确保从研究到开发界面的有效管理 --R&D个体的知识转移管理

在技术密集型公司中一个重要的问题是构建"无隔层创新流程"(seamlessinnovationprocesses)."这里无发明"(not-invented-here,NIH)综合症和其它的障碍严重影响着研究和开发之间知识和技术的有效转移.由于存在着保守型结构、过时的转移设备以及下游职能定位模糊等原因,知识转移经常失败.从研究到开发产生障碍的原因主要有以下几方面:职能分割、地理位置、专业偏好和文化背景等.首先,我们在25家公司做了100多次的半结构性访谈;然后,我们在技术密集型产业做深入的案例研究.改进从研究到开发的界面总是围绕着R&D个体展开.我们通过对ABB、Hitachi、IBM、Kao、Unisys以及xerox等公司的案例分析,得出了一些成功的实践经验.我们得出这样的结论:从研究到开发界面的有效管理通过对管理R&D个体的知识转移获得.     

基于R&D-市场营销界面管理的流程再造

R&D与市场营销部门之间的界面障碍是影响我国企业创新过程中效率低下的重要原因之一.从流程再造的核心思想出发,分析了基于R&D-市场营销界面管理的流程再造依据,并运用这一最新的管理理论,对R&D-市场营销界面管理的创新流程进行再造.     

北京地区R&D/市场营销界面管理的实证比较研究

针对我国工业企业技术创新活动实践,在北京地区工业企业中进行了大规模的R＆D/市场营销界面因素调查和实证研究.应用SPSS统计分析软件,识别了北京地区工业企业中R&D/市场营销界面上存在的主要问题,揭示了R&D部门与市场营销部门对界面管理因素认识上的差异,比较分析了国有大中型企业和开发区高新技术企业在认识上的异同点.解释了界面管理与企业技术创新绩效的联系.进而,提出了消除界面障碍的管理建议.     

R&D/市场营销界面管理的实证研究

本文讨论了R&D/市场营销界面管理研究的概念框架。在此基础上对北京地区企业进行了大规模的R&D/市场营销界面管理实证研究,应用主因素及方差分析等数据分析技术,归纳出界面管理有关的四个主要因素,并对界面管理与企业技术战略关系及部门间对界面管理因素认识上的差异进行了深入分析。
     

企业海外R&D战略联盟的进化博弈分析

企业海外R&D战略联盟具有以竞争为基础的合作进化特征,运用进化博弈模型研究了企业海外R&D战略联盟的进化稳定策略,在此基础上分析影响合作进化的因素并得出结论,即不论对参加R&D战略联盟的单个企业还是联盟整体而言,对R&D资源实施有效整合都是一项重要的措施.最后,进行了相应的案例分析.     

基于创新外溢性与不确定性的企业R＆D行为分析

本文通过技术外溢和创新偶然率的引入讨论非合作的企业R&D投入与竞争行为及合作R＆D的影响因素.本文模型分解得出公司R&D投入动力来源于行业内竞争对手R&D的竞争威胁和自身创新成功的利润激励,而R&D投入的阻力则在于对资金占用的成本和创新成功后的沉没成本.在影响创新的诸种因素中,对不同创新难度和资源互补性条件下的竞争均衡利润进行数据模拟,得到1)创新难度的适度提高有利于合作的形成;2)高资源互补性使形成合作的边际动力表现明显,利于形成合作,且使均衡的合作规模降低.     

基于不相等跳跃概率的复合期权定价模型

本文采用复合期权方法评价R＆D项目过程中,将外部信息变动所导致的、基于不相等跳跃概率的跳跃过程作为标的资产的变动过程,同时将R＆D投资所产生的溢出效应纳入到R&D项目价值评价中,这一方法使得复合期权方法应用于R＆D项目评价时更符合R＆D项目的具体特性.采用该算法计算经典案例,我们得到了敏感性分析结果.     

企业核心技术的一种评价与选择方法

针对企业未来核心技术的选择及其研究与开发(R&D),给出了一种实用的评价与选择方法.该方法包括评价技术的相关性、评价技术研发的成功可能性和选择核心技术等步骤.按照这种方法选择企业核心技术并进行研究与开发,有助于提升企业的核心技术能力.最后,给出了一个实例分析.     

基于Malmquist生产率指数的R＆D投入对制造业影响评价

首先运用基于DEA的Malmquist生产率指数对中国制造业各行业全要素生产率、技术效率和技术进步进行了测算,发现产业的技术密集度越高,技术进步、技术效率和全要素生产率指数增长越高.然后对具有较高R&D密集度的高技术产业,考察各种不同R&D活动的作用,发现企业内部R&D主要通过提高技术进步、公共R&D主要通过推进技术进步对高技术产业要素生产率的提高产生显著影响,外资活动仅对技术效率的增长产生影响,未能产生明显的技术扩散效应.     

R&D项目的期权性特征分析与期权性价值的估算

当投资者考虑是否要对一个R&D项目进行投资的时候,投资者不仅要考虑项目的技术风险,而且要考虑这个R&D项目的期权性价值.本文在对R&D项目的期权性特征分析的基础上,引入由Morris,Teisberg and Kolbe建立的R&D项目的期权性价值计算模型.针对这个模型在期权性价值计算应用中的不足之处,笔者提出对R&D项目的期权性价值分析应该遵循循环分析和定量、定性分析相结合的观点.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.