北京市近年婚配状况的特征及分析

婚姻本质上是男女双方的选择和匹配过程。文章基于北京市2004～2009年的婚姻登记数据库,对夫妇双方在年龄、城乡户籍、地区户籍、学历、婚次、民族和职业等方面的匹配状况和特点进行分析,印证了婚配过程中同类匹配和婚姻梯度的存在。从时序上看,夫妇双方的年龄日益趋近,人口流动也促进了跨地域通婚的增加,这些特征改变了传统的婚配走向,使婚配更具开放性;但夫妇学历的日趋般配和跨城乡通婚的减少,也显现出婚姻匹配走向封闭的特征。基于社会交换心理所形成的男女双方不同特征属性之间的优劣互补,使婚姻梯度所造成的夫妇间的差距在一定程度上有所减弱,从而形成同类婚配、且丈夫的综合条件略高于妻子的总体婚配特征。在大城市中,受婚姻梯度的影响,往往是条件优秀的女性承受更大的婚配压力。     

婚姻匹配结构与主观幸福感——来自中国大样本微观数据的实证研究

本文利用2006年中国综合社会调查（ CGSS ）数据,研究首次婚姻中,夫妻个人经济状况匹配和家庭经济状况匹配的不同组合与婚后生活幸福感之间的关系。本文发现,无论是男性还是女性,在控制了年龄、年龄的平方、受教育年限、民族、政治面貌、户口、宗教信仰、工作满意程度、个人健康满意程度、人际关系满意程度、住房状况、家庭经济状况、家庭关系满意程度以及省份哑变量等变量的情况下,相对于“门当户对”,家庭经济状况为“男低女高”婚配结构的生活会更幸福。在分组回归中,本文进一步发现,以“个人经济状况和家庭、经济状况同为门当户对”作为基准组,“个人经济状况为门当户对,且家庭经济状况为男低女高”的婚配结构会更幸福。如果家庭经济状况为“男低女高”是男女双方为了追求爱情而冲破传统“门第”观点的结果,那么,本文发现的引申含义是基于爱情的婚姻会更幸福。     

生育需求、婚姻匹配与夫妻初婚年龄差距——来自中国城乡家庭的研究

本文建立两时期婚姻搜寻模型,用以解释在性别间存在可生育年龄生理差异的基础上生育意愿对男性与女性婚姻搜寻行为以及婚姻匹配模式产生的影响。在此基础上,采用CHNS(1993)抽样调查的微观家庭数据,通过构建两个计量模型从微观和宏观两个层面来分析生育率对婚姻匹配模式的影响。首先运用CHNS微观家庭数据对家庭层面中孩子数量与夫妻年龄差距之间的联系进行实证研究,对农村家庭的回归结果显示孩子数量与夫妻的年龄差距具有显著的关系,具体而言,家庭中每多1个孩子,夫妻间的年龄差距也随之扩大0.27年。其次从宏观的角度运用Difference in Difference(DID)的方法来分析生育政策对婚姻匹配模式产生的冲击效应,实证分析计划生育政策实施后生育率的变化对我国城乡地区婚姻匹配产生的影响。实证结果显示计划生育政策实施以后生育率出现了下降,家庭的生育需求受到抑制,造成了政策实施后夫妻初婚年龄差距的下降。在生育需求受到计划生育政策影响更大的农村地区中夫妻初婚年龄差距随着生育率的快速下降出现了更为显著的缩小。研究结果表明生育需求是影响婚姻匹配模式的一个重要因素,计划生育政策实施后生育率的变化对我国城乡地区夫妻初婚年龄差距产生了显著的影响。     

婚姻支付对农村夫妻权力的影响:全国百村调查的发现

本文基于2014年全国九省百村的"婚姻迁移与农村女性发展"专项调查数据,通过对资源理论进行拓展和本土化来定量分析婚姻支付对农村地区夫妻权利的影响。研究发现,中国农村婚姻支付和夫妻权利存在地域差异;以婚姻支付为代表的婚前资源对农村家庭中夫妻权利有显著影响,嫁妆相对于彩礼的水平越高,婚后非男权的发生概率越大;夫妻相对收入、相对持家贡献和妻子行为自主权也对夫妻权利有一定的影响;随着时代变迁,农村夫妻权利模式逐渐趋于非男权化,但是夫妻权利在婚姻缔结时就已成较为稳定格局,女性婚后通过个人资源提升权利的空间变得较为有限。     

夫妻收入差别和年龄差距会影响幸福感吗?——来自微观数据的经验证据

家庭内部结构会对夫妻双方主观幸福感产生影响,本文利用CGSS2013数据检验了夫妻相对收入地位和年龄差别对幸福感的影响.研究发现,在控制家庭总收入的情况下,妻子收入比重提高会显著降低丈夫幸福感,丈夫本人收入增长会显著提高自身幸福感,但妻子收入对丈夫幸福感没有显著影响;夫妻之间相对收入地位对妻子幸福感没有显著影响,丈夫收入增长能够显著提高妻子幸福感,妻子本人收入对幸福感也存在显著正面影响,但影响程度和显著度较低.年龄差别对丈夫幸福感没有显著影响,夫妻年龄差距对妻子幸福感有负面影响,传统上认为"男大女小"家庭关系更幸福可能这类家庭拥有较高的收入水平.进一步研究认为,妻子相对收入提高对丈夫幸福感的负面影响取决于主观观念,越认同"男主内、 女主外"观念的男性,妻子收入比重提高对其幸福感的负面影响越大.研究采用OLS和有序probit模型,通过增减变量观察回归系数和显著程度变化,发现结果是稳健的.     

台湾地区的婚姻挤压——兼与中国大陆的比较

文章基于中国台湾1970 ～2014年的人口数据,运用理论男婴富余比与婚配性别比法,测算台湾地区婚姻挤压的变化趋势.研究发现,1970 ～2014年台湾地区的婚配性别比MR值逐年增大,同时,理论男婴富余比呈小幅度上升的走势,表明未来台湾地区的男性婚姻挤压也呈上升趋势.中国台湾与大陆的比较分析表明,1987～2013年台湾地区的理论男婴富余比小于大陆值,但婚配性别比MR值高于大陆值.文章利用台湾地区和大陆历年的出生性别比,检验宏观人口因素对未来初婚市场婚姻挤压的影响,发现婚姻匹配是个体主观偏好和客观婚姻市场共同作用的结果;宏观的性别和年龄结构是影响婚姻挤压的前置因素,个体的家庭与社会文化背景、经济基础、工作情况等社会资本才是影响婚姻挤压的根本原因.     

从再婚人口的性别差异看城市女性的再婚困境——以北京为例

随着我国婚姻解体数量的增多，再婚也日益普遍。基于北京市人日抽样调查数据和婚姻登记数据的计算结果表明，北京近年来失婚女性的再婚率只有男性的40％左右。通过对再婚人口的婚次、年龄、教育程度和户籍等方面的特征及其匹配特点的分析，可以看到女性在再婚过程中相对男性处于明显的弱势地位，而“男高女低”的婚配模式则是造成城市女性再婚困境的主要原因。     

年龄结构波动对婚姻市场的影响

出生性别比失调和随生育水平下降而来的人口结构转变的双重作用，可能导致中国未来婚姻市场两性人口失衡。其中，夫妇年龄差规范的存在使得人口年龄结构制约着婚姻匹配。本文利用中国年龄结构波动对婚姻市场的一次“自然实验”，分析了婚姻拥挤因素对人们婚姻行为、婚姻状况的影响。研究表明，由于人口年龄结构变动导致的婚姻拥挤对夫妇平均年龄差及其年龄差分布都有较为显著的影响．而处于婚姻拥挤状态的男性和女性在完婚途径和婚姻状况方面又有所差异。     

婚姻对个体精神健康的影响——基于中国健康与养老追踪调查的实证分析

文章利用中国健康与养老追踪调查数据实证研究发现,已婚者比离婚、丧偶和未婚者的抑郁水平更低;从未结婚者抑郁程度最高,离婚者抑郁程度次之,再次是丧偶者的抑郁程度;并且婚姻对男性精神健康保护效应大于女性.分居会降低个体精神健康水平,这种作用对农村男性更加显著,说明婚姻对精神健康的保护效应受到婚姻质量的影响.婚姻匹配方式会显著影响女性精神健康:女性与受教育程度相当或者低于自己的男性结婚,其抑郁水平会增加,在农村地区尤为明显.高质量的婚姻对个体精神健康具有保护效应,家庭和婚姻能有效改善个体精神健康.     

90年代以来中国夫妇年龄差变动趋势及其原因分析

夫妇年龄差的研究是人口学研究的一个重要领域。但目前的研究由于数据来源多样化,得出的结论不尽一致,关于年龄差的变化方向也没有形成定论。为此,本文利用我国三期妇女地位调查数据,对年龄差变动趋势进行分析。结果发现：我国同龄婚配的特点非常稳定,其比例维持在16％～17％之间。中国夫妇年龄差模式自90年代以来,发生了较大的变化,2010年中国传统的＂男高女低＂的婚配模式有所改变,这种＂男高女低＂婚姻明显下降,而＂女高男低＂婚姻明显升高,扣除同龄婚后二者平分秋色。其原因可能与我国出生性别比持续偏高和婚姻观念的转变等因素有关。     

Late Marriage and Less Marriage in Japan

Between 1975 and 1995, the singulate mean age at marriage in Japan increased from 24.5 to 27.7 years for women and from 27.6 to 30.7 years for men, making Japan one of the latest‐marrying populations in the world. Over the same period, the proportion of women who will never marry, calculated from age‐specific first‐marriage probabilities pertaining to a particular calendar year, increased from 5 to 15 percent for women and from 6 to 22 percent for men—behaviors sharply different from those characterizing the universal‐marriage society of earlier years. This article investigates how and why these changes have come about. The reasons are bound up with rapid educational gains by women, massive increases in the proportion of women who work for pay outside the home, major changes in the structure and functioning of the marriage market, extraordinary increases in the prevalence of premarital sex, and far‐reaching changes in values relating to marriage and family life.     

个体经济地位、婚前家庭经济差异与婚姻迁移

婚姻迁移是通过婚姻途径发生的并伴随户口变更的人口迁移。我国婚姻迁移人口的规模不断增长，婚姻迁移受性别、出生地、出生年代的影响，初婚年龄的队列差别对婚姻迁移同样存在影响。个人经济地位，即个人年收入越高，婚姻迁移的可能性越大。婚前男方家庭经济状况更好的婚姻迁移的可能性更高，女方家庭经济状况更好的婚姻迁移的可能性相对较低。     

中国大陆婚姻状况变迁及婚姻挤压问题分析

本文以2005年全国1％人口抽样调查数据为基础，通过城乡之间的比较，借助对婚姻挤压以及中国大龄未婚人口现象的系统描述来揭示其存在的特征和后果。婚姻挤压和大龄未婚现象既与个人因素有关，同样受到社会结构变迁的影响，不仅在性别上有所差异，城乡之间也存在较大差别，农村未婚女青年的比例较低，最多的大龄未婚女青年集中在城市。而婚姻迁移和社会对于男女两性的期望不同将会对新的婚姻挤压问题造成进一步的冲击。     

Forced Marriage and Birth Outcomes

We study the impact of marriages resulting from bride kidnapping on infant birth weight. Bride kidnapping—a form of forced marriage—implies that women are abducted by men and have little choice other than to marry their kidnappers. Given this lack of choice over the spouse, we expect adverse consequences for women in such marriages. Remarkable survey data from the Central Asian nation of Kyrgyzstan enable exploration of differential birth outcomes for women in kidnap-based and other types of marriage using both OLS and IV estimation. We find that children born to mothers in kidnap-based marriages have lower birth weight compared with children born to other mothers. The largest difference is between kidnap-based and arranged marriages: the magnitude of the birth weight loss is in the range of 2 % to 6 % of average birth weight. Our finding is one of the first statistically sound estimates of the impact of forced marriage and implies not only adverse consequences for the women involved but potentially also for their children.     

闪婚-闪离：农村青年的婚姻异化及其社会基础——赣南B村的新型婚姻模式

传统婚姻模式与家庭和村庄稳定的具有密切的关系,因而围绕婚姻模式形成了诸多的支持机制。而在打工经济引起青年农民大量流动的背景下,村庄与家庭结构发生了迅速的变迁,农村青年的婚姻支持机制逐渐走向衰落。本文分析了赣南B村的“闪婚”与“闪离”现象,探讨这种婚姻模式在宗族性的村庄是如何可能的。当传统的婚姻支持机制逐渐走向瓦解,农村青年的婚姻得不到支持与整合．在“闪婚”这一新现象之后,随即走向“闪离”,农村青年则在面对自身婚姻时感到了无奈和无力感。     

Marriage and the value of waiting

Using a simple model where singles try to maximize their pizazz, we examine the value of the option to give up single life in favor of marriage when singles pizazz levels follow correlated geometric Brownian motions. We derive the critical level of relative pizazz levels that triggers the move to marriage and find that for relatively small (large) potential economies of scale in marriage, a single will generally be willing to get married if his/her prospective partners pizazz is strictly higher (lower) than his/her own.Comment by two anonymous referees are gratefully acknowledged. Responsible editor: Alessandro Cigno.     

Same-Sex Marriage and Context-Specific Kinship Terms

This study investigates whether married gays and lesbians in Massachusetts are using the kinship terms commonly associated with marriage in referring to and introducing their marriage partners and, if not, whether alternative terms are being used in a variety of social contexts. We demonstrate through survey and interview data that marriage-related terms are used discriminately, are consciously chosen, and are context specific. Choices are dependent on a variety of factors related to personal demographics, speech community associations, intimacy, identity, and safety. A significant difference in the use of terms after legal marriage has occurred suggesting a shift in attitude.     

Midpregnancy Marriage and Divorce: Why the Death of Shotgun Marriage Has Been Greatly Exaggerated

Conventional wisdom holds that births following the colloquially termed “shotgun marriage”—that is, births to parents who married between conception and the birth—are nearing obsolescence. To investigate trends in shotgun marriage, we matched North Carolina administrative data on nearly 800,000 first births among white and black mothers to marriage and divorce records. We found that among married births, midpregnancy-married births (our preferred term for shotgun-married births) have been relatively stable at about 10 % over the past quarter-century while increasing substantially for vulnerable population subgroups. In 2012, among black and white less-educated and younger women, midpregnancy-married births accounted for approximately 20 % to 25 % of married first births. The increasing representation of midpregnancy-married births among married births raises concerns about well-being among at-risk families because midpregnancy marriages may be quite fragile. Our analysis revealed, however, that midpregnancy marriages were more likely to dissolve only among more advantaged groups. Of those groups considered to be most at risk of divorce—namely, black women with lower levels of education and who were younger—midpregnancy marriages had the same or lower likelihood of divorce as preconception marriages. Our results suggest an overlooked resiliency in a type of marriage that has only increased in salience.     

Child Marriage in Canada

Child marriage, defined as formal or informal marriage before the age of 18, is a globally recognized indicator of gender inequality. Canada has placed itself at the forefront of global efforts to end child marriage as part of its commitment to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Despite these global aspirations, child marriage remains legal throughout Canada. Data from vital statistics agencies and recent censuses indicate that child marriage, although rare, is practiced across the country. In 2016, nearly 2,300 children between 15 and 17 years of age were in union, a prevalence of 0.2 percent. The vast majority (98 percent) of these were informal, common‐law unions. Demographic patterns of child marriage in Canada are similar to those observed in many low‐ and middle‐income countries. Girls were far more likely to be married as children than boys and typically wed much older spouses. There were marked differences in the prevalence of child marriage across the country, with the highest estimates found in Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and the territories. These findings draw attention to the discrepancy between Canada's domestic law and its foreign policy. They also highlight thorny challenges inherent in efforts to eradicate this practice in Canada and elsewhere.