金融监管对商业银行产品创新影响——基于两阶段DEA模型的研究

以金融监管为视角,从银监会政策发布到各商业银行设计理财产品产生收益,其政策效应过程是有衔接分阶段性的。本文运用两阶段的数据包络分析(Data Envelopment Analysis, DEA)方法,将监管环境下银行理财产品的运营过程分为创新产品设计与创新产品市场表现两个阶段,得到了2004年至2014年间我国银行业的创新效率,结果显示第一阶段的银行业产品创新效率和第二阶段的理财产品市场表现效率基本上呈现出正相关的关系,且金融监管对商业银行产品创新的影响效果有一定的滞后性。此外,通过计算出历年银行业创新效率投入指标的改进值,找出了效率非有效的年份与最佳效率的年份在投入产出上的差距,并从监管者的角度和银行操作层面为针对银行产品创新的监管改进提供了政策建议。     

基于两阶段交叉效率模型的中国商业银行效率评价

为了更好的评价我国商业银行的效率,在传统两阶段DEA模型中引入交叉效率,并对两阶段生产系统的内部结构进行优化,构建了考虑共享投入和非期望产出的两阶段交叉效率模型。最后结合中国16家商业银行2006-2015年的年度报表,分别应用传统的两阶段DEA模型和新模型评价样本银行的效率。结果表明：新模型比传统模型更客观、区分力更强,具有更强的稳定性,更适合用于评价我国商业银行的效率。     

Efficiency evaluation of banks in China: A dynamic two-stage slacks-based measure approach

Operational processes of banks in China can be divided into productivity and profitability stages. Within this, non-performing loans can be treated as a carry-over variable, an undesirable output of the profitability stage in the previous period but an input to the profitability stage in the current period. Using this framework, this paper proposes a dynamic two-stage slacks-based measure model to evaluate the efficiencies of Chinese banks. Based on the proposed model, the measures of stage, period and period stage efficiencies are defined. The proposed approach is applied to evaluate the operational efficiency of banks in China during 2008–2012. Key findings are that banks in China show both technical and scale inefficiency during 2008–2012, which results from the inefficiencies of both the productivity stage and profitability stage; city-owned commercial banks are more overall technically efficient than state-owned commercial banks and joint-stock commercial banks although state-owned commercial banks show best practice for pure technical efficiency, and city-owned commercial banks perform better than joint-stock commercial banks for pure technical efficiency.     

影响我国银行业效率因素的实证研究

运用DEA模型测算了商业银行技术效率、纯技术效率和规模效率,并进行了多元回归分析,得出影响我国银行业效率(1993年～1998年)的主要因素银行资产质量、人力资本、经营管理能力、产权结构、市场竞争程度等。     

Two-stage DEA models with undesirable input-intermediate-outputs

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a non-parametric approach for measuring the relative efficiencies of peer decision making units (DMUs). Many studies have examined DEA efficiencies of two-stage systems, where all the outputs from the first stage are the only inputs to the second stage. Although single-stage DEA models with undesirable input-outputs have been extensively studied, there still lacks of more systematical investigation on two-stage DEA with undesirable variables. For instance, depending on its operating model, even whether an intermediate variable is desirable or undesirable can be questionable for a particular two-stage system. Furthermore, most of the existing studies on two-stage systems focus on the case where only the final outputs are undesirable. In this work, we try to systematically examine two-stage DEA models with undesirable input-intermediate-outputs. Particularly, we utilize the free-disposal axioms to construct the production possibility sets (PPS) and the corresponding DEA models with undesirable variables. The proposed models are then used to illustrate some theoretical perspectives by using the data of China׳s listed banks.     

两阶段DEA前沿面投影问题研究——兼对我国上市银行运营绩效进行评价

DEA方法,即数据包络分析方法,是一种用于评价决策单元(Decision Making Units,DMUs)相对有效性的实证方法。近年来DEA方法已经广泛的应用于各行各业的绩效评价中,并发展出两阶段DEA方法。两阶段DEA方法相对于传统DEA方法的优势在于,它不但可以提供被评价对象的总体效率值,还可以分别生成每一阶段的效率值。但正是由于中间要素的存在,按照传统的DEA方法来调整两阶段DEA投入、产出要素的优化过程已不能成功投影在有效前沿面上。本文基于两阶段DEA方法,通过加入"虚拟中间要素"在两阶段DEA中嵌入一个"虚拟阶段",这样不但完善了两阶段DEA的逻辑结构,而且成功的将被评价单元投影到有效前沿面。最后本文应用以上方法对我国上市银行的运营绩效进行了实证分析。实证结果令我们意外的是,国有商业银行运营绩效优于股份制银行。     

Do performance and environmental conditions act as barriers for cross-border banking in Europe?

This paper attempts to analyse whether banking technology and environmental conditions act as barriers for the entry of foreign banks in each European banking industry. We evaluate how the efficiency score of a representative commercial bank of a given European country changes if it decides to move abroad. To carry out this analysis, we use a sample of 700 banks belonging to 11 European countries. Countries are paired and each couple is studied by using four DEA production frontiers. These frontiers allow us to measure the technological and environmental gaps between the two countries considered and, based on them, to predict the new efficiency score of the representative bank of a country that decides to operate in a different country. The results indicate, as expected, that being technologically advanced appears to be a significant deterrent to foreign competition, and that adverse environmental conditions constitute a real barrier for cross-border banking activity. Additionally, the results suggest that host-nation banking performance is a good safeguard against cross-border competition.     

Opening the black box of efficiency analysis: An illustration with UAE banks

Standard data envelopment analysis (DEA) does not provide adequate detail to identify the specific sources of inefficiency embedded in interacting divisions of an organization. On the other hand, network DEA gives access to this underlying diagnostic information that would otherwise remain undiscovered. As a first study of its kind, the paper illustrates an application of non-oriented network slacks-based measure using simulated profit center data that, in turn, rely on actual aggregate data on domestic commercial banks in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The study also contributes to a perennial research problem, namely, inability of the outside researcher to access internal data for developing or testing new methods. In addition to these contributions to the Operations Research literature, focusing on UAE contributes to banking literature because this rapidly expanding part of the Middle East seldom appears in frontier efficiency literature.     

A Bayesian approach to statistical inference in stochastic DEA

Stochastic DEA can deal effectively with noise in the non-parametric measurement of efficiency but unfortunately formal statistical inference on efficiency measures in not possible. In this paper, we provide a Bayesian approach to the problem organized around simulation techniques that allow for finite-sample inferences on efficiency scores. The new methods are applied to efficiency analysis of the Greek banking system for the period 1993–1999. The results show that the majority of the Greek banks operate close to best market practices.     

Slacks-based inefficiency approach for general networks with bad outputs: An application to the banking sector

In this paper the efficiency assessment of general networks of processes that produce both desirable and undesirable outputs is addressed. This problem arises in many contexts (e.g. transportation, energy generation, etc.). A general networks slacks-based inefficiency (GNSBI) measure can be computed using a simple linear program that takes into account the weak disposability of the bad outputs. The slacks-based inefficiency (SBI) of each process is also calculated. Target values for all inputs, outputs (both desirable and undesirable) and even intermediate products are also provided. The proposed approach is rather general and can accommodate many different network topologies and returns to scale assumptions. Two applications to the banking sector are presented: one to assess banks efficiencies and another to assess bank branches.     

Benchmarking firm performance from a multiple-stakeholder perspective with an application to Chinese banking

We know very little about how a firm would compare against its peers when evaluated from a multiple-stakeholder perspective where the same variables are interpreted differently. Since most medium-to-large organizations acknowledge the multi-dimensional nature of their operations, finding out the performance evaluations of various stakeholders can inform managerial decision-making. Thus, the main motivation for this study is to capture the interactions among different perceptions on a common set of performance measures. Using data envelopment analysis (DEA), we work with an approach that allows a flexible designation of inputs and outputs based on varying perspectives of five key stakeholders in banking. The versatile approach demonstrates that different views from the stakeholder universe can be summarily captured in DEA scores. A numerical example on Chinese commercial banks identifies the compliant (efficient) banks versus rigid (inefficient) banks, as well as the amenable stakeholders (those evaluating banks as efficient) versus the recalcitrant stakeholders (those evaluating banks as inefficient). The aligned views held by management and shareholders as evidenced by significant correlation among performance rankings imply reduced agency costs. Similarly, shared perceptions between customers and employees may encourage management to examine how this important business interface can be improved.     

Efficiency improvement from multiple perspectives: An application to Japanese banking industry

The current study focuses on efficiency improvement for banking systems from multiple perspectives, which have different definitions of input/output about various attributes of a banking system. In this research we utilize data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Nash bargaining game (NBG) theory to improve inefficient banks in order to: (1) Make the inefficient bank be the state of Pareto Optimality for multiple perspectives, which can avoid discontentment of some perspectives. (2) Improve a bank by changing its attributes and provide various improving schemes for decision makers. A numerical case study of Japanese banks is also given to show the results of equilibrium solution from multiple perspectives.     

存在非期望输入输出的多阶段系统效率评价模型

现有多阶段DEA模型的研究普遍假设所有输入、输出均为期望指标, 对存在非期望指标的情况研究较少, 尚无对最初投入和中间产出带有非期望指标的研究。为此, 本文首先提出了输入、输出类型的判定方法, 并将其应用于存在非期望输入、输出的两阶段系统。进一步针对存在非期望指标的两阶段生产系统中同种输入、输出, 尤其中间产出类型判定一致与不一致的情况, 构建了相应的生产可能集以及两阶段DEA模型, 最后利用本文方法和模型对我国上市银行效率进行了评价。     

Multi-period efficiency measurement in data envelopment analysis: The case of Taiwanese commercial banks

In measuring the overall efficiency of a set of decision making units (DMUs) in a time span covering multiple periods, the conventional approach is to use the aggregate data of the multiple periods via a data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique, ignoring the specific situation of each period. This paper proposes using a relational network model to take the operations of individual periods into account in measuring efficiencies. The overall and period efficiencies of a DMU can be calculated at the same time. Notably, the overall efficiency is a weighted average of the period efficiencies, and the weights are the most favorable ones for the DMU being evaluated. This model, together with two existing ones, is applied to measure the efficiency of 22 Taiwanese commercial banks for the period of 2009–2011. The three-year multi-period analysis shows that the proposed model is more discriminative than the existing ones in ranking the performance of the banks. The period efficiencies for the three years increased steadily, indicating that the performances of the Taiwanese banks examined in this work were improving over this period.     

An illustration of dynamic network DEA in commercial banking including robustness tests

The main motivation of this article is to illustrate dynamic network data envelopment analysis (DN-DEA) in commercial banking with emphasis on testing robustness. To this end, sixteen foreign banks in China are benchmarked against thirty-two domestic banks for the post-2007 period that follows major reforms. When network and dynamic dimensions are brought together, a more comprehensive analysis of the period 2008–2010 is enabled where divisional and between-period interactions are reflected in efficiency estimates. Weighted, variable returns-to-scale, non-oriented dynamic network slacks-based measure is used within the framework of the intermediation approach to bank behavior. A bank network (i.e., a decision-making unit, DMU) is conceptualized as comprised of two divisions or sub-DMUs, namely, interest-bearing operations and non-interest operations linked by number of referrals. Undesirable outputs from sub-DMUs 1 and 2 (non-performing loans, and proportion of fruitless referrals, respectively) are treated as carry-overs that impact the efficiency of the following periods. Under robustness testing, the illustrative application discusses discrimination by efficiency estimates, dimensionality of the performance model, stability of estimates through re-sampling (leave-one-out method), and sensitivity of results to divisional weights and returns-to-scale assumptions. The results based on Chinese commercial banks are illustrative in nature because of simulated data used on two of the variables.     

基于最近距离投影的DEA两阶段效率评价方法研究

数据包络分析是进行效率评价最重要的方法之一。传统的数据包络分析理论主要寻找有效前沿面上的最远距离投影，在极大化无效性指数的同时也面临着效率改进的巨大难度和高额成本。对于具有两阶段内部生产结构的决策单元，本文从考虑最小改进难度的视角出发，提出了最近距离投影的两阶段效率评价方法。该方法首先得到所有强有效决策单元的线性组合，且这些组合均占优于被评价的两阶段决策单元。然后建立了两阶段范围调整效率评价模型，在确定具有最近投影距离的占优组合的同时，得到了两阶段评价效率。最后，本文运用我国32家上市银行的年度数据对所提出方法进行了应用验证。     

非独立并联生产系统的DEA效率评价研究

对复杂生产系统进行效率评价,是改善其生产效率的基础.针对非独立并联结构生产系统的效率评价问题开展研究.首先,将两阶段非独立并联生产系统等价为先并联后串联结构的混联生产系统;其次,将混联生产系统的整体效率定义为各串联子系统效率的乘积,而各个串联子系统的效率则定义为内部各并联子系统效率的加权和,并给出了对应的DEA效率评价模型;最后,有关定理和算例分析证实了该模型能更合理地评价此类生产系统的技术效率,能够更大程度地挖掘系统整体性能改善的潜力.     

并联决策单元的动态DEA效率评价研究

具有并联决策单元内部结构的系统是一类具有代表性的复杂生产系统,其内部结构已不再是传统观念的黑箱,而是由多个并联(平行)的生产单位组成.在已有并联决策单元DEA效率评价方法的基础上加入时间维度,增加规划问题的约束条件,推演出该种复杂系统的动态DEA效率评价指标,并以中国14家商业银行的数据进行实证.研究结果表明,2005年至2008年没有一家银行的动态效率指数为0,这说明中国银行系统的生产效率并没有达到最优;中国商业银行的地区效率基本遵循沿海地区-中部地区-西部地区依次递减的态势,此规律在中国国有银行中的体现更为明显;影响银行效率改进的主要原因是各银行本身的差异,而不是不同经济区域之间的环境差别.     

Impact of extreme temperatures on the performance evaluation of China's work-related injury insurance system

With the influence of climate change resulting in more extreme days, a rise in the number of work-related injuries could be expected. The literature has addressed the performance evaluation of a work-related injury insurance (WII) system via a two-stage structure with input/output correlation as well as the impact of extreme temperatures under different scenarios. This article thus evaluates the performance of a system comprised of operational and service sub-systems under three scenarios of extreme temperatures and proposes a hybrid two-stage dynamic data envelopment analysis (DEA) model with nondiscretionary variables for measuring integrated WII efficiency under the three scenarios. The results are as follows: (1) the poor performance of the operational and service sub-systems leads to the integrated WII system's low efficiency for 30 provinces in China during 2010–2019, except for Zhejiang, Hainan, and Qinghai. (2) Extreme temperatures must be considered when measuring WII efficiency and its stage efficiencies, or otherwise WII efficiency and operational efficiency will be underestimated in 19 provinces. (3) The negative impacts of extreme temperatures on the efficiency of the integrated WII system should be taken notice of, especially for Sichuan.     

评价相对效率的投入-产出型DEA

传统DEA只能在固定投入或产出的条件下,从产出或投入角度测算决策单元相对效率,因而不能综合地反映决策单元的投入产出效果.基于双目标规划,本文将提出从投入及产出角度评价决策单元相对效率的投入-产出型DEA,并研究其相对有效性.最后以沪市16家高科技上市公司为应用实例,研究其相对经营效率.