中国劳动力市场中性别收入差异状况分析

随着市场经济的不断发展,在我国整个劳动力市场中,性别收入的差距逐渐加大,很多传统的理论已经无法很好地解释当前的这种现象。因此,本文主要从社会资本理论出发,对我国八个城市中不同性别的人的收入进行调查,通过调查可以发现,收入之所以存在性别上的差异,在一定程度上是受到了社会资本的影响。而且通过深层次的分析可以发现,收入上的性别差异有12.7%可以用社会资本来进行解释,而且通过数据可以看出,如果在社会资本上存在较大的性别差异,那么收入上也会存在较大的性别差异;男性的社会资本回报率在很大程度上高于女性;女性比较欠缺社会资本是当前普遍存在的"性别隔离显现"现象的一个非常重要的原因。     

中国城市居民的社会网络资本与个人资本

基于2003年中国综合社会调查数据,以结构方程模型为分析工具,本文探讨如何测量个人资本和嵌入在社会网络中的社会资本以及两者间的关系;针对中国城市居民的讨论网和拜年网,建立了以网络规模、密度、网顶、网差、职业类型和单位类型的多样性为指标的社会网络资本的测量模型;分析了嵌入在这两个网络中的社会资本与通过权力、财富与声望来测量的个人资本之间的关系,提出情感性网络中的社会资本对个人资本并无影响,而工具性网络中的社会资本对个人资本有显著的正向影响。     

社会资本与教育获得——网络资源与社会闭合的视角

布迪厄的"网络资源"和科尔曼的"社会闭合"两种研究进路长期以来一直统治着社会资本与教育获得的研究领域,前者强调蕴含于社会网络中的资源对教育获得的影响,后者则强调闭合网络的支持作用。本研究试图将这两类社会资本纳入同一个研究框架中,探讨二者之间的差异、联系及其对教育获得的影响机制。本研究认为两类社会资本间的主要差异体现在社会资本来源的不同,"网络资源型"社会资本的来源是家长的社会网络,其作用主要是为孩子提供更好的教育机会;而"社会闭合型"社会资本的来源则是家长与孩子本人、教师及其他家长之间形成的紧密社会结构,孩子可以直接从此类社会资本中获益。但两种社会资本之间又存在复杂的交互作用,可以共同促进孩子的学业成绩。通过对一项全国城市中小学生的大规模社会调查所得数据的分析,本研究进一步检验了这两种社会资本对教育获得的具体作用。     

社会资本与灾后恢复——一项自然灾害的社会学研究

自然灾害的研究者们开始注意到"社会资本"这一社会结构性资源在灾害治理中扮演着重要的角色。本研究根据大型经验社会调查结果,全面分析了微观和宏观两个层面的社会资本在受灾社区居民灾后恢复过程中的作用。研究发现:受灾居民在灾后恢复期间可利用嵌入于自己社会网络中的资源获得正式和非正式支持,从而更快更好地恢复正常生活。但同样的社会网络会对人们不同类型的活动产生不同的结果。社会弱势群体更加依赖于自己的强关系网络,这可能对其经济恢复带来不利影响。就宏观社会资本的作用而言,居民的信任对灾后恢复起着相当积极的作用,而居民的社会参与的作用则较为复杂。有鉴于此,在制定灾害治理政策时,应考虑对弱势群体的政策倾斜,同时应充分利用当地已有的社会网络和社会组织,动员当地居民积极参与到灾后重建的工作中来。     

青年志愿组织资本积累的三种机制

社会资本在我国志愿组织本土化发展道路上起到至关重要的作用,社会资本的成功积累是志愿组织发展壮大的关键因素。结构、关系与认知是创立组织社会资本的三个维度,青年志愿组织在成长发展过程中网络维度、信任维度、规范维度的社会资本不断积累,组织的自我治理能力不断增强,而推动社会资本积累、组织不断发展的动力机制包括精英动员机制、自组织机制、互惠交换机制。     

社会资本、融资结网与企业间风险传染——浙江案例研究

以往的社会资本研究大多关注于积极效应,较少提及其可能的负面效应。本文通过案例研究方法,以浙江的绍兴和台州为研究对象,分析了社会资本、融资风险网络结构和风险传染之间的关系,为社会资本负面效应的理论研究提供了实证支持。研究发现,高社会资本会提高融资风险网络的平均中心度,降低网络破碎程度,并会致使网络凝聚程度提升,进而加剧企业间风险传染。据此,本文从社会资本角度对发生于我国实体经济中的风险传染现象做出了理论解释。     

国家介入与邻里社会资本的生成

本文论证了国家介入在社会资本生成中的重要作用。在中国的城市社会,邻里间社会信任关系的演进和存量可以通过对嵌入于居民区的组织联系而得到解释。国家介入所提供的组织资源及其制度化方式,对居民区内部的社会交往和人际信任关系产生了不同的影响。在纵向行政动员的组织策略中,居民间的交往关系往往被吸纳或建制化;而国家的基层组织的网络化则提供了社会资本增生的空间和激励。本文通过1996年以来上海的社区组织重建政策讨论了这些命题。研究发现,特定形式的国家介入乃是社会资本得以发展和增进的必要动力;居民区社会资本存量的差异,必须和国家介入的类型进一步联系起来分析。     

中国政策精英群体的社会资本:基于结构主义视角的分析

社会资本理论一直受到功能主义观念的困扰,本文为解决社会资本理论逻辑上同义反复和观测上自相矛盾的困境,提出了社会资本的结构主义视角——社会资本应该用网络的结构来定义,而不是网络的功能。根据结构主义视角的研究路径,本文对中国政策精英群体的网络整体结构和网络阶层结构进行了分析。通过2004年对全国25个省、市、自治区具有代表性的301名政策精英的调查发现,分别体现身份标识、人际交往能力、个人努力三方面交往过程中个人特征的教育、职业流动体制稳定性、行政级别和交往投入都对政策精英的社会资本具有显著贡献。而且,由于与社会不同阶层人群交往时存在“准入门槛”的差异,上述因素的贡献具有明显的梯度结构的特征。     

城市居民社会网络资本的阶层差异

本文采取了在社会网络领域长久被忽视的阶层分析的视角研究中国城市居民的社会网络结构特征。通过对2000年北京城市居民社会网络调查资料的定量分析,我们发现,阶层地位对城市居民的社会网络资源产生了重要的影响,主要表现在专业行政管理阶层的网络规模大于工人阶层,前者的关系种类比后者更多元化。专业行政管理阶层和白领阶层比工人阶层拥有更明显的“结构洞”社会资本,前两个阶层与网络成员的交往频率低于后者。专业行政管理阶层的社会网络在性别、年龄和职业异质性方面高于工人阶层。总之,占据高阶层位置的专业行政管理人员比工人拥有更丰富的社会网络资本。社会网络结构特征的差异主要体现在专业行政管理阶层和工人阶层之间,可能与中国阶层结构的不充分分化有关。     

农村少数民族贫困人口的社会资本发展状况分析——以贵州省毕节市纳雍阳长镇堰塘村苗族为研究对象

社会资本作为一种嵌入在制度化的社会关系网络中的社会资源,能为处于网络中的人们带来多方面的便利和收益,其对于农村少数民族贫困人口的意义体现在,它可以转化为贫困者所需要的资源,节约获取资源所需的成本.本文就农村少数民族贫困人口的社会资本发展状况进行分析.     

Unequal returns to social capital: the study of Malays in Singapore through a network lens

Using the concepts of ‘social capital deficit’ and ‘return deficit’, this study considers the social network aspects of social disadvantage among Malays in Singapore, as compared to Singaporean Chinese. Analysing a 2005 representative survey, we find Malays have less social capital than Chinese, a social capital deficit partly explained by their lower educational attainment. We find no return deficit in earnings: that is, every additional unit of social capital increases earnings equally for Chinese and Malays. However, we find return deficits in education: every additional unit of social capital (e.g. ties to educated parents) increases educational attainment more for Chinese than Malays. In all, this study offers a social capital explanation for Malay ‘plight’, complementing the more conventional explanations of human and economic capital.     

Social capital and leaving the nest: Channels and housing tenures

Young adults in Europe sometimes have trouble moving away from their parents and obtaining a home of their own, which is considered an important step in the transition to adulthood. This paper investigates whether nest-leaving is affected by individual social capital and parental economic capital. The paper also examines how these resources are related to the type of housing tenure obtained and whether the housing was acquired through informal channels. In addition, the paper assesses whether differences in access and returns to social capital can explain the later nest-leaving of the children of immigrants. The study uses a Swedish two-wave panel survey of young adults aged between 19 and 22. Individual social capital is operationalized as an extensive social network measured with the position generator, while parental economic capital is estimated with registered disposable income. The results show that individual social capital is positively related to prospective nest-leaving, but parental income is not. Nevertheless, both individual social capital and parental economic capital are related to the obtained housing tenure type: social capital is linked to informal ‘second-hand’ rental agreements often acquired through contacts, whereas having high-income parents is linked to obtaining owned housing tenure. The children of immigrants are found to be more likely to live with their parents, but this is not explained by lower access or return to social capital.     

Neighborhood disadvantage, network social capital, and depressive symptoms

Research on why neighborhood disadvantage matters for health focuses on the capacity of neighborhoods to regulate residents' behavior through informal social control. The authors extend this research by conducting a multilevel analysis of data from a 1995 telephone survey of 497 residents of 32 neighborhoods in a U.S. city. The authors find that network social capital mediates the contextual effect of neighborhood disadvantage on depressive symptoms and that health effects of network social capital persist when perceived neighborhood disorder, a standard indicator of low informal social control, is controlled for. The findings demonstrate the value of a conceptualization and measurement of network social capital that (1) considers ties that transcend neighborhood boundaries, (2) investigates health benefits of network social capital in the forms of closure and embedded support resources and range and embedded instrumental resources, and (3) uses network data on specific network members with strong and weak ties to respondents.     

Social capital and economic integration of migrants in urban China

Based on data from a 2005 survey conducted in Shanghai, China, this research examines the role of social capital in income inequality between rural migrants and urbanites. We find strong income return on social capital, in particular on social capital from strong ties. We also observe a great disparity in social capital possession between rural migrants and urban local residents. Although social capital from strong ties seems to be more important for rural migrants than for urbanites, local ties and high-status ties do not seem to benefit rural migrants. Hence, migrants not only suffer severe social capital deficits but also capital return deficits. Given the strong income returns on social capital and the substantial differences in access to and return on social capital between migrants and urban residents, social capital is consequently found to explain a large part of the income inequality between the two groups. Overall, our findings reveal macro-structural effects on the role of social capital in labor market stratification. In China, the lack of formal labor market mechanisms continues to create both a strong need for and opportunities for economic actions to be organized around informal channels via social relations. Yet, the long-standing institutional exclusion of migrants caused by the household registration system has resulted in pervasive social exclusion and discrimination which have substantially limited rural migrants’ accumulation and mobilization of social capital. Under these conditions, social capital reinforces the economic inequality between migrants and urban residents in China. Such empirical evidence adds to our understanding of the role of social capital in the economic integration of migrants and in shaping intergroup inequality in general.     

Vying for the Urban Poor: Charitable Organizations, Faith-Based Social Capital, and Racial Reconciliation in a Deep South City

In this article the mobilization of social capital is examined as it relates to the formation of collaborative partnerships among charitable organizations. It is argued that social capital, expressed through social ties and mutual trust, forms the foundation for such partnerships. Specifically, collaborative activities built upon religiously based social capital mobilized among charitable organizations are focused upon in this study. The extensive role of such social capital, combined with the historical context of the research setting, overshadows alternative forms of social capital that might be accessed for neighborhood revitalization, particularly social capital based on race. Consequently, this article's findings suggest that a color-blind approach to racial reconciliation has emerged among charitable organizations in conjunction with the hegemonic role of religiously based social capital in this local context. The unique nature of this outcome is significant because it emphasizes the impact of local context on the manner in which social capital is mobilized within localized networks.     

The Economic Returns of Immigrants’ Bonding and Bridging Social Capital: The Case of the Netherlands1

This paper aims at explaining to what extent social capital can help immigrants in the Netherlands make headway on the labor market. Two forms of social capital are identified. Bonding refers to a dense network with thick trust and is measured as the strength of family ties and trust in the family. Bridging implies a crosscutting network with thin trust and is measured as inter-ethnic contacts and outward orientation. It is examined to what extent bonding and bridging for immigrants in the Netherlands can be associated with a higher likelihood of employment and higher income. Results show that (1) bridging networks are positively associated with both employment and income; (2) bonding networks do not affect economic outcomes; and (3) levels of trust (neither thick nor thin) cannot explain economic outcomes.     

Less cheating? The effects of prefilled forms on compliance behavior

As a consequence of digital transformation, individuals are often confronted with prefilled forms or prefilled data entry masks. In situations where cheating and lying are of concern, prefilling might reduce dishonest behavior. In a controlled experiment, we investigate how correctly and incorrectly prefilled forms influence compliance behavior. We frame our experiment as filing the annual income tax return. We show that correct prefilling enhances compliance. However, in cases of incorrect prefilling, we observe asymmetric effects. If prefilled income is lower than true income, we find no positive compliance effect, and compliance is on the same level as with blank forms. If prefilled income is higher than true income, prefilling still has a positive effect on compliance. In that case, compliance is on the same level as with correctly prefilled forms and higher than with blank forms. Our study contributes to the literature on cheating and lying by showing that prefilled forms affect compliance.     

HOW DOES GLOBALIZATION AFFECT THE IMPLICIT TAX RATES ON LABOR INCOME,CAPITAL INCOME,AND CONSUMPTION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION?

This article analyzes the effects of globalization on implicit tax rates (ITRs) on labor income, capital income, and consumption in the EU15 and Central and Eastern European New Member States (CEE NMS). We find supportive evidence for an increase in the ITR on labor income in the EU15, but no effect on the ITR on capital income. There is evidence of convergence in terms of the ITR on consumption, as countries with higher than average ITR on consumption respond to globalization by decreasing their tax rates. There are important differences among the welfare regimes within the EU15. Social‐democratic countries have decreased the tax burden on capital, but increased that on labor due to globalization. Globalization exerts a pressure to increase taxes on labor income in the conservative and liberal regimes as well. Taxes on consumption decrease in response to globalization in the conservative and social‐democratic regimes. In the CEE NMS, there is no effect of globalization on the ITR on labor and capital income, but we find a negative impact on the ITR on consumption in the CEE NMS with higher than average ITR on consumption. (JEL H23, H24, H25, F19, F21)     

Off‐farm Work among Rural Households: A Case Study in the Brazilian Amazon

This article analyzes off‐farm work among subsistence‐level farmers in the Santarém region of the Brazilian Amazon. We build on the literature on rural livelihoods in the Global South by exploring how the opportunity to work off the farm is embedded in social relationships. We additionally differentiate our analysis by type of off‐farm work, and examine how other characteristics such as human capital, the available labor supply, and access to infrastructure vary by work outcome. In general, the factors that contribute to more secure, relatively higher‐paying work differ from those important in understanding patterns of lower‐paying, daily wage work. We find that on‐farm social capital, measured as the presence of a co‐resident on the property who works off the farm, increases an individual's probability of working off the farm, but has a stronger effect for lower‐wage work. We also find that the farm owner's relationship to households on the farm property plays a significant role in predicting patterns of off‐farm work. These findings suggest that social capital plays an important role in providing access to employment and therefore to cash income, but that farm‐level social capital does not necessarily provide pathways to stable or high‐paying jobs outside agriculture.     

“You Always Remain Slightly an Outsider”: Workplace Experiences of Academics from Working‐Class or Impoverished Backgrounds

Debates surrounding class inequality and social mobility often highlight the role of higher education in reducing income inequality and promoting equity through upward social mobility. We explore the lived experience of social mobility through an analysis of 11 semistructured interviews with Canadian academics who self‐identified as having working‐class or impoverished family origins. While economic capital increased substantially, cultural capital and habitus left many feeling like cultural outsiders. Isolation—both chosen and imposed—reduced professional networks, diminishing social capital. Caught between social worlds, participants mobilized symbolic capital in moral boundary marking, aligning themselves strategically with either their current class status or their working‐class roots. While upward social mobility is a path toward reducing economic inequality, the lived experience of social mobility suggests it may exact a high emotional cost.