不断加快标准化与信息化建设 着力老年智障优质照护与支持

正中国面临着严峻的人口老龄化形势,老龄化呈现出速度快、失能老人、高龄老人比例高等特点。目前,中国失能、半失能老年人已达3700万,占老年人口总数的18.3%,这其中约有1000万人罹患智障;高龄老年人已超过2300万,而高龄却是智障患者的最大风险因素。人口老龄化尤其是高龄化的发展,给中国的经济社会发     

回应老年照顾的多元化需求：社工介入传统机构的路径

随着改革开放以后经济的发展、社会的变迁以及人门老龄化的加剧，中国老年人对社会提供照顾的需求日益增加。如何满足入住机构的老年人的心理和社会需求，进一步提升老年人的生活质量？加强养老机构专业化建设，设立专职社工岗位，提升机构照顾的专业化水平，是回应老人的多元化需求的必由路径。     

上海塘桥社区开展独居老人关爱工作

塘桥社区养老服务工作一直以来都被街道党工委、办事处列为重点工作,全面开展居家养老、老年人日间照料、机构养老、独居老人关爱等不同类别的为老服务,并形成体系。尤其是独居老人关爱工作开展5年来,收到很好的效果。     

关注生活不能自理老人的养老

进入21世纪以后,我国重度人口老龄化和高龄化的问题将日益突出,与此同时,生活不能自理老人的养老问题引起了人们的广泛关注.目前,全国1.44亿老年人中约有1200万生活不能自理的老年人;北京市193万老年人中约有17.1万生活不能自理的老人.生活不能自理老人的照料需求在急剧增加.     

浙江嘉兴市:三措并举 扎实推进“文化惠老”工程

文化先行,构筑精神家园。大力推行孝文化建设,重视老年人精神关爱。崇孝尚德,广泛开展孝文化建设,打造"孝文化"道德高地,通过呼吁子女孝顺提升老年人生活质量。大力推行文化服务,重视老年人精神健康。积极探索老年人心理和精神健康问题,在文化教育、舆论宣传、心理咨询和精神产品等方面提供服务。加强文化队伍     

居家养老心理关爱服务的困境与思考

居家养老是适应我国人口老龄化实情、符合我国传统文化习俗的一种养老方式,是当前我国养老的主要模式。全面推进居家养老工作,不仅需要给予老年人生活上的帮助,还要对老年人给予精神安慰。意识到老年人心理关爱服务将是未来居家养老服务的重要趋势,江苏经贸职业技术学院开始创建南京市鼓楼区大方巷居家养老服务中心,并将关爱老年心理作为自己的服务特色。     

建构完善的老年人社会照料制度

传统家庭结构变化是中国社会转型的重要特征之一。随着人口老龄化的不断加快,家庭结构变化导致传统家庭养老功能衰减,社会照料服务在老年人权益保障中的地位和功能日益凸现。尤其是面对高龄老人、失能老人、空巢老人不断增多的人口形势,迫切需要推进单一的传统"家庭养老"方式向"家庭养老"与"社会养老"结合方式转变。借鉴东亚国家和地区的经验,在现有地方立法和相关政策的基础上,通过修改现行老年人权益保障法,建构完善的老年人社会照料制度,具有重大现实和战略意义。完善和发展老年人社会照料制度,需要通过立法固化"居家照料为基础、社区照料为依托、机构照料为辅助"的社会照料模式,系统地构建老年人社会照料服务体系;需要加强社会照料职业教育和培训,促进社会照料服务职业化建设;尤其需要突出社会照料服务中的政府责任,包括促进和监管职责;并且需要鼓励和支持老年人社会照料志愿服务事业的发展。     

日本的介护保险以及对中国的启示

90年代以来,日本社会随着人口老龄化的进展和子女的减少,家庭越来越不能承受对老人的照顾和护理。随着老年人不断增加,高龄老人医疗保险费用大幅度增加。据统计,1997年日本65岁以上的老年人已经超过了15岁以下的青少年人口,1999年日本的国民医疗费用     

民政部:矢力构筑中国养老服务业发展新格局

中国是人口大国,也是老年人口大国.尽管中国1999年才步人人口老龄化社会,但是发展速度十分迅猛,形势十分严峻.截至2014年底,中国60岁以上的老年人口已达2.12亿,占总人口的15.5％,预计2025年将突破3亿,占18％,2034年突破4亿,占28％,2054年突破4.72亿,占35％.同其他国家相比,中国的老龄化还呈现失能老人、高龄老人、空巢老人、贫困老人等特殊老人群体比例高等特点.随着工业化、城镇化、市场化进程的加快,老龄化程度还在不断加深.人口老龄化的发展,给中国的经济社会带来一系列深刻的影响,特别是反映在社会生活领域,老年人的养老服务需求日益增长,成为当前和今后一个时期中国政府必须认真面对并加以解决的战略课题.     

图片新闻

胡锦涛总书记视察天津市养老院并与老人亲切交谈，他指出：“尊重老年人，关爱老年人，照顾老年人，是我们中华民族传统美德，这也是一个国家文明进步的标志，我们要弘扬中华民族尊老敬老的传统美德。”     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

循环经济与可持续发展刍议

发展循环经济已经成为当今世界的潮流和趋势,循环经济将经济活动组织成为"资源-产品-消费-再生资源"的物质反复循环的闭环式流程,从上世纪90年代确定可持续发展战略以来,发达国家正在把发展循环经济、建立循环型社会看作是实施可持续发展战略的重要途径和实现方式.循环经济是集经济、技术、社会于一体的系统工程,其启动和推广不仅需要政府、企业、科学界和公众等社会各界的不懈努力和共同参与,而且需要资金、技术以及法规、制度等软硬环境的强力支撑.     

Feminist Criticism in The Scarlet Letter

The Scarlet Letter written by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a great book. Through feminist criticism we can get how The Scarlet Letter may be read as dramatizing Hester Prynne's spiritual and physical struggle to survive as an individual in a society whose values authorize the privileged power of men.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

Is subsidiarity a conditio sine qua non for sustainability?

This paper argues that subsidiarity is a condicio sine qua non for sustainability. Through the complexity paradigm, the paper provides a historical reconstruction of both concepts to the end of elucidating their interdependence. The main thesis is that subsidiarity to sustainability is what self-organisation is to emergence. The paper ends with a sketch of future global governance structures based on a subsidiarity where cities take the lead on sustainability.