论政府投资方式的选择

政府投资领域决定政府投资的方式。在纯公共产品领域,政府一般采用全额直接投资方式;在准公共产品领域,应采取多元化的投资运营方式,充分动员政府、社会团体与企业的投资资源;在竞争性领域,应以民间投资为主,各级政府可少量投资以起到间接调整和促进经济发展的作用。     

腐败的经济增长效应:润滑剂抑或绊脚石?

腐败对经济效率和经济增长产生两种相反的效应:润滑效应和摩擦效应。当制度缺陷导致政府管制不当时,腐败能够减小制度磨擦带来的效率损失,从某种程度上刺激经济增长。然而,腐败引导资源由生产性用途转向非生产性用途,造成社会资源的损耗,对政府公共支出、私人投资、国际直接投资、国际贸易、国际援助以及金融体系等造成不利影响,进而抑制经济增长,成为阻碍落后国家发展的绊脚石。     

浙江22城市生产函数的非均衡性分析--政府公共资本的经济增长效应及其供给受制约比率

浙江省22城市政府公共资本均具有正的经济增长效应.各城市的公共资本供给受制约比率都很高,其中杭州、宁波、温州等大城市及周边城市受公共资本供给制约状况较为明显,而在距离上远离这些大城市的小城市受公共资本有效需求制约的可能性很高.总体上看,浙江大部分城市对公共品需求旺盛.考虑到浙江省民间投资需求旺盛,政府应通过开放公共投资领域,吸引民间资金的方式来完成基础设施投资,以缓解其对经济发展的瓶颈制约作用.     

反对腐败的政治学思考

从政治学的角度讲,腐败是公共权力主体利用职权,违背社会政治规范,通过各种途径和手段谋取私利的行为和现象。腐败并不在于公共权力本身,而在于公共权力主体的介入,在于公共权力的归属和运用背离了公共的性质。腐败动摇公共权力主体的合法性;破坏政治关系;阻碍或破坏政治过程;阻挠或中断政治发展;毒化社会政治心理;瓦解和动摇政治制度的阶级基础。反对腐败、加强廉政建设标本兼治的一个重要途径是,强化对公共权力主体制约机制的建设     

日本政府公共投资如何适应经济发展的需要

战后日本经济的发展,表明了这样一条规律:即,政府的公共投资与国民经济相应增长,二者之间存在着相互促进彼此制约的紧密关系。本文仅就日本政府的公共投资是如何适应经济发展需要的这一问题,作些初步的分析。     

公共权力的法学阐释

因为公共权力本身容易导致腐败的特性,对公共权力给予必要的限制已经成为人们的共识。要想对公共权力的限制能够有的放矢和真实有效,就必须对公共权力概念本身给予解析,显现其构成要素。对症下药方能药到病除。在法律上,公共权力首先表现为强制力;其次是一种特殊的权利,是一种不能被抛弃的权利;最后公共权力的内核是一种易异化的法律义务。而造成公共权力腐败的原因正是因为它的核心要素是一种易异化的法律义务。     

监管腐败与寻租博弈的经济分析

从经济学的角度可以把检举腐败活动当成一项个人提供公共服务产品,把检举成果(打击惩处贪官)看成公众获得公共收益。执法部门侵权的同时也往往存在司法领域中腐败的情况。腐败的检举工作具有外部性,检举腐败的收益与成本是不对称的,公众检举腐败的意愿低,即出现反腐败的公共产品供给不足;政府可以通过设定合适的举报奖励额度,有效地打击腐败。作者设计了一个存在外部监管机构能提供有效监管的三方博弈模型。在当前立法建设取得成绩的时候更应该提高人大的监督管理地位,这会有效地制止司法领域中的腐败行为,并应采取相应的对策。     

我国农业基础设施投融资方式探析

融资困难造成的农业基础设施不足,严重制约着农村经济发展和新农村的建设。农业基础设施大多属于公共产品,结合公共产品的本质特征,可以将其划分为纯公共产品类农业基础设施、准公共产品类农业基础设施和私人产品类农业基础设施。根据不同类型农业基础设施的特征及范围,分别选择不同的融资渠道和投融资方式,纯公共产品类农业基础设施主要由政府提供,准公共产品类农业基础设施由政府投资与市场提供相结合,私人产品类农业基础设施主要由私人提供,建立多元化、多层次的投融资体系。通过加快农业基础设施产权制度改革、完善投资的积累机制、探索新的经营管理体制和建立投资的激励约束机制,为新的投融资方式健康运行提供制度保障。     

日本公共投资:90年代投资低效的原因、改革方向及启示

公共投资具有形成社会资本的长期供给效应和创造有效需求的短期需求效应。20世纪90年代日本实行经济刺激,扩大公共投资的结果不仅没有使日本摆脱经济停滞,相反却累积了巨额的债务。21世纪日本公共投资理念由注重短期转向长期、公共投资主体由政府主导扩展到允许民间介入、公共投资结构强调社会资本产业配置要"集中"进行"重点"投资,使公共投资在财政支出中占比不断下降。吸取日本公共投资的经验和教训,中国应制订公共投资五年计划、确立公共投资的"重点"、引入"民间主动融资"方式让民间资本介入公共投资,以提高公共投资效率。     

试论日本政府绩效评估中的公众参与

20世纪90年代新公共管理运动在世界范围的扩展,伴随地方分权等行政改革的实质性推进,日本的中央—地方政府绩效评估以行政评价、政策评价的形式自下而上得以深化,并实现了进一步的制度化、正式化。围绕公共治理与公共管理的日本政府绩效评估中的公众参与,伴随政府绩效评估制度实施的深化而显露出来,并得以不断发展变化。     

市场化改革与腐败治理：基于微观案件数据的实证分析

随着市场化改革的深入，中国的腐败现象也呈增长趋势。本文通过对1993—2013年3 843个腐败案件的分析发现，那些具有配置资源权力的官员出现腐败问题的可能性更大，程度也更严重。这一效应在官员的任职领域正处于市场化改革阶段时被放大，但随着改革的完成而大幅度减小。市场化过程中腐败问题的制度性根源在于市场化改革没有完成或不彻底的市场化，而不是市场化本身。因此，只有坚持市场化改革，才能清除权力寻租的土壤，进而遏制腐败问题。     

Corruption, efficiency and productivity in OECD countries

Over the last decade there has been growing interest in understanding the relationship between corruption and economic performance. The principal motivation of this work is to analyze whether corruption affects the economic results of OECD countries from a productivity-based perspective. To this end, we shall adopt a frontier approach which will allow us, on the one hand, to study whether corruption conditions the efficiency levels at which the economies perform and, on the other, to determine the channels through which it can affect productivity growth, whether by influencing improvements in relative efficiency levels or by shifting the production frontier.     

Public corruption: A study across regions in Italy

This work explores the determinants of public corruption using a regional panel dataset on crimes perpetrated in Italy by public officials against the public administration in combination with a set of demographic and socio-economic variables. The results suggest that both the size and the composition of public spending at the local level explain corruption. We also find that regions where social capital is higher are more likely to face a lower incidence of corruption crimes. Moreover, regions which have historically placed less importance on rooting out corruption may be stuck in a vicious circle of higher levels of corruption.     

A contingency theory of corruption: The effect of human development and national culture

Corruption is a world-wide problem that disproportionately affects those with the fewest personal and economic resources. It was hypothesized that human development restricts corruption, and the magnitude of such an effect is contingent upon the conditions of national culture. Measures were gathered for 68 countries that account for 80% of the world's population. Support was found for the main effect of human development on corruption. Consistent with contingency theory, results also indicate that the relation between human development and corruption is moderated by power distance and individualism. Implications for policy making to reduce corruption are discussed.     

Public investment and growth: Lessons learned from 60-years experience in Southern Italy

This article analyses the contribution of public investment to economic growth in Southern Italy in the second half of the twentieth century (1951–2011). The Bai–Perron tests suggest that economic growth followed three distinct regimes: accelerated growth in the years 1951–1973 (average growth rate 5.3%); low growth in the period 1974–1995 (average growth rate 1.6%); zero growth on average after 1995. Using cointegration analysis, we find a positive effect of public investment on per unit of labour output of the Mezzogiorno in the whole period, 1951–2011. However, the estimates of the model show statistically significant parameters of public investment in the first regime, but not in the second regime, when economic growth is sustained by business investment and technical change. The last phase of growth sees the negative influence of the social and institutional environment on the functioning of the economy. The different impact of public investment on growth over time is ascribed to changes in the quality of institutions.     

浅析印尼对外商投资的法律规制

印度尼西亚与贸易有关的法律主要包括《海关法》、《政府投资条例》以及新修订的《投资法》等。印尼的投资环境受到传统观念、政局的稳定性、军警社会化以及公职人员腐败等因素的影响。在目前印尼社会背景下,我国应把握好其政治转型过程中对我国政策的变化,关注对华人政策的变化以及充分利用好国际贸易规则与国内法律,加强重点领域的贸易,以促进中印（尼）之间的贸易与投资。     

Globalization,financial development and economic growth: Perils on the environmental sustainability of an emerging economy

The study examines the effects of globalization, financial development, economic growth, and energy consumption on environmental sustainability in India over the period 1980–2015. The novelty of the study is the assessment of environmental sustainability in a single framework encompassing globalization, financial development, and growth effects. Findings reveal that an increased level of globalization and financial development while improving economic performance are inimical to the sustainability of the environment. In the short-run, globalization, economic growth, and increased energy consumption are contributing directly to environmental degradation, while banking sector development is impacting environmental sustainability adversely through the economic growth channel. Given the severity of the findings amidst India’s tryst with economic growth, proactive policies are warranted to encourage adaptation of greener and cleaner technologies in environmentally sustainable areas. This necessitates improved institutional quality encompassing stringent environmental standards, legal systems, property rights, corruption, financial information quality, etc., alongside the provision of incentives and subsidies to manufacturing firms undertaking technological innovations and complying with the environmental standards.     

Social investment effects of public education,health care,and welfare service expenditures on economic growth

The purpose of this study is to theoretically and empirically examine whether public spending in education, health care, and welfare service operates as a fruitful investment in welfare states, which has been implied in the literature of social investment arguments. Based on comprehensive review of existing literature, this study suggested a tripartite mechanism of social investment effect of such spending, that is “enhancement of human capital,” “support for labor force participation,” and “job creation.” To find the empirical evidence, a pooled time‐series cross‐section analysis was conducted with the data of 15 advanced welfare states from 1980 to 2015 using estimation technique of fixed‐effect model. The results confirmed that public spending in education, health care, and welfare service had a positive medium‐term as well as long‐term effect on economic performance, while cash‐type welfare spending had an obscure or no visible effect on economy. Government consumption that is a proxy and control variable of size of the welfare state showed a positive effect on real GDP in the medium term but a negative effect in the long run. In conclusion, this study suggests that reinforcing social services should be recognized and dealt with as essence of social investment strategy.     

The Policy Consequences of Political Corruption: Evidence from State Environmental Programs*

Objective. This study assesses the effect of political corruption on state environmental policy. Method. OLS regression analyses are used to determine if political corruption affects the strength of state environmental programs. Results. The results suggest that political corruption serves to systematically weaken state environmental programs. The effect of corruption is similar in magnitude to conventional explanations of environmental program strength, such as public environmentalism and state wealth. Its impact is particularly pronounced in states with strong organized manufacturing interests. Conclusion. Political corruption may systematically bias the substance of public policy.