居民收入与经济增长不同步的不利影响及应对之策——基于常州的统计数据

从近十几年的较长趋势来看,常州居民收入增长总体落后于经济增长,进而造成了居民消费对GDP的贡献率长期在低位徘徊、居民不同收入群体之间收入差距持续扩大化、居民消费的公平性原则难以体现等不利影响。推动常州居民收入与经济同步增长,要转变经济发展方式,有效扩大常州居民的消费需求;拓宽居民就业渠道,全面提高常州居民的劳动报酬;优化收入分配结构,着力缩小常州居民的收入差距;提升农村发展水平,大力增加常州农村居民的收入;推进居民可持续消费,建立健全公平消费的政策机制。     

增值税税负归宿与调节收入分配效应研究

增值税是我国的第一大税种,对居民收入分配具有重要影响。本文通过构建税收可计算一般均衡（CGE）模型,编制2018年中国社会核算矩阵,从收入端和消费端对增值税税负归宿与调节收入分配效应进行了分析。研究发现：（1）从增值税税负归宿来看,农村居民消费端税负略低于城镇居民,收入端税负高于城镇居民,总税负也高于城镇居民。（2）从调节居民收入分配效应来看,增值税扩大了农村及全国居民的收入分配差距;由于收入效应的累进性较强,增值税缩小了城镇居民的收入分配差距。（3）从研究方法来看,调节收入分配效应分析相较税负归宿分析研究更全面,结论更客观准确。应进一步降低增值税税率,调整税率结构,加大其调节收入分配的力度并提高精准性,以更有效推进共同富裕。     

浅析缩小城镇居民收入差距与刺激消费

从20世纪90年代中期开始,特别是近年来,城镇居民收入差距不断扩大,为全社会关注。消费对经济增长具有重要的拉动作用,但城镇居民收入差距扩大将对消费产生不利影响。缩小城镇居民收入差距,增加城镇低收入人群的收入,对于提高居民的消费倾向具有重要的意义。本文对中国城镇居民收入差距的现状以及其对消费的影响分析,希望通过调整收入分配政策,缩小城镇居民收入差距,来刺激城镇居民消费,进而拉动内需促进经济增长。     

基于经济增长视角下的北京市最优收入差距研究

由于作为分配结果的收入差距最能体现出分配的机制是否适应生产力发展的需要,因而从经济视角对最优收入差距进行研究意义重大。本文分析北京市收入差距变动对经济增长的二重作用,即促进资本积累与抑制需求。以基尼系数与资本生产率增长率作为收入差距与资本效率指标,对收入差距对资本效率的影响进行分析,结果表明1992年价格改革前,收入差距的扩大有利于经济效率的提高,而1992年价格改革后中国彻底告别短缺型经济后,收入差距扩大对抑制需求的特点也逐渐显现出来,对资本效率的负面影响也越来越大。因此调整收入分配机制,改善居民收入差距将成为未来收入分配的重心。     

基于经济增长视角下的北京市最优收入差距研究

由于作为分配结果的收入差距最能体现出分配的机制是否适应生产力发展的需要,因而从经济视角对最优收入差距进行研究意义重大。本文分析北京市收入差距变动对经济增长的二重作用,即促进资本积累与抑制需求。以基尼系数与资本生产率增长率作为收入差距与资本效率指标,对收入差距对资本效率的影响进行分析,结果表明1992年价格改革前,收入差距的扩大有利于经济效率的提高,而1992年价格改革后中国彻底告别短缺型经济后,收入差距扩大对抑制需求的特点也逐渐显现出来,对资本效率的负面影响也越来越大。因此调整收入分配机制,改善居民收入差距将成为未来收入分配的重心。     

福建省城乡居民收入差距扩大的金融成因及对策

当前,收入分配差距已成为全社会关注的焦点,十八大报告再次强调指出初次分配和再分配都要兼顾效率和公平,再分配更加注重公平。改革开放30多年以来,福建省经济建设取得了长足的进步,但省内城乡居民和各行业职工的收入差距持续扩大的态势明显。鉴于金融体系在经济发展中的作用越发明显,已有的研究亦表明金融发展与收入分配之间的关系密切。本文意图考察福建省居民收入分配差距的主要表现形式,并侧重分析其背后的金融成因,思考金融抑制扩大收入差距的传导机制,并提出金融层面缩小收入差距的若干思路。     

消费税调节居民收入分配效应研究——基于可计算一般均衡模型的分析

消费税是我国间接税中最具有调节收入分配、促进共同富裕职能的重要税种。通过构建税收可计算一般均衡模型，编制社会核算矩阵，从收入效应和消费效应双重视角出发，对消费税整体及主要税目调节居民收入分配效应进行了全面分析。研究结果表明：（1）我国消费税整体呈累退性，扩大了农村、城镇及全国居民的收入分配差距。消费税的累退性中90.78%来自于消费效应，只有9.22%来自于收入效应，说明消费税税负主要通过前转而转嫁给消费者。（2）分税目来看，烟、酒消费税均呈累退性，使农村、城镇及全国居民收入分配差距均有所扩大；小汽车消费税扩大了农村居民收入分配差距，而使城镇及全国居民收入分配差距有所缩小；成品油消费税缩小了城镇居民收入分配差距，而扩大了农村及全国居民收入分配差距。应进一步完善消费税制度，调整征税范围及税率，以更好发挥其在调节收入分配，促进共同富裕中的应有作用。     

浅谈我国“房产税”对居住房屋价格的影响

随着城市建设扩大,城市间房屋供需矛盾越发突出。自2010年开展、针对房地产行业的调整也拉开了"房产税"改革的序幕。房产税做为调节居民收入差距的手段,意在缩小城镇居民在购房问题上由于收入差距所造成的住房条件差距。在房产税大力推行以来,在深化收入再分配、促进社会公平上有所成效。本文旨在厘清"房价"与"房产税"间的关系,试分析房产税对城市房屋价格的短期、中期、长期影响程度。     

收入分配改革求效率更求公平

党的十八大报告指出,收入分配改革将积极追求"努力实现居民收入增长和经济发展同步、劳动报酬增长和劳动生产率提高同步,提高居民收入在国民收入分配中的比重,提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重。初次分配和再分配都要兼顾效率和公平,再分配更加注重公平"。简言之,未来的收入分配改革将追求两个"同步"、两个"比重"和两个"公平"的奋斗目标。收入分配改革如何实现两个"同步"     

领导与员工薪酬黏性差距分析——公平与效率视角

公平与效率的良性互动是社会经济发展的重要目标。薪酬黏性和薪酬黏性差距代表着领导者与员工薪酬分配的规则性差异,规则不公平将降低员工的生产积极性,从而负面影响其工作效率。但反过来说,规则公平能够提升员工对薪酬分配结果不公平的容忍度,发挥薪酬差距对员工的激励效用,从而提升员工工作效率。因此,企业应积极加强内部薪酬分配规则公平构建,促进企业绩效提升。     

Inventory Models with Continuous and Poisson Demands and Discounted and Average Costs

We develop a new, unified approach to treating continuous‐time stochastic inventory problems with both the average and discounted cost criteria. The approach involves the development of an adjusted discounted cycle cost formula, which has an appealing intuitive interpretation. We show for the first time that an (s, S) policy is optimal in the case of demand having a compound Poisson component as well as a constant rate component. Our demand structure simultaneously generalizes the classical EOQ model and the inventory models with Poisson demand, and we indicate the reasons why this task has been a difficult one. We do not require the surplus cost function to be convex or quasi‐convex as has been assumed in the literature. Finally, we show that the optimal s is unique, but we do not know if optimal S is unique.     

Educational Landscapes and Urban Development. Contextual and Spatial Interfaces and Linkages

In the broad sociopolitical discussion on education quality within the last decade, it has become apparent that education is gaining importance for urban development, as well as space and the urban context are important dimensions of education. This becomes particularly evident in concepts for local educational landscapes (Ger. Bildungslandschaften). The young field of research on educational landscapes is currently lacking empirical research from spatial and planning sciences. In the paper, the current state of scientific research on educational landscapes in Germany and Europe and first insights to contextual and spatial interfaces and linkages between education and urban development in general are presented.     

E-governance and Corruption-developments and Issues in Ethiopia

This paper reports the results of a survey of 400 respondents in Ethiopia about factors generating corruption and the potential of e-Governance to mitigate corruption. It is suggested that e-Governance can help not only in weeding out corruption but also in the establishment of sounder government citizen relationships in Ethiopia. While e-Governance cannot cure all the structural factors that breed corruption in the society, strategic implementation of e-Governance can help improve the critical variable in combating corruption-government citizen relationships. It is argued that while e-Governance initiatives can make important contributions to improving public services they can best do so by helping improve overall relationships between governments and citizens.

CEO and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance

This paper focuses on the relationship between Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance. Specifically, the study examines the association between the characteristics of the CEO and the Chairperson of the board and firm performance. Using a sample of S&P 500 firms, the evidence found suggests that demographic and experience-related characteristics may be associated with the market valuation and financial performance of the firm. In particular, the reported results indicate a positive relationship between the presence of female CEOs or Chairs and firm performance, thus suggesting that gender-based differences may affect the CEO’s/Chairperson’s success. Moreover, the findings concerning the age of the CEO or Chair are mixed, while their experience and quality appear positively related to firm performance. Interestingly, a CEO or Chairperson holding multiple board seats is negatively associated with firm performance, whereas CEO duality has a positive relationship with Tobin’s Q and the return on assets (ROA) of the firm.     

Career orientations and career success among research,and development and engineering professionals

Managing the careers of research, development and engineering (RD&E) professionals is important to the strategic use of RD&E in the economy. Appropriate mechanisms for motivating RD&E professionals will probably emerge as a critical success factor for organizations that want to compete in world markets. This study examines dimensions and levels of career orientation and their correlations with individual and work-related outcome variables among 78 RD&E professionals. The findings reveal a rich diversity of career orientation in RD&E professionals. The data strongly suggest that RD&E professionals are service, lifestyle and security oriented. However, they scored low on technical orientation and entrepreneurship. This paper suggests that the dual career ladder is not an effective device for managing RD&E professionals. Organizations must be careful to provide career paths that retain and motivate workers and, more importantly, find matches between organizational needs and individuals' needs, and restructure jobs accordingly. The authors offer suggestions for future research and identify implications for management.     

David and Goliath: causes and effects of coopetition between start-ups and corporates

Coopetition (collaboration between competitors) among young firms (i.e. start-ups) and larger, more established firms (i.e. corporates) may be beneficial for both partners as each party typically has something to offer that is missing in the other. Start-ups often develop innovative ideas, are flexible and agile, willing to take risks, and aspire to achieve high growth, but they tend to lack the required resources, capabilities, and knowledge due to their newness and smallness. Corporates have resources, routines, and experience that enable them to work efficiently but lack a certain innovation capability. Research has suggested that coopetition represents an opportunity for start-ups facing restrictions in resources, while corporates benefit from start-ups’ innovative ideas. However, it is yet unknown whether start-ups and corporates engage in coopetition with each other and, if so, how and why they do this. This study seeks to fill this void by exploring the motives of coopeting start-ups and corporates, how they manage their coopetitive relationship, and what implications occur including potential benefits and risks. We present a multiple case study based on qualitative data collected through 70 interviews with Austrian-based start-ups and corporates representing 35 coopetitive partnerships. Discussing the findings based on our data, we propose relationships concerning coopetition and its role to enlarge resource- and technology-bases as well as its role in the development of dynamic capabilities.     

Chronic stress and chronic disease in life and work: Conceptual and methodological issues

This paper argues that the lack of strong prospective evidence linking occupational and social stress to chronic disease stems from the failure of research designs to attend sufficiently to the aetiological chronicity of such diseases. Studies of both supposedly acute stress (life events) and chronic stress in life or work must increasingly be designed to distinguish between stress which is sustained or chronic over a period of yean or even decades, and hence capable of causing a serious chronic disease, and brief or transient stress, which may produce transient or brief psychological or physiological disturbances but cannot generate major chronic disease. Prospective studies are needed which collect measures of both stress and health or disease at multiple points over an extended period of time. Measures of stress should focus more on affect (for example, feelings of pressure and tension) than on cognition (for example feelings of satisfaction). Limited existing evidence is consistent with these ideals.     

Modeling Pathology Workload and Complexity to Manage Risks and Improve Patient Quality and Safety

Anatomic pathology (AP) laboratories provide critical diagnostic information that help determine patient treatments and outcomes, but the risks of AP operations and their impact on patient safety and quality of care remain poorly recognized and undermanaged. Hospital-based laboratories face an operational and risk management challenge because clinical work of unknown quantity and complexity arrives with little advance notice, which results in fluctuations in workload that can push operations beyond planned capacity, leading to diagnostic delays and potential errors. Modeling the dynamics of workload and complexity in AP offers the opportunity to better use available information to manage risks. We developed a stock-and-flow model of a typical AP laboratory operation and identified key exogenous inputs that drive AP work. To test the model, we generated training and validations data sets by combining data from the electronic medical records and laboratory information systems over multiple years. We demonstrate the implementation of 10-day AP work forecast generated on a daily basis, and show its performance in comparison with actual work. Although the model somewhat underpredicts work as currently implemented, it provides a framework for prospective management of resources to ensure quality during workload surges. Although full implementation requires additional model development, we show that AP workload largely depends on few and accessible clinical inputs. Recognizing that level loading of work in a hospital is not practical, predictive modeling of work can empower laboratories to triage, schedule, or mobilize resources more effectively and better manage risks that reduce the quality or timeliness of diagnostic information.