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1.
Shawn R. Currie Natalie Miller David C. Hodgins JianLi Wang 《International Gambling Studies》2013,13(1):19-38
The measurement of harm in the context of non-problem gambling has received little attention from researchers in the field. Using the combined data from six provincial gambling surveys conducted in Canada between 2001 and 2005 (N = 12,285), we compared how different thresholds of defining gambling-related harm impacts prevalence, the relationship with indicators of gambling intensity and the characteristics of non-pathological gamblers who report experiencing below threshold symptoms of problem gambling. Survey items defining harm were drawn from the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) of the Canadian Problem Gambling Index. Three definitions of harm – reporting one or more problem gambling symptoms, reporting two or more problem gambling symptoms and having a PGSI score ≥ 3 – demonstrated a strong relationship with indicators of gambling intensity, and reliably differentiated low-threshold and zero symptom problem gamblers in terms of gambling characteristics and other risk factors. 相似文献
2.
Nigel E. Turner Denise L. Preston Steven McAvoy Laura Gillam 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2013,29(3):435-451
This paper reports on the results of a multi-site survey of gambling behaviour and gambling problems amongst offenders in correctional institutions in Ontario, Canada, conducted between 2008 and 2011. A total of 422 (completion rate 61.5 %) incarcerated offenders (381 male and 41 female) took part in the study including 301 federal offenders and 121 provincial offenders. Based on the Problem Gambling Severity Index of the Canadian Problem Gambling Index (CPGI/PGSI) the prevalence rate of severe problem gambling was 8.9 prior to incarceration and 4.4 % during incarceration. These numbers are substantially higher than rates found among the general public. Thirty-four percent of the sample reported gambling in prison. Half of those who suffered from gambling problems before incarceration continued to have gambling problems during incarceration. People with problems related to slot machines prior to incarceration reported fewer gambling problems during incarceration compared to other problem gamblers. 相似文献
3.
Rockloff MJ 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2012,28(2):207-216
A 3 item screen for problem gambling was developed based on a conceptual analogue of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test—Consumption (Bush et al. in Arch Intern Med 158:1789–1795, 1998); a brief screen that measures consumption rather than harm. Data were collected from an email panel survey of 588 men and
810 women (n = 1,398) across all states in Australia. Respondents indicated their consumption of gambling products using the 3 items of
the new Consumption Screen for Problem Gambling (CSPG). Receiver Operating Characteristics curve analysis was used to analyze
the performance of the new items relative to the Problem Gambling Severity Index (Ferris and Wynne in The Canadian problem
gambling index: Final report, 2001). Results show a 98% probability that the CSPG score for a randomly chosen positive case of problem gambling will exceed
the score for a randomly chosen negative case. In addition, a score of 4+ on the CSPG identified all 14 cases of Problem Gambling
correctly, while only 7.3% of non-problem gamblers had scores of 4+ (sensitivity = 100%; specificity = 92.7%). Lastly, only
3.0% of respondents without any gambling problems had CSPG scores of 4+. The current study suggests that the CSPG, a brief consumption-based measure for
gambling products, can quickly and accurately identify people who are likely to be experiencing gambling problems. 相似文献
4.
Rockloff MJ Dyer V 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2006,22(1):101-120
A focus group of Reno area Gamblers Anonymous members identified four psychological traits contributing to risk for problem gambling, including: Escape, Esteem, Excess and Excitement. A panel of four experts authored 240 Likert-type items to measure these traits. By design, none of the items explicitly referred to gambling activities. Study 1 narrowed the field of useful items by employing a quasi-experimental design which compared the answers of Reno area Gamblers Anonymous members (N = 39) to a control sample (N = 34). Study 2 submitted successful items, plus new items authored with the knowledge gained from Study 1, to validation in a random sample telephone survey across Queensland, Australia (N=2577). The final 40 item Four Es scale (4Es) was reliable (α=.90); predicted gambling problems as measured by the Canadian Problem Gambling Index of Severity (PGSI, Ferris & Wynne (2001). The Canadian Problem Gambling Index: Final Report: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse); and distinguished problem gamblers from persons with alcohol abuse problems. The new scale can provide a basis for further study in harm minimization, treatment, and theory development. 相似文献
5.
Loo JM Oei TP Raylu N 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2011,27(3):453-466
The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese 9-item Problem Gambling Severity Index
(PGSI) derived from the 31-item Canadian Problem Gambling Index (CPGI) originally developed by Ferris and Wynne (2001). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA; n = 386; Group A data) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; n = 387; Group B data) on the Chinese student and community data (Mean age = 25.36 years) showed that a unifactorial model
fitted the data with good reliability score (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.77). The concurrent validity of the PGSI-C was good in terms
of the Chinese data matching the expected correlation between PGSI-C and other variables or scales such as SOGS, gambling
frequency, gambling urge, gambling cognitions, depression, anxiety, and stress. The scale also reported good discriminant
and predictive validity. In sum, the PGSI-C has good psychometric properties and can be used among Chinese communities to
identify at-risk problem gamblers. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
6.
Li H Mao LL Zhang JJ Wu Y Li A Chen J 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2012,28(1):47-68
The purpose of this study was to identify and examine the dimensions of problem gambling behaviors associated with purchasing
sports lottery in China. This was accomplished through the development and validation of the Scale of Assessing Problem Gambling
(SAPG). The SAPG was initially developed through a comprehensive qualitative research process. Research participants (N = 4,982) were Chinese residents who had purchased sports lottery tickets, who responded to a survey packet, representing
a response rate of 91.4%. Data were split into two halves, one for conducting an EFA and the other for a CFA. A five-factor
model with 19 items (Social Consequence, Financial Consequence, Harmful Behavior, Compulsive Disorder, and Depression Sign)
showed good measurement properties to assess problem gambling of sports lottery consumers in China, including good fit to
the data (RMSEA = 0.050, TLI = 0.978, and CFI = 0.922), convergent and discriminate validity, and reliability. Regression
analyses revealed that except for Depression Sign, the SAPG factors were significantly (P < 0.05) predictive of purchase behaviors of sports lottery. This study represents an initial effort to understand the dimensions
of problem gambling associated with Chinese sports lottery. The developed scale may be adopted by researchers and practitioners
to examine problem gambling behaviors and develop effective prevention and intervention procedures based on tangible evidence. 相似文献
7.
Delfabbro P Borgas M King D 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2012,28(2):155-169
In several jurisdictions around the world, venue staff are encouraged to make reasonable attempts to determine whether patrons
may be experiencing problems associated with their gambling. Although a number of visible indicators and behaviours are recognised
as being indicative of gambling problems, no research has investigated how effective staff might be in identifying problem
gamblers in venues. The aim of this field test was to examine the level of patron familiarity amongst staff working in small
to moderate-sized venues. Patrons (n = 303) were asked to complete a short survey including the Problem Gambling Severity Index and venue staff were asked to
describe their knowledge of the same patrons independently. The results showed that patrons rated as more at risk by staff
scored significantly higher on the PGSI, but that point-in-time staff ratings were not sufficiently accurate to allow effective
identification of problem gamblers. The importance of using accumulated information over multiple sessions as well as technological
monitoring of behaviour was emphasised by these results. 相似文献
8.
Helga Myrseth Geir Scott Brunborg Magnus Eidem 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2010,26(4):561-569
Cognitive distortions have been thought to play an important role in the development and maintenance of pathological gambling.
The present study investigated whether severity of gambling problems and gamblers’ preference for chance or skill games were
related to two sub-factors of cognitive distortions as measured by the Gamblers Belief Questionnaire: Luck/Perseverance, which
reflects an individual’s perception that chance is favorable to him/her, and Illusion of Control, which reflects an individual’s
perception that his/her behavior influences chance occurrences. Participants (N = 166) were recruited from a race track (n = 79), off-course betting facilities (n = 50) and from an online treatment program for problem gamblers (n = 49). Gambling severity was measured by the South Oaks Gambling Screen, and 73 were classified as pathological gamblers
whereas 93 were classified as non-pathological gamblers. The present study supports previous proposals that cognitive distortions
are core processes related to gambling behavior as pathological gamblers reported more cognitive distortions than did non-pathological
gamblers. A preference for skill games was also associated with greater Illusion of Control compared to a preference for chance
games. For gamblers preferring skill games there were no differences in Luck/Perseverance or Illusion of Control between pathological
and non-pathological gamblers. 相似文献
9.
Moore SM Thomas AC Kyrios M Bates G 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2012,28(3):405-420
Despite the prevalence of gambling world-wide, relatively few individuals become problem gamblers. Additionally many problem gamblers recover without professional assistance. The current study aim was to examine how individuals self-manage their gambling through (a) assessing frequency of use of a range of self-regulation strategies (b) examining how these strategies cluster and (c) exploring relationships between strategies, gambling frequency, amount spent and problem gambling severity. A sample of 303 gamblers was recruited, over-sampling for problem gamblers as assessed by the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) of the Canadian Problem Gambling Index (mean age 26.4 years, SD = 10.1 years; 119 males, 184 females; 238 social gamblers, 63 problem gamblers, 2 unclassified). They rated extent of usage of 27 gambling self-management techniques and completed the PGSI and other gambling measures. Factor analysis of items produced five factors, named Cognitive Approaches, Direct Action, Social Experience, Avoidance and Limit Setting. The relationships between these factors and key gambling variables were consistent with hypotheses that problem gamblers trying to reduce their gambling would be more likely to use the strategies than other gambler groups. The potential for developing the factors into a Gambling Self-regulation Measure was explored. 相似文献
10.
Dana V. Mitrovic Jac Brown 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2009,25(4):489-502
This study examines the relationships between distorted cognitions, motivation, and alexithymia on problem gambling in poker
players (n = 96). Respondents completed questionnaires containing the Canadian Problem Gambling Index, Gambling Motivation Scale, Gambler’s
Beliefs Questionnaire, and Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20. The results suggest that problem gambling is significantly related
to distorted cognitions, non-self-determined motivation, and difficulty identifying feelings. Implications are drawn for the
development of more relevant intervention, prevention, and treatment strategies. 相似文献
11.
Melissa S. Emond Harvey H. C. Marmurek 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2010,26(2):257-267
This study examined the associations among thinking style (rational versus experiential), gambling related cognitions, and
problem gambling severity. The participants were 70 female and 41 male regular gamblers who completed the Gambling Related
Cognitions Scale (Raylu and Oei, Addiction 99:757–769, 2004), the Rational-Experiential Inventory (Pacini and Epstien, J Pers Soc Psychol 76(6):972–987, 1999), and the Problem Gambling Severity Index (Ferris and Wynne, The Canadian problem and gambling index: final report. Canadian
Centre on Substance Abuse, Ottawa, 2001). Rational thinking was negatively related to problem gambling severity. Gambling related biases increased with problem gambling
severity but the strength of those biases was dampened by rational thought. The patterns by which gambling related cognition
mediated the association between thinking style and gambling severity suggest that therapeutic interventions may benefit from
a consideration of a gambler’s thinking style. 相似文献
12.
Young MM Wohl MJ Matheson K Baumann S Anisman H 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2008,24(3):275-293
The influence of gambling outcomes on the efficacy of a short gambling episode to prime motivation to continue gambling was
determined in two experiments in which desire to gamble was evaluated while participants played a slot machine located in
a virtual reality casino. In experiment 1, 38 high-risk [>3 Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI)] [Ferris and Wynne (The
Canadian problem gambling index: final report, 2001)] and 36 non-problem gamblers (0 PGSI) either won or lost a modest amount.
Among high-risk gamblers, winning resulted in a greater increase in the desire to continue gambling than did losing. In experiment
2, 39 high-risk, 33 low-risk (0 < PGSI < 3), and 31 non-problem gamblers experienced either a single large win or a series
of small wins (equivalent monetary gain). Participants were permitted to continue playing as long as they wanted (all subsequent
spins being losses) thus permitting evaluation of persistence (resistance to extinction). Throughout, desire to gamble was
assessed using a single item measure. High-risk gamblers who experienced a large win reported significantly greater desire
to gamble upon voluntary cessation than those who experienced a series of small wins. It seems that the priming effects of
a short gambling episode are contingent on the pattern of outcomes experienced by the gambler. The data were related to motivational
factors associated with gambling, gambling persistence, and chasing losses. 相似文献
13.
Caitlin Smith Sherry H. Stewart Roisin M. O’Connor Pamela Collins Joel Katz 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2011,27(1):115-128
The Inventory of Gambling Situations (IGS-63; Turner and Littman-Sharp, Inventory of gambling situations users guide, 2006) is a 63-item measure of high-risk gambling situations. It assesses gambling across 10 situational subscales that load onto
two higher-order factors: negative and positive situations (Stewart et al. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22:257–268,
2008). While the IGS-63 has excellent psychometric properties (Littman-Sharp et al., The Inventory of Gambling Situations: Reliability,
factor structure, and validity (IGS Technical Manual), in press) its length may preclude its use in time-limited contexts. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a 10-item
short-form of the IGS (IGS-10). Each IGS-10 item reflects one of the ten subscale categories from the IGS-63, with two items
from the original subscales included as examples for each IGS-10 item. The IGS-10 was administered to 180 undergraduate gamblers
along with the IGS-63 and the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI; Ferris and Wynne, Canadian Problem Gambling Index: Final
report, 2001). IGS-10 items showed convergent validity with the corresponding IGS-63 subscales (r’s = .60–.73). Principal components analysis of the IGS-10 revealed two factors: negative (α = .84) and positive (α = .85).
PGSI scores correlated significantly with all IGS-10 items (r’s = .33–.58) and with both IGS-10 higher-order subscales (r’s = .66 [negative] and .49 [positive]), supporting the criterion validity of the IGS-10. Since minimal information is lost
when using the IGS-10, the short form may prove particularly useful when respondent burden prevents using the full IGS-63. 相似文献
14.
Cunningham JA Cordingley J Hodgins DC Toneatto T 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2011,27(4):625-631
Respondents were asked their beliefs about gambling abuse as part of a general population telephone survey. The random digit
dialing survey consisted of 8,467 interviews of adults, 18 years and older, from Ontario, Canada (45% male; mean age = 46.2).
The predominant conception of gambling abuse was that of an addiction, similar to drug addiction. More than half of respondents
reported that treatment was necessary and almost three-quarters of respondents felt that problem gamblers would have to give
up gambling completely in order to overcome their gambling problem. Problem gamblers (past or current) were less likely than
non- or social gamblers to believe that treatment was needed, and current problem gamblers were least likely to believe that
abstinence was required, as compared to all other respondents. Strong agreement with conceptions of gambling abuse as disease
or addiction were positively associated with belief that treatment is needed, while strong agreement with conceptions of disease
or wrongdoing were positively associated with belief that abstinence is required. 相似文献
15.
The current study was conducted to examine pathological gambling as an impulsivity-compulsivity spectrum disorder. University students (N=162) who gambled a minimum of twice monthly completed measures of impulsivity, compulsivity and pathological gambling. Instruments completed included: measures of problem gambling severity (South Oaks Gambling Screen, NORC DSM-IV Screen for Gambling Problems, Canadian Problem Gambling Index, Victorian Gambling Screen), the Padua Inventory, the Barratt Impulsivity Scale and the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire. Results supported previous research indicating that pathological gamblers had elevated scores on measures of impulsivity and compulsivity, as well as personality factors correlated with these two constructs. Moreover, impulsivity and compulsivity were found to be interrelated as proposed by the impulsivity-compulsivity spectrum model. 相似文献
16.
The Impact of Social Desirability Biases on Self-Report Among College Student and Problem Gamblers 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Kuentzel JG Henderson MJ Melville CL 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2008,24(3):307-319
The impacts of two types of social desirability bias, self-deceptive enhancement (SDE) and impression management (IM), were
examined on self-reports of gambling problems, measured by the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), and recent gambling behavior, as measured by the Timeline Followback (TLFB) method, in a sample of college students (N = 191), and a sample of treatment-seeking problem gamblers (N = 49). Consistent with our expectations, IM was negatively associated with SOGS scores in both samples. IM was most highly
correlated with SOGS scores among treatment-seeking participants (r = −.44, p < .01). Substantial numbers of participants in both samples had high enough IM scores as to call into question the validity
of their self-report gambling data, according to published interpretive guidelines. With respect to SDE, we had predicted
that it would be positively related to gambling behaviors and gambling-related problems, but found that SDE was inversely
related to SOGS scores in both samples. Very little evidence was found for social desirability effects on TLFB scores. Thus,
preliminary evidence was obtained that self-report data on gambling problems, but not on gambling behavior (frequency of gambling
and amount of time and money spent), may be susceptible to the effects of impression management in both college students and
treatment-seeking gamblers. 相似文献
17.
Luca Bastiani Mercedes Gori Emanuela Colasante Valeria Siciliano Daniela Capitanucci Paolo Jarre Sabrina Molinaro 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2013,29(1):1-13
Gambling has seen significant growth globally, and particularly in Italy: it has rapidly evolved from a simple recreational activity to represent 4% of Italian GDP in 2010.A sample of 4.494 gamblers was drawn from IPSAD-Italia®2007-2008 (Italian Population Survey on Alcohol and Drugs) in order to examine different gambling patterns (assessed using the Canadian Problem Gambling Index Short form scale).Separate analysis was performed on young adults, age 15–24 (n = 1,241; male 56.2%), and adults, age 25–64 (n = 3,253; male 53.8%): compared with adults, Italian youth, although they gambled less (35.7% vs. 45.3%), appeared to have higher prevalence of low risk gambling (6.9% vs. 5.8%) and moderate risk or problem gambling (2.3% vs. 2.2%). Males are more likely to be moderate-risk or problem gamblers. Those with only a primary education are more likely to be moderate-risk or problem gamblers (young adults: RRR = 5.22; adults: RRR = 3.23) than those with a university education, just like those youth who use depressants, but only among younger (RRR = 3.38).A fundamental issue, “do not disapprove of gambling”, seems to relate to problematic gambling: a specific Italian legislation, the Abruzzi Decree Law, could have influenced the perception that gambling may contribute positively to provide additional funds to the government for social good as well as to add needed jobs. Regardless of such potential social benefits, gambling is a social epidemic and if this association should be confirmed by more focused studies, policy makers should evaluate ways to affect this perception as soon as possible. 相似文献
18.
Potenza MN Steinberg MA Wu R Rounsaville BJ O'malley SS 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2006,22(2):241-254
Background Few investigations have characterized groups of older adults with gambling problems, and published reports are currently limited by small samples of older adult problem gamblers. Gambling helplines represent a widespread mechanism for assisting problem gamblers to move into treatment settings. Given data from older adult problem gamblers in treatment, we hypothesized that older as compared with younger adult problem gamblers calling a gambling helpline would be less likely to report gambling-related problems.Design and methods Logistic regression analyses were performed on data obtained from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2001, inclusive, from callers with gambling problems (N = 1,084) contacting the Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling Helpline.Results Of the 1,018 phone calls used in the logistic regression analyses, 168 (16.5%) were from older adults and 850 (83.5%) from younger adults. Age-related differences were observed in demographic features, types and patterns of gambling reported as problematic, gambling-related problems and psychiatric symptoms, substance use problems, patterns of indebtedness, and family histories of addictive disorders. Older as compared with younger adult problem gamblers were more likely to report having lower incomes, longer durations of gambling, fewer types of problematic gambling, and problems with casino slot machine gambling and less likely to report gambling-related anxiety, family problems, illegal behaviors and arrests, drug problems, indebtedness to bookies or acquaintances, family histories of drug abuse, and problems with casino table gambling.Conclusions Older as compared with younger adult problem gamblers calling a gambling helpline differ on many clinically relevant features. The findings suggest the need for improved and unique prevention and treatment strategies for older adults with gambling problems. 相似文献
19.
Young M Stevens M 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2008,24(3):337-356
The Northern Territory of Australia, one of the most demographically and socially diverse jurisdictions in the country, conducted
its first population-based gambling and problem gambling prevalence survey in 2005. Both the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS)
and the Canadian Problem Gambling Index (CPGI) were administered to the same sample of respondents. Using data from this survey,
the current paper presents a parallel comparison of the respective screens with particular reference to gender, region, and
the socio-demographic characteristics of respondents. The respective screens produced significantly different groups of problem
gamblers as measured by their association with a range of socio-demographic variables. Specifically, the large number of SOGS
items related to money issues may cause selective overrepresentation among low socioeconomic groups, including Indigenous
people, who exist in relatively high proportions in the Northern Territory. In addition, there existed substantial gender-based
differences within screens. Identified female problem gamblers were associated with household level variables (i.e. employment
status, household type and marital status), while males were associated with socio-economic variables including language,
education, and income. Further research is required to validate the use of problem gambling screens within the Indigenous
population and to understand the role of gender in the experience and categorisation of problem gambling. 相似文献
20.
E. Papineau G. Lacroix S. Sévigny J.-F. Biron N. Corneau-Tremblay F. Lemétayer 《International Gambling Studies》2018,18(1):69-91
The emergence of new behaviours associated with communication technologies has prompted questions about the evolution of gambling in the population. The development of online gambling gave rise to public health concerns back 20 years ago. Current knowledge indicates that online gamblers generally tend to show more psychosocial problems than offline gamblers. But those portraits tend to neglect the differences between pure and mixed online gamblers. The goal of this research is to assess if, and to what extent, online gambling generates more harmful impacts on the health and well-being in a sample of adult gamblers in Québec. The propensity score matching method was chosen to assess the variable prevalence of impacts on a sample of 810 regular gamblers recruited from an online panel. They were divided into sub-groups: pure online gamblers (n = 143), mixed online gamblers (n = 125), and a control group of offline gamblers (n = 542). The study has revealed that among online gamblers and their entourage, online gambling does, in fact, result in an extra burden of impacts in several aspects of their lives: work, relationships, mental/physical health, finances, quality of life, and problem gambling according to the Canadian Problem Gambling Index. Results also show that combined with offline gambling, online gambling significantly increases the burden of impacts in terms of both the number and intensity of impacts. This is the first empirical study using propensity score matching to asses the incremental impacts of online gambling by separating pure and mixed gamblers and to compare them to offline gamblers. 相似文献