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1.
《统计学通讯:理论与方法》2012,41(16-17):2908-2921
The present article is devoted to an extension of the functional approach elaborated in the book Melas (2006 Melas , V. B. ( 2006 ). Functional Approach to Optimal Experimental Design . Lecture Notes in Statistics , Vol. 184. Heidelberg : Springer . [Google Scholar]) for studying optimal designs in linear and nonlinear regression models. Here we consider Bayesian efficient designs for nonlinear models under the standard assumptions on the observational errors. Sufficient conditions for uniqueness of locally optimal and Bayesian efficient designs for common optimality criteria are given. L-efficient Bayesian designs are constructed and investigated for a special nonlinear regression model of a rational form as an illustration of our main results. This model is interesting in both a practical and a theoretical sense.  相似文献   

2.
《统计学通讯:理论与方法》2012,41(13-14):2456-2464
Block designs with nested rows and columns were introduced in Srivastava (1978 Srivastava , J. N. ( 1978 ). Statistical design of agricultural experiments . J. Ind. Soc. Agric. Statist. 30 : 110 . [Google Scholar]) and more specifically defined in Singh and Dey (1979 Singh , M. , Dey , A. ( 1979 ). Block designs with nested rows and columns . Biometrika 66 ( 2 ): 321326 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]). We present properties of some partially balanced block designs with nested rows and columns. The designs are considered for near-factorial experiments, when there are a levels of experimental factor A and b levels of experimental factor B and there is one control treatment added. In this article we extend the theory of block designs with nested rows and columns described by \L acka and Koz?owska (2009 ?acka , A. , Koz?owska , M. ( 2009 ). Planning of factorial experiments in a block design with nested rows and columns for environmental research . Environmetrics 20 ( 6 ): 730742 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]) and Koz?owska et al. (2011 Koz?owska , M. , ?acka , A. , Krawczyk , R. , Koz?owski , R. J. ( 2011 ). Some block designs with nested rows and columns for research on pesticide dose limitation . Environmetrics 22 ( 6 ): 781788 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]). We carry out our consideration by the derived mixed linear model resulting from randomization of blocks, rows and columns. For this model of observations, some properties of estimation of treatment contrasts are discussed. We calculate the efficiency factors of estimation of treatment contrasts. We formulate theorems for some partially balanced block designs with nested rows and columns. Plant protection experiment on limitation of food acceptability for T. urticae is given to show how the obtained results can be applied.  相似文献   

3.
This article addresses the problem of confidence band construction for a standard multiple linear regression model. An “independence point” method of construction is developed which generalizes the method of Gafarian (1964) for a simple linear regression model to a multiple linear regression model. Wynn (1984 Wynn , H. P. ( 1984 ). An exact confidence band for one-dimensional polynomial regression . Biometrika 71 : 3759 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]) pioneered the approach of basing confidence bands for a polynomial regression on a set of nodes where the function estimates are independent, and this approach is exploited in this article. This method requires only critical points from t-distributions so that the confidence bands are easy to construct. Both one-sided and two-sided confidence bands can be constructed using this method. An illustration of the new method is provided, and comparisons are made with other procedures.  相似文献   

4.
A complete convergence theorem for an array of rowwise independent random variables was established by Sung et al. (2005 Sung , S. H. , Volodin , A. I. , Hu , T.-C. ( 2005 ). More on complete convergence for arrays . Statist. Probab. Lett. 71 : 303311 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]). This result has been generalized and extended by Kruglov et al. (2006 Kruglov , V. M. , Volodin , A. I. , Hu , T.-C. ( 2006 ). On complete convergence for arrays . Statist. Probab. Lett. 76 : 16311640 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]) and Chen et al. (2007 Chen , P. , Hu , T.-C. , Liu , X. , Volodin , A. ( 2007 ). On complete convergence for arrays of rowwise negatively associated random variables . Theor. Probab. Appl. 52 : 393397 . [Google Scholar]). In this article, we extend the results of Sung et al. (2005 Sung , S. H. , Volodin , A. I. , Hu , T.-C. ( 2005 ). More on complete convergence for arrays . Statist. Probab. Lett. 71 : 303311 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]), Kruglov et al. (2006 Kruglov , V. M. , Volodin , A. I. , Hu , T.-C. ( 2006 ). On complete convergence for arrays . Statist. Probab. Lett. 76 : 16311640 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]), and Chen et al. (2007 Chen , P. , Hu , T.-C. , Liu , X. , Volodin , A. ( 2007 ). On complete convergence for arrays of rowwise negatively associated random variables . Theor. Probab. Appl. 52 : 393397 . [Google Scholar]) to an array of dependent random variables satisfying Hoffmann-Jørgensen type inequalities.  相似文献   

5.
Phase I clinical trials are designed to study several doses of the same drug in a small group of patients to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), which is defined as the dose that is associated with dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) in a desired fraction Γ of patients. Durham and Flournoy [5 Durham, S. and Flournoy, N. 1995. Up-and-down designs I: Stationary treatment distributions. IMS Lecture Notes – Monogr. Ser., 25: 139157.  [Google Scholar]] proposed the biased coin design (BCD), which is an up-and-down design that assigns a new patient to a dose depending upon whether or not the current patient experienced a DLT. However, the BCD in its standard form requires the complete follow-up of the current patient before the new patient can be assigned a dose. In situations where patients’ follow-up times are relatively long compared to patient inter-arrival times, the BCD will result in an impractically long trial and cause patients to either have delayed entry into the trial or refusal of entry altogether. We propose an adaptive accelerated BCD (aaBCD) that generalizes the traditional BCD design algorithm by incorporating an adaptive weight function based upon the amount of follow-up of each enrolled patient. By doing so, the dose assignment for each eligible patient can be determined immediately with no delay, leading to a shorter trial overall. We show, via simulation, that the frequency of correctly identifying the MTD at the end of the study with the aaBCD, as well as the number of patients assigned to the MTD, are comparable to that of the traditional BCD design. We also compare the performance of the aaBCD with the accelerated BCD (ABCD) of Stylianou and Follman [19 Stylianou, M. and Follmann, D. A. 2004. The accelerated biased coin up-and-down design in phase I trials. J. Biopharmaceutical Statist., 14: 249260. [Taylor & Francis Online] [Google Scholar]], as well as the time-to-event continual reassessment method (TITE-CRM) of Cheung and Chappell [4 Cheung, Y. K. and Chappell, R. 2000. Sequential designs for phase I clinical trials with late-onset toxicities. Biometrics, 56: 11771182. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]].  相似文献   

6.
Adaptive designs find an important application in the estimation of unknown percentiles for an underlying dose-response curve. A nonparametric adaptive design was suggested by Mugno et al. (2004 Mugno, R.A., Zhus, W., Rosenberger, W.F. (2004). Adaptive urn designs for estimating several percentiles of a dose-response curve. Statist. Med. 23(13):21372150.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]) to simultaneously estimate multiple percentiles of an unknown dose-response curve via generalized Polya urns. In this article, we examine the properties of the design proposed by Mugno et al. (2004 Mugno, R.A., Zhus, W., Rosenberger, W.F. (2004). Adaptive urn designs for estimating several percentiles of a dose-response curve. Statist. Med. 23(13):21372150.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]) when delays in observing responses are encountered. Using simulations, we evaluate a modification of the design under varying group sizes. Our results demonstrate unbiased estimation with minimal loss in efficiency when compared to the original compound urn design.  相似文献   

7.
In a mixture experiment the measured response is assumed to depend only on the relative proportion of ingredients or components present in the mixture. Scheffe (1958 Scheffe , H. ( 1958 ). Experiments with mixtures . J. R. Statist. Soc. B 20 : 344360 . [Google Scholar], 1963 Scheffe , H. ( 1963 ). Simplex – centroid design for experiments with mixtures . J. R. Statist. Soc. B 25 : 235263 . [Google Scholar]) first systematically considered this problem and introduced different models and designs suitable in such situations. Optimum designs for the estimation of parameters of different mixture models are available in the literature. The problem of estimating the optimum proportion of mixture components is of great practical importance. Pal and Mandal (2006 Pal , M. , Mandal , N. K. ( 2006 ). Optimum designs for optimum mixtures . Statist. Probab. Lett. 76 ( 13 ): 13691379 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar], 2007 Pal , M. , Mandal , N. K. (2007). Optimum mixture design via equivalence theory. communicated. JCISS 32:107126. [Google Scholar]) attempted to find a solution to this problem by adopting a pseudo-Bayesian approach and using the trace criterion. Subsequently, Pal and Mandal (2008 Pal , M. , Mandal , N. K. ( 2008 ). Minimax designs for optimum mixtures . To appear in Statist. Probab. Lett.  [Google Scholar]) solved the problem using minimax criterion. In this article, the deficiency criterion due to Chatterjee and Mandal (1981 Chatterjee , S. K. , Mandal , N. K. ( 1981 ). Response surface designs for estimating the optimal point . Calcutta Statist. Assoc. Bull. . 30 : 145169 .[Crossref] [Google Scholar]) has been used as a measure for comparing the performance of competing designs.  相似文献   

8.
Sharma (1977 Sharma , V. K. ( 1977 ). Change-over designs with complete balance for first and second order residual effect . Canad. J. Statist. 5 : 121132 .[Crossref] [Google Scholar]) and Aggarwal et al. (2006 Aggarwal , M. L. , Deng , L.-Y. , Jha , M. K. ( 2006 ). Balanced residual treatment effects designs of first and second order . Statist. Probab. Lett. 76 : 597600 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]) considered non circular construction of first- and second-order balanced repeated measurements designs. Sharma et al. (2002 Sharma , V. K. , Varghese , C. , Jaggi , S. ( 2002 ). On optimality of change-over designs balanced for first and second order residual effects . Metron 60 : 153162 . [Google Scholar]) constructed circular first- and second-order balanced repeated measurements designs only for a class with parameters (v, p = 3n, n = v 2) and also showed its universal optimality. In this article, we consider circular construction of first- and second-order balanced repeated measurements designs and strongly balanced repeated measurements designs by using the method of cyclic shifts. Some new circular designs with parameters (v, p, n) for cases p = v, p < v and p > v are given.  相似文献   

9.
This article studies a mixture-amount model, which is quadratic both in the proportions of mixing components and the amount of mixture. Using the pseudo-Bayesian approach of Pal and Mandal (2006 Pal , M. , Mandal , N. K. ( 2006 ). Optimum designs for optimum mixtures . Statist. Probab. Lett. 76 : 13691379 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]), it attempts to find the A-optimal design for the estimation of the optimum mixing proportions and the optimum amount.  相似文献   

10.
In Bayesian Inference it is often desirable to have a posterior density reflecting mainly the information from sample data. To achieve this purpose it is important to employ prior densities which add little information to the sample. We have in the literature many such prior densities, for example, Jeffreys (1967 Jeffreys , H. ( 1967 ). Theory of Probability , 3rd rev. ed. . London : Oxford University Press . [Google Scholar]), Lindley (1956 Lindley , D. V. ( 1956 ). On a measure of the information provided by an experiment . Ann. Mathemat. Statist. 27 : 9861005 .[Crossref] [Google Scholar]); (1961 Lindley , D. V. ( 1961 ). The use of prior probability distributions in statistical inference and decisions . In: Neyman , J. , ed. Proceedings of the Fourth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability . Vol. 1. Berkeley : University of California Press , pp. 453468 . [Google Scholar]), Hartigan (1964 Hartigan , J. ( 1964 ). Invariant priors distributions . Ann. Mathemat. Statist. 35 : 836845 .[Crossref] [Google Scholar]), Bernardo (1979 Bernardo , J. M. ( 1979 ). Reference posterior distributions for Bayesian inference . J. Roy. Statist. Soc. 41 ( 2 ): 113147 . [Google Scholar]), Zellner (1984 Zellner , A. ( 1984 ). Maximal Data Information Prior Distributions, Basic Issues in Econometrics . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . [Google Scholar]), Tibshirani (1989 Tibshirani , R. ( 1989 ). Noninformative priors for one parameters of many . Biometrika 76 : 604608 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]), etc. In the present article, we compare the posterior densities of the reliability function by using Jeffreys, the maximal data information (Zellner, 1984 Zellner , A. ( 1984 ). Maximal Data Information Prior Distributions, Basic Issues in Econometrics . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . [Google Scholar]), Tibshirani's, and reference priors for the reliability function R(t) in a Weibull distribution.  相似文献   

11.
This article extends the correlation methodology developed by Chinchilli et al. (2005 Chinchilli , V. M. , Phillips , B. R. , Mauger , D. T. , Szefler , S. J. ( 2005 ). A general class of correlation coefficients for the 2 × 2 crossover design . Biometr. J. 47 : 110 . [Google Scholar]) for the 2 × 2 crossover design to more complex crossover designs for clinical trials. We describe how the methodology can be adapted to a general type of two-treatment crossover design which includes either at least two sequences or at least two treatment periods or both. We then derive the asymptotic theory for the corresponding correlation statistics, investigate the statistical accuracy of the estimators via bootstrap analyses, and demonstrate their use with two real data examples.  相似文献   

12.
The Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM; Tusher et al., 2001 Tusher , V. G. , Tibshirani , R. , Chu , G. ( 2001 ). Significance analysis of microarrys applied to the ionizing radiation response . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98 : 51165121 .[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]) method is widely used in analyzing gene expression data while controlling the FDR by using resampling-based procedure in the microarray setting. One of the main components of the SAM procedure is the adjustment of the test statistic. The introduction of the fudge factor to the test statistic aims at deflating the large value of test statistics due to the small standard error of gene-expression. Lin et al. (2008 Lin , D. , Shkedy , Z. , Burzykowski , T. , Göhlmann , H. W. H. , De Bondt , A. , Perera , T. , Geerts , T. , Bijnens , L. ( 2008 ). Significance analysis of microarray (SAM) for comparisons of several treatments with one control . Biometric Journal, MCP 50 ( 5 ): 801823 .[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]) pointed out that the fudge factor does not effectively improve the power and the control of the FDR as compared to the SAM procedure without the fudge factor in the presence of small variance genes. Motivated by the simulation results presented in Lin et al. (2008 Lin , D. , Shkedy , Z. , Burzykowski , T. , Göhlmann , H. W. H. , De Bondt , A. , Perera , T. , Geerts , T. , Bijnens , L. ( 2008 ). Significance analysis of microarray (SAM) for comparisons of several treatments with one control . Biometric Journal, MCP 50 ( 5 ): 801823 .[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]), in this article, we extend our study to compare several methods for choosing the fudge factor in the modified t-type test statistics and use simulation studies to investigate the power and the control of the FDR of the considered methods.  相似文献   

13.
The order of experimental runs in a fractional factorial experiment is essential when the cost of level changes in factors is considered. The generalized foldover scheme given by [1] Coster, D. C. and Cheng, C. S. 1988. Minimum cost trend free run orders of fractional factorial designs. The Annals of Statistics, 16: 11881205. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]gives an optimal order to experimental runs in an experiment with specified defining contrasts. An experiment can be specified by a design requirement such as resolution or estimation of some interactions. To meet such a requirement, we can find several sets of defining contrasts. Applying the generalized foldover scheme to these sets of defining contrasts, we obtain designs with different numbers of level changes and then the design with minimum number of level changes. The difficulty is to find all the sets of defining contrasts. An alternative approach is investigated by [2] Cheng, C. S., Martin, R. J. and Tang, B. 1998. Two-level factorial designs with extreme numbers of level changes. The Annals of Statistics, 26: 15221539. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]for two-level fractional factorial experiments. In this paper, we investigate experiments with all factors in slevels.  相似文献   

14.
The slope of the best fit line from minimizing the sum of the squared oblique errors is the root of a polynomial of degree four. This geometric view of measurement errors is used to give insight into the performance of various slope estimators for the measurement error model including an adjusted fourth moment estimator introduced by Gillard and Iles (2005 Gillard , J. , Iles , T. ( 2005 ). Method of moments estimation in linear regression with errors in both variables, Cardiff University School of Mathematics Technical Report, Cardiff, Wales, UK . [Google Scholar]) to remove the jump discontinuity in the estimator of Copas (1972 Copas , J. ( 1972 ). The likelihood surface in the linear functional relationship problem . Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological) 34 : 274278 . [Google Scholar]). The polynomial of degree four is associated with a minimun deviation estimator. A simulation study compares these estimators showing improvement in bias and mean squared error.  相似文献   

15.
In this article, the exchange and interchange algorithm of Zergaw (1989 Zergaw , G. ( 1989 ). A sequential method of constructing optimal block designs . Austral. J. Statist. 31 : 333342 .[Crossref] [Google Scholar]) and Martin and Eccleston (1992 Martin , R. J. , Eccleston , J. A. ( 1992 ). Recursive formulae for constructing block designs with dependent errors . Biometrika 79 : 426430 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]) have been modified and used for searching efficient block designs for making all possible pairwise treatment comparisons when observations are dependent. The lower bounds to the A- and D-efficiencies of the designs in a given class of the designs have been obtained for correlated observation structure and the procedure of computing lower bounds to A- and D-efficiencies has been incorporated in the algorithm. The algorithm has been translated into a computer program using Microsoft Visual C++. Using this program, a search for efficient designs for making all possible pairwise treatment comparisons has been made for v ≤ 10, b ≤ 33, k ≤ 10 such that bk ≤ 100 and v > k. The block designs considered are usual block designs (rectangular block designs) and circular block designs. Nearest neighbor (NN), autoregressive of order 1 (AR(1)) correlation structures are studied. The ranges of correlation coefficients for different correlation structures investigated are |ρ|≤0.50 for NN correlation structure in rectangular blocks, |ρ|≤0.45 for NN correlation structure in circular blocks, and |ρ|≤0.95 for AR(1) correlation structure. For these ranges, the matrix of correlation coefficients among observations within a block is positive definite. Robustness aspects of designs that are efficient for a given value of correlation have been investigated against other values of correlation coefficients. Robustness aspects of designs that are efficient for independent observations have also been studied for experimental situations with dependent observations.  相似文献   

16.
ABSTRACT

Repeated confidence intervals (RCIs) and prediction intervals (PIs) can be used for the design and monitoring of group sequential trials. Stochastically curtailed tests (SCTs) under fractional Brownian motion (FBM) have been studied for the interim analysis of clinical trials (Zhang et al., 2015 Zhang, Q., Lai, D.J., Davis, B.R. (2015). Stochastically curtailed tests under fractional Brownian motion. Commun. Stat. Theory Methods. 44(5):1053–1064.[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]). In this article, we derive RCIs and PIs based on SCTs under FBM for one-sided derived tests (Jennison and Turnbull, 2000 Jennison, C., Turnbull, B.W. (2000). Group Sequential Methods with Applications to Clinical Trials. Boca Raton, London: Chapman and Hall. [Google Scholar]). Comparisons of RCI width and sample size requirement are made to those under Brownian motion (BM) and to those of Pocock and O'Brien-Fleming design types for various type I, type II error rates, and number of interim analyses. Interim data from Beta-Blocker Heart Attack Trial are used to illustrate how to design and monitor clinical trials using these RCIs and PIs under FBM. Results show that these one-sided derived tests based on SCTs have narrower final confidence intervals and require smaller sample sizes than those using classical group sequential designs. The Hurst parameter has more impact on the RCI width than on the sample size requirements for the proposed designs.  相似文献   

17.
ABSTRACT

Skew-symmetric distributions have been discussed by several research-ers. In this article we construct a skew-symmetric Laplace distribution, which is the generalization of distribution given by Ali et al. (2009 Ali, M., Pal, M., Woo, J. (2009). Skewed reflected distributions generated by the Laplace kernel. Aust. J. Statist. 38:4558. [Google Scholar]) and Nekoukhou and Alamatsaz (2012 Nekoukhou, V., Alamatsaz, M.H. (2012). A family of skew-symmetric-Laplace distributions. Statist. Papers. 53(3):685696.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]). This new distribution contains more parameters, and this induces flexibility properties, such as unimodality or bimodality. We study on some properties of this distribution. In the last section we also provide an application with a real data. Concerning example has recently been discussed by Nekoukhou et al. (2013 Nekoukhou, V., Alamatsaz, M.H., Aghajani, A.H. (2013). A flexible skew-generalized normal distribution. Commun. Statist. Theory Methods. 42(13):23242334.[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]) to apply to their model. We compare the behavior of our distribution to their distribution on this example.  相似文献   

18.
Blaisdell and Raghavarao (1980 Blaisdell , E. A. , Raghavarao , D. ( 1980 ). Partially balanced change-over designs based on m-associate class PBIB designs . JRSS B 42 : 334338 . [Google Scholar] 1985 Blaisdell , E. A. , Raghavarao , D. ( 1985 ). Efficiency bounds for partially balanced change-over designs based on m-associate class PBIB designs . JRSS B 47 : 132135 . [Google Scholar]) introduced partially balanced residual treatment effects designs and gave methods of construction of these designs. They also gave efficiencies for the estimated direct and residual elementary treatment contrasts of these designs. In this paper, we construct some new series of partially balanced residual treatment effects designs and also give their efficiencies for the estimated direct and residual elementary treatment contrasts.  相似文献   

19.
Appropriate run orders can make all estimable effects free of some trends in blocked fractional factorial experiments. We need to design blocked experiments with effects free of trends in blocks. The generalized foldover scheme given by Coster (1993 Coster , D. C. ( 1993 ). Trend-free run orders of mixed-level fractional factorial designs . Ann. Statist. 21 : 20722086 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]) can be used to obtain such designs. In this article, we propose an easy and better approach to deal with this issue when the same trends appear in blocks. We investigate block trend property of columns in the orthogonal plans in s k runs for assigning factors to obtain block-trend free designs in a trend-free order. We illustrate our approach with three examples.  相似文献   

20.
The cost and time consumption of many industrial experimentations can be reduced using the class of supersaturated designs since this can be used for screening out the important factors from a large set of potentially active variables. A supersaturated design is a design for which there are fewer runs than effects to be estimated. Although there exists a wide study of construction methods for supersaturated designs, their analysis methods are yet in an early research stage. In this article, we propose a method for analyzing data using a correlation-based measure, named as symmetrical uncertainty. This method combines measures from the information theory field and is used as the main idea of variable selection algorithms developed in data mining. In this work, the symmetrical uncertainty is used from another viewpoint in order to determine more directly the important factors. The specific method enables us to use supersaturated designs for analyzing data of generalized linear models for a Bernoulli response. We evaluate our method by using some of the existing supersaturated designs, obtained according to methods proposed by Tang and Wu (1997 Tang , B. , Wu , C. F. J. (1997). A method for constructing supersaturated designs and its E(s 2)-optimality. Canadian Journal of Statistics 25:191201.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]) as well as by Koukouvinos et al. (2008 Koukouvinos , C. , Mylona , K. , Simos , D. E. ( 2008 ). E(s 2)-optimal and minimax-optimal cyclic supersaturated designs via multi-objective simulated annealing . Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 138 : 16391646 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]). The comparison is performed by some simulating experiments and the Type I and Type II error rates are calculated. Additionally, Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves methodology is applied as an additional statistical tool for performance evaluation.  相似文献   

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