“汽车梦”的社会建构:对《南方周末》（1998～2007）汽车广告内容的分析

今日中国,拥有汽车已成为大多数城市家庭幸福生活的一种理想。在“汽车梦”的社会建构过程中,作为一种消费意识形态的汽车广告在其中起了非常大的作用。本文以《南方周末》（1998～2007）为例,对近十年的汽车广告内容进行分析。文章认为,“个体享乐性想象认同”和“社会参照性成功认同”是汽车广告用来建构“汽车梦”的两个重要的“认同策略”,其影响作用远远超过了汽车广告中的“功用策略”,对广告内容分析的结果证明了本文所提出的研究假设。文章最后对“汽车梦”为什么在近十年得到极力建构的社会根源进行了探讨,并对其所带来的潜在的社会后果进行了深刻的反思。

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从“策略”到“伦理”:对“依法抗争”的批评性讨论

受“依法抗争”概念的影响,当前的农民抗争研究过于强调抗争过程中的策略,忽略了抗争中伦理的重要性。笔者在概括“依法抗争”洞察力基础上,指出了其局限性,并试图引入伦理视角以弥补这一缺陷。本文继而评述了伦理视角的研究进展,在田野研究的基础上,探讨了伦理视角在研究农民抗争中的独到解释力。     

反学校文化与阶级再生产：“小子”与“子弟”之比较

作者通过对北京某打工子弟学校的田野调查后发现，在农民工“子弟”中间盛行着类似《学做工》中所描述的工人阶级“小子”的反学校文化。但是，由于制度安排与社会条件的差异，“子弟”与“小子”的反学校文化却是形似质异的。“子弟”的“反抗”更多是一种自我放弃的表达形式而非对支配秩序的洞察与抗争。文章进一步分析了“子弟”反学校文化的生产机制后指出，农民工劳动力再生产的低成本组织模式导致“子弟”高度边缘化的生存状态，这使得他们难以通过教育向上流动，从而以拒绝知识的形式放弃了学业，也因此完成了作为底层的社会再生产。     

当代中国底层社会“以身抗争”的效度和限度分析:一个“艾滋村民”抗争维权的启示

通过对鄂豫两省艾滋疫情高发区“艾滋村民”抗争的考察,笔者提出了当代中国底层社会抗争的两种社会学逻辑：求助于外的“合法抗争”和求助于内的“以身抗争”,一起形成了当代中国底层社会抗争的具有解释力、却又不同逻辑的社会学分析框架。本文考察了“以身抗争”模式的形成机理和运转规则,发现中国底层农民抗争的“非政治性”、“弱组织性”和“具体利益性”取向,“有组织”的政治抗争乃至革命性转化是不太可能的。     

通过运动进行治理：乡镇基层政权的治理策略——对中国中部地区麦乡“植树造林”中心工作的个案研究

摘要：乡镇基层政权的运作是一个备受学术界关注的领域。本文将依据中国中部地区麦乡的田野调查资料，以麦乡“植树造林”的事件为分析 “文本”，分析在压力型体制与后税费时期，在乡镇财政紧缩的境况下，麦乡通过将常规性工作升级为中心工作，进而通过运动的方式进行中心工作的实践，以完成所规划的任务。这种“行政吸纳运动”的治理方式事实上是基层政权在专制性权力丧失、基础性权力又尚未确立、行政运作缺乏充沛资源的情景之下，通过对传统的“运动”资源加以简化利用而做出的权益性的行为选择，而这一治理实践本身却收效甚微。     

农民“种房”的行动理性——对W市S村的个案研究

本研究考察郊区城市化过程中的“种房风”现象，选取了W市近郊一个行政村为个案，进行田野调查，主要以访谈法，辅之以观察法和文献法来收集资料；从“种房”现象主体主观的角度，考察农民“种房”成风的原因。研究发现：农民“种房”是非现实需要的行动选择；选择“种房”主要是基于超额补偿效用，也有经营和增加收入效用、心理平衡效用、情感归属效用；农民“种房”行动是主观上的目的理性行动，且有形式理性和实质理性的特征；而农民“种房”行动理性的诱因是种种政府因素，这是种房现象成风的根本内在原因。本研究的结论认为，更深层关注和研究的问题是政府应如何调整自身的行为。     

卡里斯玛、公共性与中国社会——有关“差序格局”的再思考

对费孝通的“差序格局”概念,已有的研究大多从个体与不同类别的其他社会成员之间关系的差异性出发来讨论。笔者以为,类似的模型几乎可以在世界任何一个文化里找到,仅从这一视角出发肯定有所偏差。事实上,费孝通认为存在两种“社群”：由团体格局所形成的“团体”和由差序格局形成的“社会圈子”。东西方社会结构的差异不在于西方只存在“团体”,东方只存在“社会圈子”,而在于这两种“社群”在社会构成上的不同。笔者由此指出,“差序格局”的实际含义是强调由“差序”所构成的社会组织在中国社会中占据主导与支配地位。中国所谓的公共领域,实际上由私人领域扩张与转化而来,或者受到私人领域的支配,这也使得中国社会的公共性供给在相当程度上依赖并取决于处于“差序格局”中心的某个个体或某一批个体的道德性     

男民工与阶层、社会性别、性的主体建构

农民工的“性”问题日益受到社会的关注。本文基于北京地区四个工地136位民工的访谈,以工地男民工“谈小姐”为切入点,将“谈小姐”视为男民工日常生活中的言说实践,以扎根理论的视角来探究“谈话”这种日常活动的建构意义。本文并不停留于男民工对“小姐”形象（谈论的客体）的构建,而是更进一步地探讨：（1）在“谈小姐”的言说实践过程中男民工如何构建出自身的阶层地位、社会性别与性文化;（2）分析阶层、社会性别、性这三者的关系。通过这种主体建构的呈现,本文试图揭示男民工如何寻找自己在这个社会中的定位,以及寻找现实生活中积极的生存策略。     

中国农村宗教复兴与“宗教”的中国命运

中国农村宗教复兴是改革开放以来最“出人意料”的现象之一。对此，学界提出了“传统的发明”、“国家-社会关系”、“宗教市场”三种解释模式。本文认为，解释中国农村宗教复兴，不能将宗教现象还原为“政治”或“经济”等其他范畴，而应将之视为一种自成一类的事实，一种人的基本条件，同时应充分理解政治精英和知识精英在中国近现代史上对 “宗教”的塑造过程。中国农村的宗教复兴在很大程度上游离于这一塑造过程之外，因此，可能存在着尚不为学界所充分认识的社会机制，有着提供本土理论的潜力。本文认为，在世俗化理论和市场理论之外，应该尝试使用“礼物模式”探索这一社会机制。     

自我组织与遵纪守法：工人依法维权的集体行动策略——以上海SNS企业工人抗争为例

在中国的制度环境下,对于底层工人来说,争取合法权益的同时还要计算在这个过程中的经济成本与政治风险,因此“安全”、“有效”而又“可持续存在”的抗争方式是工人在采取行动时不得不考虑的问题。本文以上海某制造企业工人两次依法维权的行动为例,提出在这种逻辑下工人抗争所采取的“自我组织”与“遵纪守法”的策略,既为抗争提供了组织保障,又提供了行动的合法性。最后,文章将这种抗争策略放在中国宏观社会变迁的背景下进行了讨论。     

Direct and Moderating Effects of Ethnic Identity

This study examines the relationship between two aspects of intergenerational conflict (acculturative and developmental) and depression among Korean American adolescents as well as the role of ethnic identity as a moderator of the relationship. First, the results of the study demonstrate that acculturative conflict has a greater impact on depression than developmental conflict. Second, the study indicates that ethnic identity predicts a decreased risk of depression. Finally, the study shows that the effect of acculturative conflict on depression is moderated by ethnic identity. In addition, the results suggest the need for further research in the area of ethnic identity and its unique relationship to psychosocial factors. Granting limitations imposed by the study design, the study supports the buffering role of ethnic identity and suggests a need for the enhancement of ethnic identity among Korean American adolescents.     

The homeless of urban India under COVID-19 lockdown: Rethinking their rights and the role of public policy

Homelessness comes with a slew of challenges and a never-ending struggle for survival. This study examines the impact of the pandemic and lockdown on the homeless population of urban India. The study reflects on the experiences of the homeless in the major cities of India during the first wave of the pandemic as well as explores the aspect of their rights and the role of government policy in this regard. The methodology of the study is qualitative in nature, where secondary data collected from various sources such as news articles, blogs, books, journals, and reports are put to analysis for deriving the findings. The study reveals the sufferings of the homeless in the cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bengaluru, and Chennai. Their fight is not merely with the SARS-CoV-2 virus but also with hunger, unemployment, and neglect faced by them. The study highlights the fact that their rights are being compromised due to drawbacks relating to policy implementation. The study concludes with certain suggestions such as, addressing the loopholes in policy implementations and creating sustainable livelihood opportunities.     

A Series of Single Case Design Clinical Evaluations of an Ericksonian Hypnotic Intervention Used with Clinical Anxiety

This article describes three single case design evaluations of an Ericksonian hypnotic intervention used with anxiety problems. The first study, carried out in a community mental health center, involved a 17-year-old female high school student experiencing problems classifiable under DSM-III criteria as "agoraphobia with panic attacks" and "generalized anxiety" and utilized an integration of a withdrawal and an alternating treatments single case design. The second study, also carried out in a community mental health center, involved a 39-year-old woman experiencing difficulties classifiable as "agoraphobia with panic attacks." This study employed an A-B1-B2-B3-B2 single case design. In these two studies the treatment variable was manipulated as if it were "withdrawable." The third study, in which the treatment variable was manipulated as if it were not withdrawable, involved a 76-year-old woman and a 27-year-old man. The woman was experiencing difficulties classifiable under DSM-III criteria as "agoraphobia with panic attacks." The young man experienced difficulties classifiable as "panic disorder" and "generalized anxiety disorder." The third study employed a multiple baseline across subjects and A-B single case designs. The possible causal role played by the Ericksonian hypnotic intervention is discussed in light of the convergence of results and the methodological limitations of each of the clinical studies. Possible characteristics of the treatment variable are also discussed.     

Cultural Traditions and the Scandinavian Social Policy Model

This article assesses the extent to which cultural interpretation may be useful in understanding social policy models. By surveying cultural traditions, the study explores the context in which the Scandinavian social policy model was developed. The study investigates the institutional legacies of Scandinavian agrarian societies and identifies certain cultural traits, making observations as to their implications for the social policy model. The study does not intend to establish any “causal relation” between specific historical phenomena and the modern welfare states, but regards cultural traditions as forming the “contextual basis” for the operation of a welfare state system. Hence this is not merely a case study of Scandinavia, but a methodological undertaking that could play a significant role in broadening the scope of the study of social policy.     

“田野”经验中的日常生活逻辑:经验、理论与方法

该文从社会学角度展现个性化的学术研究心得,以作者数年从事“田野”研究工作的实例,讨论“田野”经验与日常生活逻辑以及与理论和方法之间的关系。经验与理论之间存在一个中间环节即日常生活逻辑,需要深入探讨和揭示。日常生活逻辑是一种“积淀根基”,深藏于日常生活的细微末节之中,需要扎根田野、深入生活去发现和揭示。在研究方法上,可以尝试完成从观察到理解、从疑问到提问、从易感性到分析性、从技术过程到社会过程、从讲故事到讲道理等几个重要环节的跨越。单个案研究和多案例比较方法对于上述研究具有不同的作用,两者之间是一个递增的、相互关联的关系,只不过在各个不同环节和阶段上,各自强调的重心有所不同。     

External supervision for social workers in another socio-political context: a qualitative study in Shenzhen,China

External supervision of local social workers has become a common practice in Shenzhen, China as the development of social work as a profession reaches break-neck pace and when the shortage of experienced social work supervisors also becomes acute. Hence, many supervisors have been recruited externally from Hong Kong to fill the gap. However, for external supervisors working in another socio-political context they will need an awareness and sensitivity of cultural issues, and cultural dynamics in supervision. Based on a qualitative study conducted in Shenzhen of 16 in-depth interviews with supervisors and supervisees in eight supervisory dyads, as well as a focus group meeting with three external supervisors from Hong Kong, this study finds that the institutional hierarchy, ruling culture and traditional Confucian values which place great importance of harmony, reciprocal relationships with others, effective self-control and respect for hierarchy have impacted the day-to-day practice as well as the interactions between social workers and their external supervisors in Shenzhen. The implications of this study is that in achieving successful supervisory practice the further development of intercultural competence is one of the key directions for professionalising social work in the Chinese Mainland.     

Choosing intercountry adoption: an Australian study of the motivations and attitudes of intending and recent adoptive parents

Humanitarian reasons are often reported as the main motivating force for undertaking intercountry adoption. This article reports on a qualitative interview‐based Australian study in which 32 adoptive parents and prospective adoptive parents talk frankly about their desire to use intercountry adoption as a pathway to parenthood, rather than as an altruistic method of providing a child with a family. The study aimed to investigate motivations of intending and recent adoptive parents for deciding to form a family through intercountry adoption and to contribute to understanding about why intercountry adoption is the preferred option over available alternatives for family formation. The findings from this study raise interesting questions regarding recruitment efforts for children needing families; not only in relation to intercountry adoption, but also in developing recruitment strategies for foster carers for local children needing care.     

Choosing fields of graduate study among Chinese and Taiwanese students

This study examines field of study patterns and their determinants among Chinese and Taiwanese students who come to the U.S. for the purpose of advancing their education. I argue that field of study choice is the result of both economic incentives as well as cultural and social values. Results suggest that funding from U.S. university sources channel Chinese and Taiwanese students into science- and technology-related fields. This study also suggests that choosing field is a gender-specific behavior that is affected by cultural and social values, as well as structural factors, such as educational policy. Despite the gender gap in choosing field of study, women from China are more likely to choose science- and technology-related fields than those from Taiwan. This may be the result of China’s central government’s claimed campaign for gender equality. Such an alleged campaign may have created perceived equality and confidence within women that encourage some women to enter male-dominated fields.     

A State‐centred Explanation of the Finance‐Pension Nexus: New Zealand's Pension Reforms as a Typical Case

This study analyses the decision‐making processes that led to the introduction of the New Zealand Superannuation Fund (a public pension reserve and investment fund), as well as the KiwiSaver Scheme, which is New Zealand's first soft‐compulsory private pension scheme. Why and how are governments engaged in the development of funded pensions? These are the questions this study addresses. In analyzing the finance‐pension nexus in New Zealand, this article adopts a state‐centric approach. It argues that pension funding reforms are shaped by state officials who pursue their own motives because policymakers frame funded pensions as an instrument for achieving broader fiscal, economic and financial policy outcomes. Because New Zealand is a typical case of a state‐centric explanation, a study of its pension funding reforms helps in finding causal links between finance and pensions.     

信息犯罪新论

信息犯罪作为一种新的犯罪形式的学理研究的类型化,是以信息社会为其研究背景的。信息犯罪的信息性凸显了新的高科技犯罪与传统犯罪的内在差异。文章立足于其本质属性———信息性,从根本上打破了传统研究视野下的“就现象论现象”、“以现象名本质”的研究方法。从而将信息犯罪的基本范畴及其内在特殊属性的研究引向深入。