谨慎意识，要充分考虑如果团队内部领导授权的差异化程度过高会破坏团队成员的团队认同和领导认同，进而降低个体创新绩效和团队创新绩效，以致降低组织创新绩效。     

变革型领导行为对科研团队绩效的影响过程研究

科研团队的产出具有高的理论创新与知识含量,组织正式权力的影响作用较弱,这些结构特征对其领导者会提出多重的行为要求。本文对国家自然科学基金委信息科学部资助的科研团队进行了配对问卷调查,分析其中的变革型领导行为、组织公民行为、团队沟通和团队绩效之间的关系。分析结果表明,变革型领导对团队绩效同时具有直接和间接的影响效应,领导者的个体能力决定其行为有效性,而组织公民行为和团队沟通在领导过程也具有中介作用。以上结论对于科研团队领导者的选拔和培养具有重要的指导价值。     

双元领导对团队创新绩效影响研究——基于惯例视角

领导力及组织双元领域的研究认为,领导者的悖论认知模式和管理行为对于组织中任何一种双元形式的构建都发挥着重要的作用。然而,目前学术界对于这种复杂领导方式的具体作用效果及影响机制,尤其是对于团队创新过程中如何有针对性地处理团队整体性与个体差异性间存在的突出矛盾这一问题仍然缺乏深入的研究。 基于社会认知理论、组织双元理论和动态能力理论,从团队惯例视角出发,构建双元领导行为-团队双元文化-团队创新绩效的影响过程模型,探讨领导行为的协调作用,同时以成员自我调节导向和环境动态性作为调节变量,研究在此影响过程中团队内、外部情景因素的调节作用。采用SPSS 17.0和AMOS 17.0进行多层次回归分析和组间方差分析,对来自长三角区域高新技术型企业中123个知识团队的调研数据进行实证分析。 研究结果表明,①双元领导对团队创新绩效具有积极影响并且显著优于单一领导方式,而变革型领导和交易型领导对团队创新绩效的影响并无显著差异,但要显著优于无明显领导风格的团队,且这两种领导方式能够产生协同效应,其交互正向影响团队创新绩效;②双元领导主要通过团队双元文化部分中介作用直接或间接影响团队创新绩效,但其所包含的变革型和交易型领导行为对团队创新绩效的作用机理存在差异,变革型领导主要通过适应性文化的部分中介作用直接和间接影响创新绩效,交易型领导则通过一致性文化的部分中介作用直接和间接影响创新绩效;③自我调节导向在双元领导与团队创新绩效关系间发挥正向调节作用;④环境动态性在双元领导与团队创新绩效关系间发挥正向调节作用。     

发展型工作挑战会激发创新绩效吗?——基于系统特质激活理论的跨层次影响机制研究北大核心CSSCI

创新对于企业的重要性不言而喻。发展型工作挑战能够提升领导者的创新绩效,但其对个体和团队创新绩效的作用尚不明确。基于系统特质激活理论,通过231套领导-员工配对样本,结果表明:(1)个体、团队发展型工作挑战均有助于创新绩效的提升;(2)团队、领导跨界行为均在团队发展型工作挑战与团队创新绩效的关系间起中介作用;(3)个体跨界行为在个体层面发展型工作挑战与个体创新绩效的关系间存在中介作用;(4)团队绩效动机氛围负向调节个体层面发展型工作挑战与跨界行为之间的关系,进而削弱个体层面跨界行为的中介作用。模糊集定性分析的结果也支持上述结论。研究结论不仅拓展了发展型工作挑战与个体、团队创新绩效之间关系的实证研究,而且揭示了跨界行为的不同层次中介机制以及团队动机氛围的跨层次调节作用。     

研发团队领导、团队反思与研发团队绩效关系研究

针对研发团队的特点,以团队领导和团队反思理论为基础,提出了研发团队领导、团队反思与团队绩效之间关系的概念模型,并采用SEM方法进行了实证检验。结果表明,变革型领导和交易型领导都会对团队绩效直接产生影响,但前者的影响更显著;变革型领导能够通过团队反思影响团队绩效,而交易型领导不能。团队反思在鼓励性激励、智能激发、个性化关怀三个变量分别与研发团队绩效作用过程中起到了一定的中介作用。     

授权型领导与团队绩效:交互记忆系统的中介作用

授权型领导对团队绩效的影响已得到国内外相关研究的支持,并从团队动机状态和团队互动过程的角度揭示了其中的作用机制,但鲜有研究探讨团队认知在其中的积极作用。本研究以参加模拟企业运营比赛的37个大学生团队为研究对象,从团队认知的角度探讨了授权型领导对团队绩效的影响,并揭示交互记忆系统的中介作用。分层回归分析结果表明:(1)授权型领导能显著预测团队绩效;(2)交互记忆系统完全中介了授权型领导对团队绩效的影响。该研究揭示了授权型领导影响团队绩效的认知机制,丰富了授权型领导现有的理论研究,为组织有效管理工作团队提供了实践参考。     

新产品开发团队领导行为、团队效力与团队绩效关系研究

本文根据变革型领导理论和团队效力理论,引入团队效力作为过程变量,提出了新产品开发团队领导行为、团队效力和团队绩效之间关系的研究框架和14个研究假设,并对67个团队样本进行了实证检验.研究表明,新产品开发团队领导的关怀度、目标导向和过程导向对团队绩效有显著影响,而且团队领导的目标导向和过程导向通过团队效力对团队绩效产生显著影响.最后,还提出了提高新产品开发团队绩效的有效措施.     

中国企业魅力型领导风格、员工工作态度与群体绩效的实证研究

以250名中国企业员工为样本的分析结果表明,魅力型领导风格对群体绩效和群体成员的工作态度会产生积极的影响力;但是魅力型领导风格不同的行为维度对于群体绩效和群体成员的工作态度的影响存在差异;群体成员的工作态度显著影响着魅力型领导与群体绩效之间的关系,积极的员工工作态度有助于魅力型领导风格在群体层面有效性充分发挥,导致更高的群体绩效.     

变革/交易型领导对团队创新绩效的权变影响机制——团队情绪氛围的调节作用

基于85个团队的团队领导和450名团队成员的配对数据,通过统计分析发现:当团队情绪氛围比较积极时,变革型领导与团队创新绩效正相关,交易型领导与团队创新绩效负相关;当团队情绪氛围比较消极时,变革型领导与团队创新绩效负相关,交易型领导与团队创新绩效正相关。最后,结合有关研究结果给出了相应的实践和研究建议。     

参与型领导对团队绩效的影响：组织支持感与下属默契的跨层链式中介作用

基于路径目标理论和社会学习理论,通过对673名员工和63个团队领导的配对调查数据,采用多层结构方程模型进行统计分析,探索组织支持感与下属默契在参与型领导和团队绩效之间的跨层链式中介效应。结果表明,参与型领导与组织支持感、下属默契显著正相关;组织支持感与下属默契显著正相关;组织支持感、下属默契与团队绩效显著正相关;组织支持感与下属默契在参与型领导和团队绩效之间起到跨层链式中介作用。最后对研究结果展开讨论并对未来研究做出展望。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.