关于巩固脱贫攻坚成果的几点思考

目前,脱贫攻坚工作已经进入了攻坚拔寨的关键期,我们在响鼓重锤,攻克贫中之贫、困中之困的硬骨头时,也要防止已脱贫人口返贫,打好打赢脱贫攻坚成果保卫战,这对确保2020年全面完成脱贫攻坚目标任务具有重要的意义。本文从发展壮大产业、实施乡村振兴战略、优先发展教育事业等方面详细论述了巩固脱贫攻坚成果的主要路径。     

防止返贫帮扶政策效果评估——基于劳动收入的视角

增强脱贫地区和脱贫群众的内生发展动力是巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果,实现乡村全面振兴的必要前提。本文将2019年底防止返贫动态监测系统的建立作为一项准自然实验,基于2021～2022年我国中部地区X地级市所有建档立卡脱贫户和边缘户的全样本面板追踪数据,通过模糊断点回归方法考察了防止返贫帮扶政策的劳动收入效应。研究发现：第一,防止返贫帮扶政策显著提高了易返贫群体的劳动收入,这一增长效应主要源于劳动参与率和劳动工资率的提升及劳动时间的延长。第二,机制分析表明,政府的就业帮扶政策中,设立公益岗位、推动以工代赈、鼓励创业带动和加速劳务输出4项政策能够直接带来显著的收入效应,而发放外出务工补贴和进行技能培训两项政策无显著的收入效应。同时,非就业帮扶中的健康帮扶和基础设施建设帮扶也间接提高了易返贫群体的劳动收入。第三,防止返贫帮扶政策队伍养护压力或家庭成员健康的农村易返贫户作用更显著。防止返贫帮扶政策的不足之处是,尚未显著提高易返贫群体的劳动生产率,同时还在一定程度上减少了家庭的农业生产活动。本文提出的防止返贫帮扶政策的内生发展动力效应,对进一步完善农村易返贫群体的帮扶政策体系具有重要的政策含义。     

精准扶贫政策对脱贫农户家庭消费的影响研究——来自湘鄂渝黔毗邻民族地区调研数据的例证

基于湘鄂渝黔毗邻民族地区调研数据,本文考察精准扶贫政策对脱贫农户家庭消费的影响。研究发现：(1)精准扶贫政策对湘鄂渝黔毗邻民族地区脱贫农户家庭消费具有促进作用。就消费结构而言,精准扶贫政策使脱贫农户家庭居住和交通通信支出占总消费的比例提高,而教育和医疗支出占比降低。就消费类型而言,精准扶贫政策对生存型消费和发展型消费均有提高作用,生存型消费作用突出。就扶贫政策而言,产业就业扶贫政策作用最大,而保险扶贫政策作用最小。通过分位数回归、安慰剂检验等方法检验,上述结论仍成立。(2)异质性结果表明,精准扶贫政策对不同地区、民族和收入的脱贫农户家庭消费有明显差别,其中对湖南省、少数民族和低收入脱贫农户的刺激作用最大。(3)进一步研究发现,对于因病致贫、因教致贫和脱贫边缘户这三类特殊家庭,他们通过健康扶贫、教育扶贫、产业就业扶贫等多元化的精准扶贫政策综合发力,家庭消费水平得以改善,家庭生活质量得到提升。本文旨在为巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果与乡村振兴的有效衔接、促进少数民族农村地区可持续发展提供理论依据和实践支撑。     

连片特困地区政府扶贫资金的减贫效果评价——以川西北藏区为例

政府扶贫资金投入是减少贫困的决定性因素之一,国家在新一轮扶贫开发纲要中明确了中央政府扶贫资金的新增部分集中用于连片特困地区,为提高政府扶贫资金减贫效率,本文以川西北藏区为例,通过建立反映政府扶贫资金与贫困人口数量、贫困人口收入关系的计量经济学模型,对政府扶贫资金的减贫效果进行了实证分析,结果表明:政府扶贫资金投入对贫困人口数量减少和贫困人口增收有积极影响,但不同类型的资金投入和资金投向产生的减贫效果存在较大差异。因此,应完善政府扶贫资金的投入和使用机制,优化扶贫资金结构和投向,完善扶贫资金的瞄准机制,提高金融部门参与程度。     

从脱贫攻坚看中国特色社会主义制度优势

在不同的历史发展时期,扶贫开发工作始终是我国的重要任务。以习近平同志为核心的党中央自党的十八大以来高度重视精准扶贫,并制定了科学的扶贫战略和相应的政策体系。中央扶贫开发工作会议之后我国进入脱贫攻坚新时期,取得了一系列决定性进展和历史性成就。作为决胜全面建成小康社会的底线任务和三大攻坚战之一,脱贫攻坚极大改善了中国贫困人口的生活水平、体现了社会主义的本质要求、成就了中国脱贫减贫的成功范式、彰显了中国特色社会主义的制度优势。将系统完备、科学规范、运行有效的制度体系融入全面脱贫攻坚工作中,继续发挥党的集中统一领导、以人民为中心的发展思想、集中力量办大事、激发贫困群众内生动力的制度优势,是脱贫攻坚战取得全面胜利的重要法宝。     

在发展中战胜贫困——对中国30年大规模减贫经验的总结与评价

改革开放30年来,中国取得了举世瞩目的减贫成就,近2.4亿极端贫困人口和5亿以上生活在1天1美元以下的贫困人口在这一时期摆脱了贫困。中国的大规模减贫为全球的减贫和联合国千年发展目标的实现做出了突出贡献。大规模减贫的主要推动力量是经济增长,特别是农业和农村经济的持续增长,而农业和农村的经济增长又是在一系列的改革开放措施、持续的人力和物质资本积累和不断的技术进步下取得的。有针对性的开发式扶贫投资对减贫也起到了补充作用。中国未来减贫面临的最大挑战是不平等程度的不断上升导致经济增长的减贫效应下降,而瞄准问题也降低了扶贫投资的减贫效果。中国需要调整经济增长方式以实现更加有利于穷人的经济增长,同时也要改变扶贫项目的实施方式以使贫困人口更多的受益。     

政策工具视角下党建扶贫政策内容量化分析

党建扶贫是践行党的基本宗旨、凸显中国特色社会主义制度优越性的重要举措,推动党建与脱贫攻坚融合发展需要通过有效的政策工具来实现。党建扶贫政策工具分为指令性、动员性、经济性、信息性和能力建设性五种类型。通过对2010—2020年的84份中央和地方层面的党建扶贫政策文本进行量化分析发现:指令性工具和经济性工具是党建扶贫的主要政策工具,能力建设性工具和动员性工具呈现出明显上升趋势,具体政策工具中的“考核督促”“倡导贯彻”“资金提供”“舆论宣传”“组织强化”受到重视。在党建扶贫过程中,应将基层党建与脱贫攻坚有效结合,使政策工具选择与贫困村现实问题相适应,注重政策工具统筹使用与创新发展等。     

联合国IFAD中国项目减贫效率测度——基于7省份1356农户的面板数据

本文采用准实验研究方法,设计了干预组和对照组及样本容量,构建了项目前后两个时点1356户的大样本面板数据;采用农户资产指数和农户贫困指数两个稳定的贫困代理指标,以过滤时间效应的测量误差;采用双差分、倾向匹配得分和面板回归等多种方法,定量分析了联合国IFAD项目对农村减贫的净贡献。研究表明:(1)IFAD项目对中国农村贫困人口减贫的作用是显著的,9省份项目实施期内有387646人摆脱了贫困;(2)IFAD项目干预对农户总资产和农户贫困指数的提升产生了显著的积极影响;(3)IFAD项目对提高贫困人口赋权和妇女地位、粮食安全和农业生产率、自然资源、环境和风险抵御能力也都具有显著的积极影响。基于以上发现,本文提出了相应的政策建议和对我国精准扶贫和精准脱贫的启示与借鉴。     

浅析非贫困村贫困户档案要素构成——以四川省内江市某非贫困村为例

四川省制发了《关于进一步规范脱贫攻坚档案工作的意见》,指出要把与脱贫攻坚密切相关的各类文件材料收集齐全完整,不流失、不遗漏。中国的脱贫攻坚工程在人类减贫史发挥了巨大的作用,内江市作为"插花式"贫困地区,在脱贫减贫工作中贡献了内江力量。如何铭记这段精彩的历史,这就要我们去认真做好档案的基础工作。本文作者浅析四川省内江市某非贫困村贫困户档案要素构成。     

后扶贫阶段相对贫困治理的逻辑遵循与行动路向

当前,我国扶贫工作重心转向相对贫困治理阶段,扶贫工作方式由集中作战调整为常态推进,减贫战略和工作体系进入平稳转型阶段。后扶贫阶段的相对贫困已经转变为多维度贫困、发展型贫困,并具有长期性、脆弱性、动态性等新特征,为此,应全面厘清我国相对贫困治理的历史逻辑、制度逻辑以及现实逻辑,着重从巩固脱贫成果、增强发展韧性、强化扶贫产业功能以及注重发展的平衡性等方面综合施策,进一步巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果,实现与乡村振兴的有效衔接。     

Inventory Models with Continuous and Poisson Demands and Discounted and Average Costs

We develop a new, unified approach to treating continuous‐time stochastic inventory problems with both the average and discounted cost criteria. The approach involves the development of an adjusted discounted cycle cost formula, which has an appealing intuitive interpretation. We show for the first time that an (s, S) policy is optimal in the case of demand having a compound Poisson component as well as a constant rate component. Our demand structure simultaneously generalizes the classical EOQ model and the inventory models with Poisson demand, and we indicate the reasons why this task has been a difficult one. We do not require the surplus cost function to be convex or quasi‐convex as has been assumed in the literature. Finally, we show that the optimal s is unique, but we do not know if optimal S is unique.     

Educational Landscapes and Urban Development. Contextual and Spatial Interfaces and Linkages

In the broad sociopolitical discussion on education quality within the last decade, it has become apparent that education is gaining importance for urban development, as well as space and the urban context are important dimensions of education. This becomes particularly evident in concepts for local educational landscapes (Ger. Bildungslandschaften). The young field of research on educational landscapes is currently lacking empirical research from spatial and planning sciences. In the paper, the current state of scientific research on educational landscapes in Germany and Europe and first insights to contextual and spatial interfaces and linkages between education and urban development in general are presented.     

E-governance and Corruption-developments and Issues in Ethiopia

This paper reports the results of a survey of 400 respondents in Ethiopia about factors generating corruption and the potential of e-Governance to mitigate corruption. It is suggested that e-Governance can help not only in weeding out corruption but also in the establishment of sounder government citizen relationships in Ethiopia. While e-Governance cannot cure all the structural factors that breed corruption in the society, strategic implementation of e-Governance can help improve the critical variable in combating corruption-government citizen relationships. It is argued that while e-Governance initiatives can make important contributions to improving public services they can best do so by helping improve overall relationships between governments and citizens.

CEO and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance

This paper focuses on the relationship between Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance. Specifically, the study examines the association between the characteristics of the CEO and the Chairperson of the board and firm performance. Using a sample of S&P 500 firms, the evidence found suggests that demographic and experience-related characteristics may be associated with the market valuation and financial performance of the firm. In particular, the reported results indicate a positive relationship between the presence of female CEOs or Chairs and firm performance, thus suggesting that gender-based differences may affect the CEO’s/Chairperson’s success. Moreover, the findings concerning the age of the CEO or Chair are mixed, while their experience and quality appear positively related to firm performance. Interestingly, a CEO or Chairperson holding multiple board seats is negatively associated with firm performance, whereas CEO duality has a positive relationship with Tobin’s Q and the return on assets (ROA) of the firm.     

David and Goliath: causes and effects of coopetition between start-ups and corporates

Coopetition (collaboration between competitors) among young firms (i.e. start-ups) and larger, more established firms (i.e. corporates) may be beneficial for both partners as each party typically has something to offer that is missing in the other. Start-ups often develop innovative ideas, are flexible and agile, willing to take risks, and aspire to achieve high growth, but they tend to lack the required resources, capabilities, and knowledge due to their newness and smallness. Corporates have resources, routines, and experience that enable them to work efficiently but lack a certain innovation capability. Research has suggested that coopetition represents an opportunity for start-ups facing restrictions in resources, while corporates benefit from start-ups’ innovative ideas. However, it is yet unknown whether start-ups and corporates engage in coopetition with each other and, if so, how and why they do this. This study seeks to fill this void by exploring the motives of coopeting start-ups and corporates, how they manage their coopetitive relationship, and what implications occur including potential benefits and risks. We present a multiple case study based on qualitative data collected through 70 interviews with Austrian-based start-ups and corporates representing 35 coopetitive partnerships. Discussing the findings based on our data, we propose relationships concerning coopetition and its role to enlarge resource- and technology-bases as well as its role in the development of dynamic capabilities.     

Career orientations and career success among research,and development and engineering professionals

Managing the careers of research, development and engineering (RD&E) professionals is important to the strategic use of RD&E in the economy. Appropriate mechanisms for motivating RD&E professionals will probably emerge as a critical success factor for organizations that want to compete in world markets. This study examines dimensions and levels of career orientation and their correlations with individual and work-related outcome variables among 78 RD&E professionals. The findings reveal a rich diversity of career orientation in RD&E professionals. The data strongly suggest that RD&E professionals are service, lifestyle and security oriented. However, they scored low on technical orientation and entrepreneurship. This paper suggests that the dual career ladder is not an effective device for managing RD&E professionals. Organizations must be careful to provide career paths that retain and motivate workers and, more importantly, find matches between organizational needs and individuals' needs, and restructure jobs accordingly. The authors offer suggestions for future research and identify implications for management.     

Chronic stress and chronic disease in life and work: Conceptual and methodological issues

This paper argues that the lack of strong prospective evidence linking occupational and social stress to chronic disease stems from the failure of research designs to attend sufficiently to the aetiological chronicity of such diseases. Studies of both supposedly acute stress (life events) and chronic stress in life or work must increasingly be designed to distinguish between stress which is sustained or chronic over a period of yean or even decades, and hence capable of causing a serious chronic disease, and brief or transient stress, which may produce transient or brief psychological or physiological disturbances but cannot generate major chronic disease. Prospective studies are needed which collect measures of both stress and health or disease at multiple points over an extended period of time. Measures of stress should focus more on affect (for example, feelings of pressure and tension) than on cognition (for example feelings of satisfaction). Limited existing evidence is consistent with these ideals.