非寿险未决赔款准备金评估的两阶段广义线性混合模型

文章考虑了赔付额和赔付次数两种赔付信息,建立两阶段广义线性混合模型.为提高模型的适用范围,将赔付次数的分布假设由通常的泊松分布推广到过度分散泊松分布,将案均赔付额的分布假设由通常的伽玛分布拓宽到ED*类分布.通过对Hoerl曲线的改进来刻画赔付损失的进展模式,改善了模型的线性预估量.为了刻画不同模型的预测效果,给出了模型均方误差的理论推导和估计方法.以实际的保险数据为例,利用R软件进行实证分析.结果表明,建立的模型提高了未决赔款准备金评估的预测精度和适用范围.     

基于贝叶斯偏态线性混合模型的费率厘定

线性混合模型是非寿险费率厘定的主要方法之一。通常的线性混合模型假设随机误差项服从正态分布,而保险损失数据往往具有右偏特征,这使得该模型在非寿险费率厘定中的应用受到一定影响。在通常的线性混合模型基础上,假设随机误差项服从偏态分布,即可建立偏态线性混合模型,从而改善费率厘定结果的合理性。基于一组实际的保险损失数据,应用贝叶斯MCMC方法建立几个不同的偏态线性混合模型,并与正态分布假设下的线性混合模型进行对比,实证检验偏态线性混合模型在非寿险费率厘定中的优越性。     

非寿险准备金评估的广义线性模型

在非寿险准备金评估实务中,保险公司通常应用链梯法和B-F法等确定性模型,但这类模型无法对准备金的预测结果进行统计检验,因此广义线性模型受到了越来越多的关注.在假设增量赔款服从指数分布族的情况下,讨论广义线性模型在准备金评估中的应用,并通过一个实际的流量三角形数据进行实证检验.     

周期冲击下簇生离散冲击模型的可靠性分析

文章建立一类簇生离散冲击模型,假定冲击按周期来到,每个周期的冲击次数服从独立同分布的二项随机变量,冲击强度服从独立同分布的离散随机变量.在累积冲击和极端冲击两种情形下,给出系统寿命的定义,研究了系统寿命的生存函数和平均寿命,并给出其概率分布和递推公式;定义了系统失效时所经历的具有非零冲击量的周期数和系统失效时所遭受的冲击强度总和等可靠性指标,推导并给出这些指标的概率分布的递推公式和期望的表达式.最后在周期冲击次数服从两点分布,冲击强度服从几何分布下,给出了两种情形下模型相关可靠性指标的数值分析.     

神经网络模型与车险索赔频率预测

汽车保险广受社会关注,且在财产保险公司具有举足轻重的地位,因此汽车保险的索赔频率预测模型一直是非寿险精算理论和应用研究的重点之一。目前最为流行的索赔频率预测模型是广义线性模型,其中包括泊松回归、负二项回归和泊松-逆高斯回归等。本文基于一组实际的车险损失数据,对索赔频率的各种广义线性模型与神经网络模型和回归树模型进行了比较,得出了一些新的结论,即神经网络模型的拟合效果优于广义线性模型,在广义线性模型中,泊松回归的拟合效果优于负二项回归和泊松-逆高斯回归。线性回归模型的拟合效果最差,回归树模型的拟合效果略好于线性回归模型。     

基于中位数回归模型非寿险精算中费率因子的显著性判别分析

广义线性模型作为分类费率厘定的重要工具,面临着如何选择损失变量分布的问题,而且对于存在巨额索赔的数据费率因子的显著性判别往往不具有稳健性.文章利用中位数回归模型弥补了广义线性模型的这些不足,结合实际数据对费率因子的各水平进行显著性判别,并与其他常用损失模型的拟合结果进行比较.结果表明,中位数回归模型在费率因子的显著性判别方面更具有客观性和稳健性.     

随机效应零膨胀索赔次数回归模型

索赔频率预测是非寿险费率厘定的重要组成部分。最常使用的索赔频率预测模型是泊松回归和负二项回归,以及与它们相对应的零膨胀回归模型。但是,当索赔次数观察值既具有零膨胀特征,又存在组内相依结构时,上述模型都不能很好地拟合实际数据。为此,本文在泊松分布、负二项分布、广义泊松分布、P型负二项分布等条件下分别建立了随机效应零膨胀损失次数回归模型。为了改进模型的预测效果,对于连续型的解释变量,还引入了二次平滑项,并建立了结构性零比例与解释变量之间的回归关系。基于一组实际索赔次数数据的实证分析结果表明,该模型可以显著改进现有模型的拟合效果。     

基于随机效应零调整回归模型的保险损失预测

在非寿险精算中,对保单的累积损失进行预测是费率厘定的基础。在对累积损失进行预测时通常使用Tweedie回归模型。当损失观察数据中包含大量零索赔的保单时,Tweedie回归模型对零点的拟合容易出现偏差;若用零调整分布代替Tweedie分布,并在模型中引入连续型解释变量的平方函数,可以建立零调整回归模型;如果在零调整回归模型中将水平数较多的分类解释变量作为随机效应处理,可以进一步改善预测结果的合理性。基于一组机动车辆第三者责任保险的损失数据,将不同分布假设下的固定效应模型与随机效应模型进行对比,实证检验了随机效应零调整回归模型在保险损失预测中的优越性。     

索赔频率与索赔强度的相依性模型

为了解决索赔频率与索赔强度之间的相依性问题,本文提出了一种相依性调整模型,即首先在索赔频率和索赔强度相互独立的假设下预测纯保费,然后通过索赔频率与索赔强度之间的相关关系对独立性假设下的纯保费预测值进行调整.与现有模型相比,该模型的优点是可以将纯保费的预测值分解为两部分,即独立性假设下的纯保费和相依性对纯保费的影响,便于模型的解释和应用.本文将该方法应用于一组实际数据,并与其他方法进行了比较.实证研究结果表明,本文对纯保费的预测结果在一定程度上优于现有模型,而且更加清晰地揭示了索赔频率与索赔强度之间的相依性对纯保费预测值的影响,即纯保费较低的保单受相依性的影响较大,而纯保费较高的保单受相依性的影响较小.     

基于联合定价模型的奖惩因子的扩展与比较

信度模型是经验费率厘定的主要方法,其缺陷在于隐含的正态分布假设并不适用于索赔次数,同时也无法分析费率因子对预期保费的影响。若将信度模型与广义线性混合模型相结合,同时考虑保单已知的风险特征信息和潜在的个体风险特征信息,将正态分布假设推广到泊松分布,放宽随机效应假设,即可构建一种扩展的联合定价模型。扩展的联合定价模型不仅能解决定价过程中风险信息重叠的问题,其预测值还具有类似信度模型"收缩估计"的性质。对一组保单索赔次数数据的研究发现,扩展的联合定价模型(泊松-伽马模型)对索赔次数的拟合更加合理,解决了奖惩因子的"过度奖惩"的问题,有效改进了预测结果。     

A bivariate model of claim frequencies and severities

Bivariate claim data come from a population that consists of insureds who may claim either one, both or none of the two types of benefits covered by a policy. In the present paper, we develop a statistical procedure to fit bivariate distributions of claims in presence of covariates. This allows for a more accurate study of insureds' choice and size in the frequency and severity of the two types of claims. A generalised logistic model is employed to examine the frequency probabilities, whilst the three parameter Burr distribution is suggested to model the underlying severity distributions. The bivariate copula model is exploited in such a way that it allows us to adjust for a range of frequency dependence structures; a method for assessing the adequacy of the fitted severity model is outlined. A health claims dataset illustrates the methods; we describe the use of orthogonal polynomials for characterising the relationship between age and the frequency and severity models.     

The copula directional dependence by stochastic volatility models

This paper proposes a copula directional dependence by using a bivariate Gaussian copula beta regression with Stochastic Volatility (SV) models for marginal distributions. With the asymmetric copula generated by the composition of two Plackett copulas, we show that our SV copula directional dependence by the Gaussian copula beta regression model is superior to the Kim and Hwang (2016) copula directional dependence by an asymmetric GARCH model in terms of the percent relative efficiency of bias and mean squared error. To validate our proposed method with the real data, we use Brent Crude Daily Price (BRENT), West Texas Intermediate Daily Price (WTI), the Standard & Poor’s 500 (SP) and US 10-Year Treasury Constant Maturity Rate (TCM) so that our copula SV directional dependence is overall superior to the Kim and Hwang (2016) copula directional dependence by an asymmetric GARCH model in terms of precision by the percent relative efficiency of mean squared error. In terms of forecasting using the real financial data, we also show that the Bayesian SV model of the uniform transformed data by a copula conditional distribution yields an improvement on the volatility models such as GARCH and SV.     

Semiparametric estimation method for accelerated failure time model with dependent censoring

Independent censoring is commonly assumed in survival analysis. However, it may be questionable when censoring is related to event time. We model the event and censoring time marginally through accelerated failure time models, and model their association by a known copula. An iteration algorithm is proposed to estimate the regression parameters. Simulation results show the improvement of the proposed method compared to the naive method under independent censoring. Sensitivity analysis gives the evidences that the proposed method can obtain reasonable estimates even when the forms of copula are misspecified. We illustrate its application by analyzing prostate cancer data.     

Predictive assessment of copula models

Copulas are powerful explanatory tools for studying dependence patterns in multivariate data. While the primary use of copula models is in multivariate dependence modelling, they also offer predictive value for regression analysis. This article investigates the utility of copula models for model‐based predictions from two angles. We assess whether, where, and by how much various copula models differ in their predictions of a conditional mean and conditional quantiles. From a model selection perspective, we then evaluate the predictive discrepancy between copula models using in‐sample and out‐of‐sample predictions both in bivariate and higher‐dimensional settings. Our findings suggest that some copula models are more difficult to distinguish in terms of their overall predictive power than others, and depending on the quantity of interest, the differences in predictions can be detected only in some targeted regions. The situations where copula‐based regression approaches would be advantageous over traditional ones are discussed using simulated and real data. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 47: 8–26; 2019 © 2018 Statistical Society of Canada     

Bivariate log Birnbaum–Saunders distribution

Univariate Birnbaum–Saunders distribution has received a considerable amount of attention in recent years. Rieck and Nedelman (A log-linear model for the Birnbaum–Saunders distribution. Technometrics, 1991;33:51–60) introduced a log Birnbaum–Saunders distribution. The main aim of this paper is to introduce bivariate log Birnbaum–Saunders distribution. The proposed model is symmetric and it has five parameters. It can be obtained using Gaussian copula. Different properties can be obtained using copula structure. It is observed that the maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs) cannot be obtained explicitly. Two-dimensional profile likelihood approach may be adopted to compute the MLEs. We propose some alternative estimators also, which can be obtained quite conveniently. The analysis of one data set is performed for illustrative purposes. Finally, it is observed that this model can be used as a bivariate log-linear model, and its multivariate generalization is also quite straight forward.     

Semiparametric Regression Estimation in Copula Models

We consider some methods of semiparametric regression estimation in multivariate models when the common distribution function is represented using a copula and the marginals satisfy a generalized regression model using a transfer functional. Sufficient conditions for consistency and joint asymptotic normality of the finite-dimensional parameters are obtained.     

Bayesian modelling of health insurance losses

The purpose of this paper is to build a model for aggregate losses which constitutes a crucial step in evaluating premiums for health insurance systems. It aims at obtaining the predictive distribution of the aggregate loss within each age class of insured persons over the time horizon involved in planning employing the Bayesian methodology. The model proposed using the Bayesian approach is a generalization of the collective risk model, a commonly used model for analysing risk of an insurance system. Aggregate loss prediction is based on past information on size of loss, number of losses and size of population at risk. In modelling the frequency and severity of losses, the number of losses is assumed to follow a negative binomial distribution, individual loss sizes are independent and identically distributed exponential random variables, while the number of insured persons in a finite number of possible age groups is assumed to follow the multinomial distribution. Prediction of aggregate losses is based on the Gibbs sampling algorithm which incorporates the missing data approach.     

Simultaneous inference in structured additive conditional copula regression models: a unifying Bayesian approach

While most regression models focus on explaining distributional aspects of one single response variable alone, interest in modern statistical applications has recently shifted towards simultaneously studying multiple response variables as well as their dependence structure. A particularly useful tool for pursuing such an analysis are copula-based regression models since they enable the separation of the marginal response distributions and the dependence structure summarised in a specific copula model. However, so far copula-based regression models have mostly been relying on two-step approaches where the marginal distributions are determined first whereas the copula structure is studied in a second step after plugging in the estimated marginal distributions. Moreover, the parameters of the copula are mostly treated as a constant not related to covariates and most regression specifications for the marginals are restricted to purely linear predictors. We therefore propose simultaneous Bayesian inference for both the marginal distributions and the copula using computationally efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation techniques. In addition, we replace the commonly used linear predictor by a generic structured additive predictor comprising for example nonlinear effects of continuous covariates, spatial effects or random effects and furthermore allow to make the copula parameters covariate-dependent. To facilitate Bayesian inference, we construct proposal densities for a Metropolis–Hastings algorithm relying on quadratic approximations to the full conditionals of regression coefficients avoiding manual tuning. The performance of the resulting Bayesian estimates is evaluated in simulations comparing our approach with penalised likelihood inference, studying the choice of a specific copula model based on the deviance information criterion, and comparing a simultaneous approach with a two-step procedure. Furthermore, the flexibility of Bayesian conditional copula regression models is illustrated in two applications on childhood undernutrition and macroecology.     

Adjusted Likelihood Inference in an Elliptical Multivariate Errors-in-Variables Model

In this paper, we obtain an adjusted version of the likelihood ratio (LR) test for errors-in-variables multivariate linear regression models. The error terms are allowed to follow a multivariate distribution in the class of the elliptical distributions, which has the multivariate normal distribution as a special case. We derive a modified LR statistic that follows a chi-squared distribution with a high degree of accuracy. Our results generalize those in Melo and Ferrari (Advances in Statistical Analysis, 2010, 94, pp. 75–87) by allowing the parameter of interest to be vector-valued in the multivariate errors-in-variables model. We report a simulation study which shows that the proposed test displays superior finite sample behavior relative to the standard LR test.     

Bayesian inference for sinh-normal/independent nonlinear regression models

Sinh-normal/independent distributions are a class of symmetric heavy-tailed distributions that include the sinh-normal distribution as a special case, which has been used extensively in Birnbaum–Saunders regression models. Here, we explore the use of Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods to develop a Bayesian analysis in nonlinear regression models when Sinh-normal/independent distributions are assumed for the random errors term, and it provides a robust alternative to the sinh-normal nonlinear regression model. Bayesian mechanisms for parameter estimation, residual analysis and influence diagnostics are then developed, which extend the results of Farias and Lemonte [Bayesian inference for the Birnbaum-Saunders nonlinear regression model, Stat. Methods Appl. 20 (2011), pp. 423-438] who used the Sinh-normal/independent distributions with known scale parameter. Some special cases, based on the sinh-Student-t (sinh-St), sinh-slash (sinh-SL) and sinh-contaminated normal (sinh-CN) distributions are discussed in detail. Two real datasets are finally analyzed to illustrate the developed procedures.