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1.
We propose a new principle of ‘non-interference’ applied to social welfare orderings. The principle, together with two other
standard requirements, implies a strong egalitarian conclusion: the ordering must lexicographically maximize the welfare of
the worst off.
The first version of this paper was written when Mariotti was visiting Bocconi University. Their generous hospitality and
financial support through a Research Fellowship is gratefully acknowledged. A previous version of this paper written by Mariotti
alone was circulated with the title ‘Liberalism implies equality’. We thank Ken Binmore, Paola Manzini, Juan Moreno Ternero
and two referees for helpful comments. The responsibility for any error is our own. 相似文献
2.
Our concern is for income inequalities that may result from non-welfaristic redistribution schemes. We show that for large
classes of income functions Lorenz dominance results can be found in the comparison of two egalitarian equivalent mechanisms.
Comparisons of different conditionally egalitarian mechanisms only yield poverty dominance results. In general, no egalitarian
equivalent mechanism can be Lorenz dominated by a conditionally egalitarian mechanism. Our analysis stresses the need for
accurate empirical estimates of the pre-tax income function and of the distributions of responsibility and compensation characteristics.
We thank the Editor, Marc Fleurbaey and two anonymous referees, Geert Dhaene and seminar/conference participants at UAP-workshop
(Namur, 2003), ‘Welfarist and non-welfarist approaches to public economics’ (Ghent, 2004), SED (Palma, 2004), SSC&W (Osaka,
2004) and IIPF (Milan, 2004) for helpful comments and suggestions. Financial support from the Federal Public Planning Service
Science Policy, Interuniversity Attraction Poles Program – Belgian Science Policy [Contract No. P5/21] is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
3.
Conventional models of labor relations emphasize “business unionism,” that is, collective bargaining activities and outcomes.
We argue that a more realistic model of behavior incorporates the union’s role as an agent of redistribution that seeks to
benefit some members and union leaders primarily at the expense of other members, nonunion employees, and consumers. Union
power to redistribute wealth is obtained from the special privileges that labor organizations obtain from government. This
paper demonstrates how, as political entities, unions and their employers attempt to secure government-sanctioned wealth transfers
through protectionism.
The authors gratefully acknowledge research support provided by the Sarah Scaife Foundation and the Earhart Foundation. 相似文献
4.
We propose an extension of Harsanyi’s Impartial Observer Theorem based on the representation of ignorance as the set of all
possible probability distributions over individuals. We obtain a characterization of the observer’s preferences that, under
our most restrictive conditions, is a convex combination of Harsanyi’s utilitarian and Rawls’ egalitarian criteria. This representation
is ethically meaningful, in the sense that individuals’ utilities are cardinally measurable and fully comparable. This allows
us to conclude that the impartiality requirement cannot be used to decide between Rawls’ and Harsanyi’s positions.
We thank D. Bouyssou, A. Chateauneuf, M. Cohen, M. Fleurbaey, E. Karni, J.-F. Laslier, P. Mongin, J. Moreno-Ternero and especially
J. Weymark, as well as seminar audiences at University Pompeu Fabra, University of Cergy-Pontoise, the Roy Seminar and RUD
2006 for useful comments. Comments by two anonymous referees have been extremely useful to improve the paper. Financial support
from an ACI grant by the French Ministry of Research is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
5.
Andreas Ortmann Mark Schlesinger 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1997,8(2):97-119
This article examines the trust hypothesis: the claim that asymmetric information can explain the existence of non-profit
enterprise in certain markets. We argue that this hypothesis, in order to be viable, has to meet three challenges: ‘reputational
ubiquity’, ‘incentive compatibility’ and ‘adulteration’. Drawing on modern agency theory, we conclude that the trust hypothesis
stands on shaky ground. It can be sustained only under particular conditions that have been neither carefully described in
theory nor subject to empirical assessment. The available evidence, patchy and inadequate as it is, seems to suggests that
there are some ownership-related differences in aspects of organisational performance connected with asymmetric information.
However, there is little evidence that this relates to trustper se or provides a rationale for the existence of non-profit ownership in these industries. We conclude with a plea for substantial
research on consumer expectations and provider motivations.
Visiting Associate Professor at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. 相似文献
6.
The object of this paper is to propose a consistency test for an individual involved in collective choice process. Collective choice processes considered in the paper are those that
transform individuals ‘tastes’– which reflect the self-interested view point of the individuals – into (social) ranking of alternatives. In addition to
her tastes, an individual has values about the way by which collective decision should be made. We distinguish two categories of such values. First, there are
end-values that restrict the class of social rankings that the individual considers ethically acceptable. Second there are aggregation-values that specify the way by which the social ranking should depend upon the individuals tastes. The consistency test stands on
an hypothetical operation of universalization of the individual tastes to everyone. Five illustrations of the potential usefulness of our approach for interpreting social
choice theory and welfare economics are proposed. These illustrations deal with utilitarian aggregation in the presence of
income inequality aversion, the so-called ‘ethics of responsibility’ and the aggregation of individual ranking of opportunity
sets based on their freedom of choice. A discussion of the relevance of the consistency test for addressing the problem of
‘laundering’ individual preferences is also provided.
Received: 25 June 1998/Accepted: 16 March 1999 相似文献
7.
Ed Sleebos Naomi Ellemers Dick de Gilder 《Gruppendynamik und Organisationsberatung》2007,38(3):327-342
The current article explains the motives underlying respect-and disrespect induced group-serving efforts. Research showed
that intra-group respect increases individuals’ engagement with their group and subsequent intentions to show group-serving
efforts. We refer to this process as ‘the group-focused motive’. Based on a recent program of research on actual effort and
performance evaluations, we conclude that respect-induced group-serving efforts are not only due to enhanced engagement with
the group. In addition, we posit that behavioral motivations can also stem from self-focused concerns — we refer to these
as ‘self-focused motives’. We argue that the perception of being respected boosts the self-evaluation of individual group
members. Maintenance of this positive self-evaluation, together with respect-induced enhanced self-confidence, can cause individuals
to show more contextual performance. Finally, when individuals are disrespected, this impacts negatively on their self-perception.
As a result, these individuals show group-serving efforts in an attempt to re-establish their self-worth, and this occurs
relatively independently of improvement concerns for the group.
Dick de Gilder (TC.de.Gilder@fsw.vu.nl) currently is associate professor of organizational behavior at the VU University in Amsterdam. He studied at the University
of Amsterdam and received his Ph.D. from the University of Groningen, The Netherlands. His research interests include organizational
commitment, error management, and research management. 相似文献
8.
Aggregation of binary evaluations for truth-functional agendas 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
In the problem of judgment aggregation, a panel of judges has to evaluate each proposition in a given agenda as true or false,
based on their individual evaluations and subject to the constraint of logical consistency. We elaborate on the relation between
this and the problem of aggregating abstract binary evaluations. For the special case of truth-functional agendas we have
the following main contributions: (1) a syntactical characterization of agendas for which the analogs of Arrow’s aggregation
conditions force dictatorship; (2) a complete classification of all aggregators that satisfy those conditions; (3) an analysis
of the effect of weakening the Pareto condition to surjectivity.
This is a sequel to the paper “Aggregation of binary evaluations.” The contents of both papers were presented, under the title
“An Arrovian impossibility theorem for social truth functions,” at the Second World Congress of the Game Theory Society, Marseille,
July 2004. The first version of “Aggregation of binary evaluations” was completed in June 2005. That working paper was subsequently
split into two parts, of which this is the second. The comments of an anonymous referee are gratefully acknowledged. Part
of R. Holzman’s work was done while he was a Fellow of the Institute for Advanced Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. 相似文献
9.
Geometric models of consistent judgement aggregation 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Marcus Pivato 《Social Choice and Welfare》2009,33(4):559-574
Given a set of propositions with unknown truth values, a ‘judgement aggregation function’ is a way to aggregate the personal
truth-valuations of a group of voters into some ‘collective’ truth valuation. We introduce the class of ‘quasimajoritarian’
judgement aggregation functions, which includes majority vote, but also includes some functions which use different voting
schemes to decide the truth of different propositions. We show that if the profile of individual beliefs satisfies a condition
called ‘value restriction’, then the output of any quasimajoritarian function is logically consistent; this directly generalizes
the recent work of Dietrich and List (Majority voting on restricted domains. Presented at SCW08; see , 2007b). We then provide two sufficient conditions for value-restriction, defined geometrically in terms of a lattice ordering
or a metric structure on the set of individuals and propositions. Finally, we introduce another sufficient condition for consistent
majoritarian judgement aggregation, called ‘convexity’. We show that convexity is not logically related to value-restriction. 相似文献
10.
Lowell Bruce Anderson Helena Dandurova James E. Falk Lana Yeganova 《Social Choice and Welfare》2009,32(3):355-365
There are many situations wherein a group of individuals (e.g., voters, experts, sports writers) must produce an ordered list
of ‘best’ alternatives selected from a given group of alternatives (e.g., candidates, proposals, sports teams). Two long established
mechanisms that have been used for this task are ‘Zermelo’s Ranking Method’ (1929) and ‘Borda’s Voting Scheme’ (1781). The
main purpose of this paper is to point out that they are, under certain common circumstances, identical. We then show that
Zermelo’s Method can be used in situations that Borda’s Method is not designed to handle. 相似文献
11.
Tymen J. van der Ploeg 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1995,6(3):255-274
This paper compares legal approaches to foundations in six economically well-developed democracies (USA, England and Wales,
Germany, Austria, France and the Netherlands). ‘Foundations’ refers to ‘non-governmental, non-membership, organisations, recognised
as a legal category with a purpose in the general interest’. This covers the common field of the common law's charity and
the civil law's foundation as a legal person. The countries organise public supervision of foundations in very different ways.
Mostly there is governmental involvement or involvement of an independent body in the establishment and governmental supervision
of foundations in action. In a few cases, the supervisory power—concerning the foundations' activities, not their establishment—is
with judicial authorities. Access to information of foundations (registration) and possible requests for sanctions by interested
parties are also rather different. Not all rules are in accordance with the freedom of organisation and some are less desirable.
The conclusion is that a balance between the freedom of the foundation (board), the protection of the public order and the
protection of the interests of others can be found in a system with systematic supervision at the establishment- and later
practice—by governmental or independent authorities or in a system with good registration and incidental supervision by judicial
authorities, also at the request of interested parties. Both have their advantages and disadvantages. 相似文献
12.
For decades Durkheim’s theory of suicide has been tested and found wanting. Yet, rather than being consigned to the dust-bin
of history, it lives on and is pointed to as an exemplar of the powers of sociological theory and research. If this rationalizing
and/or dismissal of so many falsifications of the theory were an isolated phenomenon, it might be evidence of some lemming-like
propensity for suicide or a disciplinary death-wish, among a few sociologists. But it appears to be a much more widespread
and common occurrence. In this paper we explore some possible explanations of this ‘falsification denial’—‘The Social Misconstruction
of Reality’ (Hamilton 1996), ‘When Prophecy Fails’ (Festinger et al. 1956), ‘Underdetermination’ (Duhem 1954; Quine Journal of Philosophy 67:178–183, 1970, Erkenntnis 9:313–328, 1975; Lakatos 1970), and ‘Boundary Maintenance’ (Erikson 1966), and we outline some of the more important and pernicious consequences of this falsification denial for the discipline and
future of sociology. 相似文献
13.
Bjarne Ibsen 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1996,7(2):160-176
This article analyses the changes in the voluntary sector in Denmark at the local level, and compares associations in the
‘cultural field’ with those in the ‘social field’. The analyses, which are primarily based on research conducted in 1993,
show that the voluntary sector changed significantly during the 1980s and the 1990s. First, over a third of the associations
were established after 1979, and this has resulted in changes in the overall composition of the sector. Traditional value-oriented
associations and associations that work for others have declined in relative terms, while narrow-interest associations that
work for the members themselves are increasing. Second, the number of associations that are based and operate in a clearly-defined
local area has declined. Third, despite professionalisation in some types of associations, more people than ever before are
engaged in voluntary work in associations. Fourth, while public subsidies to the voluntary associations have increased, this
has not changed the fundamental ‘political autonomy’ of the associations. Fifth, even though there are great differences in
the political context of which the ‘cultural field’ associations and ‘social field’ associations are part, the associations
in the two fields have many common features. 相似文献
14.
Alasdair Marshall Richard Telofski Udechukwu Ojiako Maxwell Chipulu 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2012,23(2):371-391
The purpose of this article is to develop a theory which frames the demands of civil society in such a way as to better enable
corporate subjects to manage and navigate ‘irregular’ engagement from activist organizations. Activist NGOs engage in advocacy
at times by mounting, facilitating or encouraging popular social campaigns and actions against targeted corporations. In many
cases, radical ‘direct action’ tactics are adopted, taking such approaches, NGOs may capitalise on the broader, more ethically
diverse strategic possibilities open to them than are available to their corporate adversaries. We employ institutional theory
to map out this asymmetric distribution of strategic possibility. We theorise NGOs and corporate subjects as effectively ‘competing’
with one another to maximise their own strategic possibilities and to minimise those of their opponents, in the perennial
battle for hearts and minds that plays out between NGOs, corporate subjects, and broader civil society actors who ultimately
determine boundary rules for NGO-corporate conflict. Within this context we explore the normative challenge arising from the
possibility that corporate subjects might seek to tip the competitive balance by learning from how the military has adapted
to successfully engage with ‘irregular’ adversaries through what is often termed ‘asymmetric’ or ‘irregular’ warfare. Should
corporations follow a similar adaptive process, by mirroring the ‘irregular’ strategies of activist groups? Drawing evidence
from the military experience, we suggest—perhaps counter intuitively—that such adaptations can create new opportunities for
conflict resolution and for building sustainable cooperation between former adversaries. 相似文献
15.
Augustin Kwasi Fosu 《Journal of Labor Research》2000,21(1):169-180
Based on an economywide index, I estimate that the occupational status of U.S. black men, relative to white men, rose an average
of .5 percent per year over the 1965–1981 period. After accounting for pre-existing trends, education, and censoring supply
factors, approximately 40 percent of the increase remains. I argue that these residual post– 1964 effects may be attributed
to the antidiscrimination measures of the times, particularly Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Although there seems to be some cyclical censoring, I uncover no evidence in support
of the secular censoring hypothesis that observed post– 1964 black male occupational progress results largely from black male
labor supply declines. I assign about one-half of the 21 percent relative earnings gains by black men during 1965–1981 to
occupational mobility. Compared with previous findings for black women, however, the results suggest substantially lower gains
for black men. In addition, occupational advancement appears to explain a much smaller proportion of the earnings increases
for black men than for black women.
An earlier version of this paper was revised while the author was Visiting Associate Professor at the Department of Economics
and the Frederick Douglass Institute, University of Rochester, New York. Useful comments were provided by members of the Institute
and the Department of Economics. Grant support by the Oakland University Research Committee and the School of Business Administration
is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
16.
Many studies have shown that multinational firms pay more than domestic firms in Third World countries. Economists who criticize
sweatshops have responded that multinational firms’ wage data do not address whether sweatshop jobs are above average because
many of these jobs are with domestic subcontractors. We compare apparel industry wages and the wages of individual firms accused
of being sweatshops to measures of the standard of living in Third World economies. We find that most sweatshop jobs provide
their workers an above average standard of living.
The authors thank Jeffery Hummel, Charles Murray, Larry Pratt, and Edward Stringham for helpful comments on earlier drafts.
Financial support from the American Institute for Economic Research is gratefully acknowledged. The usual disclaimer applies. 相似文献
17.
Joanne Lloyd Helen Doll Keith Hawton William H. Dutton John R. Geddes Guy M. Goodwin Robert D. Rogers 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2010,26(3):387-399
In order to learn about the behaviours and health experiences of people who gamble on the Internet, we conducted an international
online survey with respondents recruited via gambling and gambling-related websites. The mean (SD) age of the 4,125 respondents
completing the survey was 35.5 (11.8) years, with 79.1% being male and 68.8% UK residents. Respondents provided demographic
details and completed validated psychometric screening instruments for problem gambling, mood disturbances, as well as alcohol
and substance misuse, and history of deliberate self harm. We applied latent class analysis to respondents’ patterns of regular
online gambling activities, and identified subgroups of individuals who used the Internet to gamble in different ways (L
2 = 44.27, bootstrap P = 0.07). We termed the characteristic profiles as ‘non-to-minimal gamblers’; ‘sports bettors’; ‘casino & sports gamblers’;
‘lottery players’; and ‘multi-activity gamblers’. Furthermore, these subgroups of respondents differed on other demographic
and psychological dimensions, with significant inter-cluster differences in proportion of individuals scoring above threshold
for problem gambling, mood disorders and substance misuse, and history of deliberate self harm (all Χ
2s > 23.4, all P-values <0.001). The ‘casino & sports’ and ‘multi-activity-gamblers’ clusters had the highest prevalence of mental disorder.
Internet gamblers appear to be heterogeneous but composed of several subgroups, differing markedly on both demographic and
clinical characteristics. 相似文献
18.
Sang-Chul Suh 《Social Choice and Welfare》2003,20(1):33-39
In a marriage problem, we introduce a condition called “exclusive matchability (EM)”: the condition mainly says that each
pair of a man and a woman can choose to be a matching pair regardless of others' actions. This condition is essential to strong
Nash implementation of the stable rule. We show that any mechanism which satisfies exclusive matchability implements the stable
rule in strong Nash equilibria.
Received: 17 May 1999/Accepted: 30 August 2001
I would like to thank anonymous referees for their helpful comments. Financial support from the Social Sciences and Humanities
Research Council of Canada is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
19.
On strategy-proof social choice correspondences: a comment 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Carmelo Rodríguez-Álvarez 《Social Choice and Welfare》2009,32(1):29-35
In a recent paper, Sato (Soc Choice Welf doi:) has provided two alternative definitions of strategy-proofness for social choice correspondences and proved that they are
incompatible with the joint requirements of anonymity, neutrality, and a minimal range condition. In this note, we use the
results in Rodríguez-álvarez (Soc Choice Welf 29:175–199, 2007) to directly prove stronger versions of Sato’s theorems.
The author wishes to thank Shin Sato and John Weymark for their comments and suggestions. Financial support from the Ministerio
de Educación y Ciencia through the Programa Ramón y Cajal 2006 and grant SEJ-2005-04805, the Consejería de Innovación, Ciencia
y Empresa, Junta de Andalucía through grant SEJ-01645, and the Fundación Ramón Areces is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
20.
Based on the problems of Global Education Assistance to Africa (GEAA), and combined with China’s rationale and practice of
Education Assistance to Africa, this paper proposes a vision and assumption to improve the GEAA, that is, using the assistance
rationale of ‘Africa-based’, ‘equal-relationship’, and ‘mutual-benefits’, through ‘multi-stakeholders cooperation’, ‘multi-modes
operation’, and ‘multi-goals achievement’ to build one ‘harmonious world’. 相似文献