中国与海湾六国的能源合作

随着中国经济的高速发展,能源需求不断扩大,其对外依存度也日益加剧,确保能源安全已成当务之急.海湾六国素有"世界油库"之称,是国际能源争夺的主要场所.对中国而言,如何加强与之在能源领域的合作,就显得尤为重要.事实上,中国早已将与海湾六国的油气合作视为对外能源战略的重要组成部分,并在原油贸易、石油工程项目承包、兴办炼油和石化企业、勘探与开发新油气田等方面开展了积极有效的合作.海湾需要稳定的油气市场,中国也需要稳定的油气供应.尽管双方未来的能源合作会遇到一些严峻挑战,但相信双方一定能抓住机遇,在自由贸易区协定的框架内建立起行之有效的合作机制,发挥各自优势,达到互利共赢的目的.     

中国与海湾六国的经贸关系现状与前景分析

随着2004年7月海湾六国财政大臣的集体访华,中国与海湾六国的自由贸易协定谈判已经拉开序幕,双方之间的经贸往来必将驶入以石油合作为车头、全方位和深层次前行的高速道.本文在介绍海湾六国的经济状况、我国与海湾六国经贸关系的基础上,对双边经贸关系的前景进行了展望.     

中国与海湾六国的经贸关系现状与前景分析

随着2004年7月海湾六国财政大臣的集体访华，中国与海湾六国的自由贸易协定谈判已经拉开序幕，双方之间的经贸往来必将驶入以石油合作为车头、全方位和深层次前行的高速道。本文在介绍海湾六国的经济状况、我国与海湾六国经贸关系的基础上，对双边经贸关系的前景进行了展望。     

中东能源结构性矛盾与中国—中东石油合作

中国—中东石油合作对中国能源安全战略意义重大,中国能源安全本质上是中东地缘政治安全。中东地缘政治具有结构性矛盾、长期化和难以解决等特点,影响到中东石油的安全和稳定供应、国际能源市场供求、国际油价稳定,也意味着中国能源安全将长期受中东和其他地区能源地缘政治的影响。尽管近年来中国—中东能源合作取得长足进步,但双方存在的问题和限制性因素仍显而易见。迄今为止,中国在中东特别是海湾产油国没有获得如苏丹那样的参与当地油气勘探、开发和生产的重大上游油气合作的突破性成果,中国与中东的油气合作仍然任重道远。本文在论述有关问题的基础上,对我国与中东的能源合作提出了一些对策建议。     

优势互补、共同发展——试论中国与海湾六国的经贸合作

海湾地区是世界最大能源基地之一,从战略和经济安全等方面与海湾六国进行长期合作,将对中国的发展至关重要。海湾各国虽有充裕的资金、大量的待合作项目和广阔的发展空间,但技术、装备、材料和人才奇缺。因此,中国企业进入海湾六国市场从宏观和微观上都有着重要现实意义。随着中国与海湾经贸合作新局面的逐步形成,中国企业将面临着如何更好地与海湾六国进行有效合作的严峻考验,为此,本文将提出几条建议。     

优势互补、共同发展——试论中国与海湾六国的经贸合作

海湾地区是世界最大能源基地之一,从战略和经济安全等方面与海湾六国进行长期合作,将对中国的发展至关重要。海湾各国虽有充裕的资金、大量的待合作项目和广阔的发展空间,但技术、装备、材料和人才奇缺。因此,中国企业进入海湾六国市场从宏观和微观上都有着重要现实意义。随着中国与海湾经贸合作新局面的逐步形成,中国企业将面临着如何更好地与海湾六国进行有效合作的严峻考验,为此,本文将提出几条建议。     

中国与阿尔及利亚的能源合作

阿尔及利亚素有“北非油库”之称,中国与之开展能源合作虽起步较晚,却已取得较大成就,主要包括中石化的扎尔扎亭(zarzaitine)油田提高采收率工程,中石油的阿德拉尔(Adrar)上下游一体化项目、谢里夫(Cheliff)盆地112／102A区块和乌埃德姆亚(Oued Mya)盆地350区块的油气勘探项目、438B区块油气勘探项目、Octouat油田设计服务项目和斯基克达(Skikda)凝析油炼油厂建设项目等。随着中阿两国政治关系和经贸合作的日益加强,两国能源合作的互补性亦趋强,且阿国内政治经济形势的持续改善以及阿《新油气法》的出台均为双方的能源合作带来了有利条件,但由于阿产业结构单一,经济发展存在不稳定性,且阿政府对投资本国油气产业的外国公司设限增税,双方的能源合作面临严峻的挑战。     

中国与阿尔及利亚的能源合作

阿尔及利亚素有“北非油库”之称，中国与之开展能源合作虽起步较晚，却已取得较大成就，主要包括中石化的扎尔扎亭（Zarzaitine）油田提高采收率工程、中石油的阿德拉尔（Adrar）上下游一体化项目、谢里夫（Cheliff）盆地112／102A区块和乌埃德姆亚（Oued Mya）盆地350区块的油气勘探项目、438B区块油气勘探项目、Octouat油田设计服务项目和斯基克达（Skikda）凝析油炼油厂建设项目等。随着中阿两国政治关系和经贸合作的日益加强，两国能源合作的互补性亦趋强，且阿国内政治经济形势的持续改善以及阿《新油气法》的出台均为双方的能源合作带来了有利条件，但由于阿产业结构单一，经济发展存在不稳定性，且阿政府对投资本国油气产业的外国公司设限增税，双方的能源合作面临严峻的挑战。     

试论海湾六国货币统一的现实意义

目前,安全问题和经济模式单一问题直接威胁到了海湾六国的社会稳定和经济发展,是六国政府所面临的首要难题.从经济一体化的角度看,货币统一将扩大海湾六国对世界经济的影响,提升其在国际事务中的地位,对海湾六国解决安全问题有重大影响和积极作用.同时,海湾六国统一货币所带来的经济效应也将促进海湾六国经济多元化发展.     

中国与海湾六国的工程承包合作

在全球化背景下对中国工程承包企业海外经营的国际环境进行深入研究，是实施“走出去”战略的一项基础性工作。海湾六国是全球最大的工程承包市场，也是中国国际工程承包的重点地区。然而，海湾六国工程承包市场准入壁垒较高，不利于中国企业发挥后发优势。本文对中国与海湾六国工程承包合作研究主要论及市场准入壁垒、地缘安全环境、跨文化交际等问题，并据此利用SWOT分析模型对中国工程承包企业到海湾六国经营提出相关政策性建议。     

Ethics, regulation and the new artificial intelligence, part II: autonomy and liability

This is the second article in a two-part series on the social, ethical and public policy implications of the new artificial intelligence (AI). The first article briefly presented a neo-Durkheimian understanding of the social fears projected onto AI, before arguing that the common and enduring myth of an AI takeover arising from the autonomous decision-making capability of AI systems, most recently resurrected by Professor Kevin Warwick, is misplaced. That article went on to argue that, nevertheless, some genuine and practical issues in the accountability of AI systems that must be addressed. This second article, drawing further on the neo-Durkheimian theory, sets out a more detailed understanding of what it is for a system to be autonomous enough in its decision making to blur the boundary between tool and agent. The importance of this is that this blurring of categories is often the basis, the first article argued, of social fears.     

Making Feminist Sense out of ‘Charlie Wilson's War’

Charlie Wilson's War (2007), Mike Nichols's film about the womanizing Congressman who engineered black funds for the CIA's proxy war in Soviet-occupied Afghanistan, is historically misleading but highly instructive, because in packaging dominant American masculine identity and war politics as popular entertainment for post-9/11 audiences, it reveals the sexed and gendered ‘politics of the visual’ in global affairs. This intertextual study of ‘Charlie Wilson's war’ as movie, constructed history and legacy examines Wilson as a prime exhibit of a needy masculinity that, like the film's emasculated CIA, bulks itself up through surrogate military selves. It also analyses modes of the imaginary and specularity in brother-bonding with the mujahidin, tracks the proxy system's loops of masculine identity-and-war-making between Stateside and South Asia in the post-Vietnam 1980s and interrogates the dynamics of imperial ‘un-seeing’ in this campaign and its long aftermath. While US proxy wars proliferate worldwide, the lack of useable political memory about the ground truths of ‘Charlie's war’ continues to matter because America's second ‘good’ war in Afghanistan, bound to the first by gendered causal links, has re-empowered the forces that still menace women's rights and lives.     

Wedding the dragon: The powerful feminine as seen in Jewish women’s dreams

Abstract

This article addresses the theological and liturgical problem of incorporating mythic traditions of the divine feminine into contemporary practice, given the typically essentialist nature of these traditions. The article considers the dream practice of a Jewish women’s learning community, the Kohenet Hebrew Priestess Institute, and applies this practice to several “dragon dreams” in which dragons appear as powerful, erotic, sacred figures that “queer” the divine feminine by offering a norm-upending vision of what the feminine is and does. These dragon dreams provide a powerful alternative to traditional Jewish images of the female dragon in which the dragon represents the demonic feminine. I suggest that dreams can offer a “queering” of mythic images of the sacred feminine because they contain images that have mythic depth but also upend norms and expectations. The article then explores how these dragon images have made their way into the liturgy and theology of the Kohenet Hebrew Priestess Institute.     

Un atelier d’écriture internationale : l’OCDE au travail. Éléments de sociologie de la forme « rapport »

The writing of a “transversal” report on employment at the OECD is examined by focusing not on the finished product but, instead, on the drafting of the report. This approach allows for exploring the dynamics of power at work inside the OECD. It opens toward broader considerations about how this type of international organization produces knowledge in economics and weaves relations, throughout the long process of drafting the report, with those who requested it. This article analyzes how economic issues are assembled through a succession of intermediate studies and reshaped through an asymmetrical competition between services. By making visible the process of constructing the position of “institutional author”, this analysis repositions on new grounds the problem of “influence”, which usually arises in organizations of this sort.     

Politique et expertise scientifique. La régulation européenne des médicaments

A study of the EU system for regulating medicinal products is used to show the usefulness of distinguishing between policy-making and scientific expertise when analyzing political decision-making. This approach presupposes identifying the characteristics of scientific expertise. The experts responsible for assessing drugs have to combine knowledge and action. Questions are raised about how work is shared between decision-makers and experts. In the case of medicinal products, the work of experts has absorbed decision-making. Lest we waver between explanations in terms either of science or else of politics, it is necessary to substantively identify expertise’s political dimensions. Two conceptions — the “healthy man’s” and the “sick man’s” — of the purpose of assessing medicinal products stand out in debates; but political authorities pay no heed to them.     

La contingence et le travail de conception. Définir,organiser, délibérer

The activity of a design office consists in producing plans for things that do not yet exist. If, through poor management, the designers fail to anticipate accurately what the product will be, work will be inappropriately allocated and divided. Given the uncertain nature of the activity and the outcome, designers are simultaneously involved in the process of producing technical solutions, a process of organisation — through constant reallocation of tasks — and a political process of ironing out disagreements — through the exploration of multiple heterogeneous possibilities.     

The electronic face of government in the internet age: borrowing from Murray Edelman

The issue of legitimation by political elites has been a central concern of political scientists for many years. This article draws upon the work of Murray Edelman who was instrumental in analysing this relationship between rulers and ruled, the relatively powerful and relatively powerless, through an understanding of language, symbolism and the manipulation of information. It concludes with the contention that the Internet offers the prospect for governments to create new 'electronic faces', which act to support a symbolic architecture of power.     

The Formation of English Cyber- neologism

Based on the lexical word-building process, this paper firstly analyzes the characteristics of English cyber-neologism and then explores the formations of it in recent ten years, and finally discusses its influence on the formation of Chinese.     

Le SAT et l’accès aux études supérieures : le recrutement des élites américaines en question

James Conant developed the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) in the 1930s in line with thought about the mobility of elites, a subject that many American as well as European intellectuals were discussing. This test, now used for the admission of high school graduates to universities, was to be a means for detecting talented youngsters and, in fine, producing a model of society. Nowadays, the SAT has a value as a means of effectively comparing students nationwide; but in practice, it serves to reproduce a certain social elite. Far from measuring pure intelligence disconnected from culture, it has turned into a commodity advantageous to certain social groups and ethnic communities.     

Destins professionnels des femmes ingénieures. Des retournements inattendus

In the late 1970s, a major change in techniques and a modification of the job structure opened the way for women to become engineers in the computer sciences. At the time, working conditions and policies for managing careers allowed them to benefit from ascending mobility, while still investing in family life. Given its strong growth, information technology soon became the main branch of the French economy with openings for women engineers. The downturn in employment during the 1990s and its management through “psychology-based” training arrangements restored the sexual division of labor, as women were forced out of “noble” positions in engineering and design or even out of the branch itself. These two recent trends — a feminization and then “defeminization” of reputedly “masculine” jobs — are analyzed.