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1.
This article explores child care and preschool educational policiesin Hungary from the end of World War II until the 1956 revolution,focusing mainly on the forms of organization of preschool education,methods of financing, and the quality of educational facilities.Special attention is devoted to the gender dimension of theeducational system, provisions concerning womens employment,and womens entitlements as mothers and caregivers. Thearticle considers preschool education as the point of collisionbetween (forced) productive and reproductive roles of womenin the socialist system. In addition to analyzing the legislationon child care, the article studies the different stages of thepolicy process, in an effort to identify how competing discourseson welfare policies by multiple actors and agenciessuchas the state, parties, local and county administrators, variousinterest groups, the womens movement, and parentswerestrategically used in political narratives striving for dominancein the political field. It is also concerned with the implementationof these laws, and with their effect upon those directly affectedby these policies. 相似文献
2.
Individual agency observed in the gendered division of laboris shaped by structural factors, but only recently has evidenceemerged that the effect of womens resources varies systematicallyin its sociopolitical context. Here we use the 1994 InternationalSocial Survey Program to assess whether the relative effectof a proxy for womens and mens preferenceshallmarkof individual choicevaries as well across three countrieswith divergent historical policy approaches regarding the privatesphere. East German socialist policies required and supportedwomens employment; West German policy promulgated a malebreadwinner model, and U.S. policy primarily remains silenton the private sphere. The division of domestic tasks and relativestrength of individual preferences on shifting it vary by region.In the former East Germany the division of domestic labor ismore egalitarian and the effect of preferences is small butequal for the genders. In West Germany the division is moretraditional and preference effects are greater, but gender differencesin these are insignificant. The U.S. division of domestic taskfalls between the two German regions, and the gender differencein preference effects is the greatest, with U.S. menspreferences predicting significantly more variance than do U.S.womens. Consequently, allowing the market to dominatedoes not yield equal strength of preferences in the individual-levelmodels used to predict the division of domestic tasks. Thissupports the dual-system feminist claims that capitalism canexacerbate nonmarket patriarchal hierarchies. 相似文献
3.
Scalar shifts in public capacities and responsibilities arean important element of the way states have been restructuringin North America and in Europe. Womens movements respondto these changes in various ways, including the rescaling ofcollective action. This article focuses on the rising importanceof the (subprovincial) region in Québec womensmovement politics to understand how new scales of action areconstituted or granted a renewed importance by womensmovements. Drawing on theoretical contributions from the humangeography literature on scale, state rescaling, and scalar politics,I show how the region has been materially and discursively constructedby Québec womens movement actors as a legitimateand relevant scale for feminist politics. This has involvedan intricate and dynamic relationship with two different stateprojects of downward rescaling. Although it provided some realopportunities, it has also created difficulties and dilemmasfor womens movement actors, who have also contested theprimacy of the region in Québec governments newscalar arrangements. 相似文献
4.
Most European welfare states today have said farewell to themale breadwinnerfemale caretaker model. Still, childcare policy has a different pace and shape in each country.This article studies the (late) origins as well as the diversityin Danish and Flemish (Belgian) child care policy. In Denmark,a universal child care provision was made possible because ofthe advocacy coalition of women with social pedagogues. Theypromoted the ideal of professional care. To combat the idealof full-time motherhood, the Flemish Catholic womensmovement strived for subsidizing childmindersthe idealof surrogate motherhoodsupported by the Christian DemocraticParty. Both strategies led to comparatively high levels of childcare provisions, but also to very different contents and shapes.In short, one of the factors that shaped child care policy isthe promotion of different (moral) ideals of care by the womensmovement, together with otheroften more powerfulallies,and backed up by parental preferences. 相似文献
5.
This article examines the development of the local womensmovement in one city in eastern Germany since German unificationin 1990. Utilizing a framework that attends to issues of scale,space, and place reveals how this womens movement hasboth participated in and benefited from the downward scalingof womens mobilizations in the immediate postunificationperiod. Feminist activists and organizations contributed tothe constitution of the city as a place defined by its emphasison egalitarian values and high degrees of state interventionin gender inequality and to the emergence of the city as partof a transnational space tied as much to Sweden as to Germany.Through this reimagination of the scale, space, and place ofthe city, the womens movement was able to position itselfas a legitimate and important part of the life of the city andto successfully collaborate with local state offices and institutionsto secure funding for womens organizations and pass legislationto protect women from discrimination and abuse. 相似文献
6.
This article investigates the extent to which womenspolitical, civil, and social citizenship rights in the postGood Friday Agreement (1998)period in Northern Ireland can be expanded. It argues that theGood Friday Agreement, as a framework document, offers someopportunity for the expansion of womens political andcivil citizenship rights. Legislative attempts to extend the1967 Abortion Act (United Kingdom) to Northern Ireland and recentefforts to have the existing law governing abortion in NorthernIreland clarified through the judiciary are examined to demonstratethe continued denial of womens social citizenship rights.Various routes to address Northern Irish womens accessto abortion services are assessed, and it is argued that extendingthe 1967 Abortion Act to Northern Ireland, a long-standing demandof pro-choice womens groups, will insufficiently facilitatewomens access to social citizenship rights. Consistentwith recent directions in social policy scholarship, this articleargues that a recognition of agency as an outcome of individualand collective social action is necessary to access abortionand womens social citizenship rights in the postGoodFriday Agreement period in Northern Ireland. 相似文献
7.
Rachel Rinaldo 《Qualitative sociology》2011,34(4):539-560
Since 1998, Indonesia’s democratization has produced contentious public debates, many of which revolve around issues of gender
and sexual morality. Yet such controversies not only often focus on women, but also involve women as participants. This article
examines how Muslim women activists in two organizations adapt global discourses to participate in important public sphere
debates about pornography and polygamy. Indonesia’s moral debates demonstrate an important way in which global discourses
are negotiated in national settings. In the debates, some pious women use discourses of feminism and liberal Islam to argue
for women’s equality, while others use Islam to call for greater moral regulation of society. My research demonstrates that
global discourses of feminism and Islamic revivalism are mediated through national organizations which shape women’s political
activism and channel it in different directions. Women’s political subjectivities are thus shaped through their involvement
in national organizations that structure the ways they engage with global discourses. The Indonesian case shows not only that
the national should not be conflated with the local, but also demonstrates the significance of national contexts and histories
for understanding global processes. 相似文献
8.
Hutchings Vincent L.; Valentino Nicholas A.; Philpot Tasha S.; White Ismail K. 《Public opinion quarterly》2004,68(4):512-541
Recent studies have shown that social "compassion" issues, andnot those directly linked to womens interests, seem todrive the gender gap in presidential vote choice. Some of thesecompassion issues are associated with the plight of racial minoritiesin the media and in the minds of average citizens. Drawing ontheories of gender role socialization, we predict that traditionalpartisan stands on racial issues may help to explain the gendergap. Specifically, we hypothesize that the gap emerges becausemen and women react differently to cues about how compassionatecandidates are toward vulnerable social groups. In one experiment,we manipulate news information regarding George W. Bushscommitment to blacks versus women. The gender gap is maximizedwhen Bush takes the traditional Republican stance, while itis reduced significantly when Bush espouses a more moderateposition. The gender gap is unaffected by variation in the positionthat Bush takes on womens issues. In another experiment,we also find that the gender gap emerges when traditional partisanappeals are racialized. Finally, exposure to the 2000 RepublicanNational Convention, with its message of racial inclusion, boostedevaluations of Bush among women but not men. 相似文献
9.
Several Latin American countries have fully or partially privatizedtheir public pensions since the 1980s. In 1995 Mexico privatizedits public pension system, including a shift from a definedbenefit to defined contribution system based on privately administeredindividual accounts. This article uses feminist criteria toevaluate the gender impact of welfare regimes and concludesthat the Mexican pension privatization will have a negativeeffect on womens welfare in old age. 相似文献
10.
Pablo Castagno 《Cultural Studies》2014,28(5-6):809-843
In this article, I examine Argentina's neoliberal reforms throughout the 1990s from a Marxist theoretical perspective, analysing how money, monetary policy and law constitute a fundamental mode of ideological regulation in neoliberal capitalism. Situating this analysis in the context of the capitalist crisis of the mid-1970s, the article discusses the politics of effacement that in Argentina's case paved the way for the use of monetary policy as a form of social control intended to embed the nation-state into global capitalism. Examining economic legislation, macro-economic policies, political ideologies, consumer discourses and pension privatization, I analyse how the neoliberal monetary regime ideologically underpinned a whole state imaginary based on exchange rate parity with the US dollar. Further, I investigate the ideological function of money in symbolically reordering the relationships of workers and citizens to the state, capital and culture. The article concludes with an exploration of the political significance of the monetary collapse of the Argentine neoliberal reform in 2001–2002, comparing Argentina's crisis of hegemony with that of other states within global capitalism. 相似文献
11.
Robert M. "Bob" Teeterpolitical pollster, key strategistin the campaigns of every Republican president from 1968 to1992, co-director with Peter Hart of the Wall Street Journal/NBCPoll, board member and consultant to major corporationsdiedof cancer at his home in Ann Arbor, Michigan, on June 13. Hewas 65. "Teeters work with Hart evoked respect on both sidesof the political aisle," said Tim Russert, NBC NewssWashington bureau chief and host of Meet the Press. "You could always take Bob Teeters 相似文献
12.
Magali Recoules 《Review of Economics of the Household》2011,9(4):505-521
This paper focuses on the interaction between gender discrimination and household decisions. It develops a model with endogenous
fertility, endogenous labor supply and endogenous size of government spending. Family policies which concern childcare services
are assumed to reduce the time that parents spend on their children. The model shows that gender discrimination may explain
differences in household decisions between countries. The solution shows a U-shaped relationship between fertility and gender
discrimination if the quality of childcare services is sufficiently high. In the decreasing part of this U-shaped curve, a
decrease in the discrimination level implies a related increase in fertility, women’s participation in the labor force and
in family-friendly policies. 相似文献
13.
Workplace Policy and Environment,Family Role Quality,and Positive Family-to-Work Spillover 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
Daphne E. Pedersen Krista Lynn Minnotte Gary Kiger Susan E. Mannon 《Journal of Family and Economic Issues》2009,30(1):80-89
We used role theory to direct our analysis of the association between family-friendly policies, workplace environment, family
role quality, and positive spillover from family to work. Taking data from 104 dual-earner couples with children living in
Utah, we examined the influence of both partners’ access to family-friendly policies, both partners’ workplace environments, and the family role quality reported by the couple. We found that family role quality was
significantly associated with positive family-to-work spillover for men and women. In addition, women’s own workplace culture
and the ability of women’s partners to leave work to care for children were associated with women’s positive family-to-work
spillover. These findings were viewed through the lens of gender theory and traditionally structured institutions and roles. 相似文献
14.
Human capital accumulation is one of the main engines of economic growth. Thus, many LDCs have introduced laws over the past
30 years for compulsory education and have increased their investment in public schooling. Nevertheless, the level of education
in most poor countries is still very low, particularly for girls. The goal of this article is to develop a model of household
decision-making in order to better understand what variables affect parents’ decision to educate girls less than boys. In
the first part of the paper, a unitary model, a non-cooperative household model, and a bargaining model are developed and
compared to explain factors that might produce gender bias in investment in education. As a result, the number of years of
education for male and female children depends on the different costs and returns of educating girls and boys and, in the
non-consensus models, on each parent’s preferences and decision power. The second part of the paper contains a simulation
of the models assuming different policies for increasing women’s education using figures from the Living Standard Measurement
Studies of Cote d’Ivoire. 相似文献
15.
A "black kid of no early promise," Colin Powell became the youngestgeneral in the U.S. Army, and then in short order national securityadvisor, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the nationssecretary of state. What does this extraordinary story revealabout contemporary American political life? Analyzing surveyssupplied by the National Election Study and the National BlackElection Study, we first establish that Powells rapidrise to prominence is matched by his remarkable popularity amongthe American public. Next, we develop and test two possibleexplanations for Powells popularity. One supposes thatthe secret to Powells high standing with the public liesin his association with success on the battlefield: Powell asthe victorious general. The other explanation invokes racialprogress, the disappearance of racism among whites, and thedecline of identity politics among blacks: Powell as raciallytranscendent. In the final section of the article, informedby our results, we offer some speculations about American politicstodayabout the political implications of military accomplishmentand about the multiplicity of conditions that are required forAmericans to "see through" race. 相似文献
16.
Huber Evelyne; Stephens John D.; Bradley David; Moller Stephanie; Nielsen Francois 《Social politics》2009,16(1):1-39
We identify the political conditions that shape the economicposition of married/cohabiting women and of the economicallymost vulnerable group of women—single mothers. Specifically,we examine the determinants of reductions in single mothers'poverty rate due to taxes and transfers, and women's wages relativeto spouses'/ partners' wages. The Luxembourg Income Study archiveyields an unbalanced panel with 71 observations on 15 countries.The principal determinants of poverty reduction due to taxesand transfers are left government, constitutional veto points,and welfare generosity. The relative wage of women in couplesis a function mainly of female labor force participation, parttime work among women, and women's mobilization. In explainingthe causal pathways to these outcomes, we highlight the interrelationshipsof welfare state, care, and labor market policies. 相似文献
17.
Global Processes, Local Consequences: Gender Equity and Health Sector Reform in Peru 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article brings into relief the gendered tensions and contradictionsthat have resulted from Perus neoliberal health sectorreforms. Previous studies were clear that economic adjustmenthad a negative impact on women and gender relations. I showmore nuanced effects of neoliberal policies when applied tohealth sector reforms. To evaluate these policies, I utilizethe distinction between redistribution and recognition. I departfrom the supposition that policies serve either redistributiveor recognition ends and show that single policies can have bothtypes of effects. I conclude that policies based on neoliberalprinciples in some instances have a negative impact on women,in other instances reify existing unequal gender relations,while in still others open up spaces for positive change. Onthe whole, however, neoliberal health reforms have had a negativeimpact on gender equity. 相似文献
18.
Amy Leisenring 《Qualitative sociology》2011,34(2):353-370
Many jurisdictions in the U.S. have implemented mandatory arrest policies in an attempt to limit police officers’ discretion
in their arrest decisions when responding to intimate partner violence calls. Drawing from semi-structured interviews with
female victims of intimate partner violence, I explore the ways in which mandatory arrest policies have influenced the identity
work of women during their interactions with police officers. I focus specifically on women’s “unsuccessful” identity claims:
situations where women are unable to convince police officers that they are victims and situations where women are unable
to convince officers that they are not victims. I examine the strategies that women use during their identity work and explore the consequences of women’s failed
self presentations under mandatory arrest policies, the most significant of which is a woman’s arrest. I argue that under
mandatory arrest policies, for many women, the risk of failed identity work is even more consequential than before these policies
were established. 相似文献
19.
Changes in journalismincluding newsroom cutbacks, anemphasis on repackaging secondhand material, and the demandsof 24-hour newshave expanded the reliance on polls asnews, including polls of a sort once considered not reliablefor publication, and led to a more superficial understandingof the 2004 presidential race. The proliferation of outletsoffering news, which has resulted in greater competition foraudience, has also intensified the motivation of using pollsin part for their marketing value rather than purely their probativejournalistic value. The more "synthetic" style of contemporaryjournalism has increased the tendency to allow polls to createa context for journalists to explain and organize other newsbecomingthe lens through which reporters see and order a more interpretativenews environment. A greater dependence on horse race trackingpolls by the media has reinforced these tendencies and furtherthinned the publics understanding toward who won andaway from why. Growing audience skepticism and political polarizationhave created an environment of distrust about the methodologyand integrity of polling. All of these factors, in turn, arefrustrating the efforts of academic and commercial pollstersto maintain standards and deepen understanding among journalistsabout public opinion research and how to use it as journalism. 相似文献
20.
Gul Aldikacti Marshall Hiromi Taniguchi 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2012,23(1):213-235
While research has shown that having a “good” job significantly promotes formal volunteering, we have limited knowledge of
how this paid work-to-volunteer work relationship may differ between men and women. Based on the gender-identification spillover
theory, we hypothesize that because of the societal expectations that women should be caring, giving and communal, positive
job traits such as authority and autonomy promote women’s volunteering more than men’s. Our analysis of data from the National
Survey of Midlife in the United States shows that women who exercise supervisory authority on the job volunteer significantly
more hours than women who do not, whereas job authority makes no difference in the number of hours volunteered for men. Meanwhile,
job autonomy promotes men’s volunteering, but not women’s. Implications of these and related findings for future research
on gender and volunteering are discussed. 相似文献