从语言对文化的意义观“族群边缘论”的神话——对王明珂《华夏边缘》的辩驳

结构主义或后结构主义的出现似乎渗透了社会/文化人类学所有的方法论和研究范式,社会/文化人类学从二元对立观到二元融合的兼容并蓄成为真正意义上的多元学科.尤其在心理学、认知理论等后结构主义流派出现后,语言、文本、历史对文化之研究变得更加复杂和多维.以王明珂著《华夏边缘—历史记忆与族群认同》一书的学术脉络和研究范式——“透过边缘见‘中心’来看,其学术思想无不受到后结构主义的严重影响.因此,考察其试图运用二元对立与兼容史观来构架一个有着客观和历史文化特征、主观认同、相互指认并跨越边界、以“华夏”和“异族”千年互动庞大案例为叙事主体的“概念化族群”研究,一定要放在后结构主义方法论之下才可能从根源上去理解和释疑,并藉以辩驳一个没有“中心”意涵的“族群”和没有结论的“民族史族群边缘理论”,其实只是一个历史先验论的神话.     

历史、想象与身份认同——影片《成吉思汗》与《一代天骄成吉思汗》的叙事比较

围绕蒙古族英雄成吉思汗,已经形成了多重文本构成的语义丰富的话语场。对1986年詹相持执导的《成吉思汗》与1997年塞夫、麦丽丝执导的《一代天骄成吉思汗》两个电影文本的对比研究表明,两部影片在影像风格、叙事选择、细节塑造等方面的不同,显示出作为创作主体的导演在构造过去时游走于史实与想象中的姿态,叙事策略的背后展现出的其实是创作者族群、文化身份的差畀以及自我定位等深层次的问题。应该说,这样的文本对比分析既对少数民族题材电影创作有启示意义,也是文化人类学之于历史、想象、身份研究的重要范本。     

社会记忆:民族文学作为族群叙事文本--以瑶族创世古歌《密洛陀》的族群认同功能为例

在当代社会文化人类学的研究中,“认同”(identity)研究成了近几十年来最“热”、最重要的问题之一,“认同理论”在很短的时间内广泛地为其他人文社会科学所借鉴和应用,批评理论也不例外。民族文学作为族群认同的一个文化栽体,为族群的自我认同提供了基础,诸如归属感、表达记忆的文本和认同共同的祖先等等。瑶族创世古歌《密洛陀》,包含有“一个族群的自我认同的多要素”,它同时对布努瑶族群、族群历史、族群认同和族群边界进行了建构和解释,并将族群、族群历史、族群认同和族群边界聚合为一个有机的整体,不断强化着族群中族民的认同和归属意识。     

从疍民研究看中国民族史与族群研究的百年探索

疍民是历史上广泛分布于我国东南沿海地区的水居族群,疍民的源流及其与陆居族群的关系,历来是东南民族史、区域社会文化史与族群研究的重要内容.墨民研究不仅完整地体现了百年来不同时代的话语背景与不同的学术关怀,同时也是近代以来中国人文社会科学的学科发展历程、理论方法更新及学术视野拓展的一个缩影.     

《中国东南土著民族历史与文化的考古学观察》评述

长江下游以南的东南地区是我国自然地理中相对独立的区域，也是古代历史与人文区系中一个特殊环节。在北方汉人大规模南迁的汉晋以前，发展过程中的土著民族创造了丰富多彩而又具有浓郁地域特色的历史与文化。但是，东南地区土著并没有本民族自身的文字历史，在《史记》首次出现“越王勾践世家”和“东越列传”、“南越列传”等少数专载东南社会与文化的系统篇章之前，汉文史籍对于东南历史的只言片语大多语焉不详，甚至自相矛盾。而所有这些“历史”更只是华夏民族目光中的东南社会，一定有许多不确的成分。因此，谱写东南地区的早期历史，…     

论图腾分析法对神话的解读功能

图腾制度一种氏族命名制度,盛行于原始族群之中,其主要功能是维护氏族制度,实行族外婚,防止族内婚。《山海经》是中华民族图腾崇拜时期的文化典籍。利用文化人类学图腾分析法研究《山海经》,是打开中国神话背后的历史宝库、完成中华文明探源工作的一把的金钥匙。     

敦煌文书P.T.127《人姓归属五音经》与归义军时期敦煌吐蕃移民社会研究

敦煌藏文本P.T.127《人姓归属五音经》,是归义军时期敦煌吐蕃文化精英根据汉文本《宅经》改编而成的一部有关姓氏分类的占卜典籍,使用群体主要为吐蕃移民。《人姓归属五音经》的发现,对于解决归义军时期吐蕃移民曾普遍采用汉族姓氏是一个有力的证据。包括《人姓归属五音经》在内的P.T.127,是归义军时期敦煌吐蕃移民,在面临因卑户身份导致诸如在地区请占田经济体制中土地耕种权无法保障的困境下,为提升族群社会地位与认同,取得现实生存合法性,对族群文化进行重塑的产物。P.T.127这类看似游离于主流意识之外的文本,其实隐喻着吐蕃移民如何利用地方秩序语言,在区域社会中以提升自身地位、建立身份认同的族群历史变迁。因此弥足珍贵,甚堪关注。     

《格萨尔》伏藏文本中的"智态化"叙事模式——丹增扎巴文本解析

口头传统理论先驱洛德生在《故事的歌手》中把由艺人自己将自述的文本用书面形式写下来的文本确定为“自撰口述文本”，《格萨尔》的伏藏文本即可以列入此类文本范畴。但是，丹增扎巴的《格萨尔》故事文本又与一般意义上的伏藏文本不尽相同，他把佛教伏藏中的“智态化”（藏语称气吖帑）伏藏传承方式纳入到其创作中，演绎成为史诗文本的创作理念和方法论，形成了一种独特的叙事模式，成为神授、掘藏、圆光等传承之外的又一重要的《格萨尔》叙事类型和传承方式。     

从神圣王权到民族主义的符号史学——《作为自我的稻米》中日本人身份认同的自我隐喻

选择一些重要的食物与烹饪作为一种“自我的隐喻”，来思考自我与他者的关系，进而构建自我的身份认同和与他者区隔的表征，这是一种穿越时间的象征实践和价值塑造过程。美籍日裔学者大贯惠美子的《作为自我的稻米》一书以一种历史化的象征人类学分析路径呈现了稻米在日本人自我认同意义体系中的象征支配性地位，其研究对于族群声望符号塑造的讨论和族群分化理论的深化而言极其重要。     

更敦群培旅行文本再解读

更敦群培1934年前往印度、尼泊尔、斯里兰卡等南亚国家游学深造,历时12年之久。在南亚期间,他以文化行者的身份和跨文化视角,撰写了《智游列国漫记——金色的疆域》《锡兰纪行》等极具特色的游记,开创了自成一体的旅行文本。历史上藏族学者对以印度、尼泊尔、斯里兰卡为代表的南亚文化的书写和表达多是对异国形象进行想象建构,而更敦群培的旅行文本则重新审视和考察地理接壤、文化互动地带的印度宗教、民俗文化,消解藏人先验印象中南亚形象的思维定势,重新发现本土文化价值,对根深蒂固的印度宗教文化中心主义发起挑战,反思各种文化偏见和历史成见,不断确立他人文主义思想和文化中立心态。隐匿在旅行文本背后的是人类学家的身份和另一种民族志书写范式。     

革命,民族,现代性——关于中共陕甘宁边区政府回族干部的考论

抗日战争时期,在团结抗日的目标条件下,群众团体成为中国社会各阶层的动员和组织的重要形式。在众多回族抗日群众团体中,成立于1938年的中国回民救国协会是影响深远的回族群众团体,为了更好地动员和团结各民族,1940年在延安成立了第一个少数民族抗日群众团体—延安回民救国协会,同年还成立了中国回民救国协会陕甘宁分会。通过对延安回民救国协会的观察和研究,以及对回族基层干部的关注,可以了解到回族基层干部主要是中共中央基层组织培养和教育的结果。本文以金浪白和马文良为例,研究他们的经历、参加中国革命的契机,以及他们在中国共产党回族政策中的作用。此外,通过对其他回族干部来源调查,研究中国共产党如何选拔录用回族干部,并与鄂豫皖根据地选拔与录用干部方式的加以比较,探讨回族干部选拔录取方式的特点,提出有关回族妇女干部的新观点。     

The Socioeconomic Attainments of Non-immigrant Cambodian, Filipino, Hmong, Laotian, Thai, and Vietnamese Americans

Using recent American Community Survey data, this study investigates socioeconomic attainments of six ethnic groups of Southeast Asian Americans. Findings show that the educational attainment of Filipinos, Vietnamese, and Thai is higher than that of whites, while the educational attainment of Cambodians, Hmong, and Laotians is lower than that of whites. Regarding earnings, Southeast Asian American women are generally not disadvantaged relative to white women, but Southeast Asian American men tend to have lower earnings than white men after controlling for education and other demographic factors such as age, metropolitan residence, and region. We conclude that Cambodians, Hmong, and Laotians are the most disadvantaged groups among Southeast Asian Americans and that most Southeast Asian American male groups tend to be at least slightly disadvantaged in the labor market at least after controlling for metropolitan residence and region.     

Islam,Moderation, Radicalism,and Justly Balanced Communities

If media outlets and political rhetoric are to be believed, then the way to counter “radical” Islam is through “moderate” Islam. Seemingly, “moderate” Islam is that which “radical” Islam is not. In appointing “moderate” Islam as an antidote to “radical” Islam, the implication is that, conceptually at least, the two terms are contradistinctive. Yet, while much is, perceivably, known about “radical” Islam, with its associated ills of an unequivocal Islamic worldview, very little attention has been afforded to this signifier, “moderate”. Inasmuch as this term is bandied around, even scholars of Islam will acknowledge that, within Islamic education, understandings of and debates on conceptions of moderation, and moderate Muslim communities, have been somewhat overlooked. What, therefore, is a “moderate” Islam? What is a “moderate” Muslim community and how would it act? What are the implications for a “moderate” community in relation to pluralist societies? And, can such a “moderate” community offer a practical response not only to “radical” Islam, but, perhaps, more importantly, to increasingly antagonistic, liberal contexts?     

Migration,masculinity, and family

Previous studies of migration, family, and gender have shown that migration is not only an event that changes family life, the change itself is a gendered process. How migrant women develop strategies to cope with challenges posed by either their own migration or their husbands’ migration has been widely studied. However, how migrant men adjust and change their care practices and domestic roles to accommodate challenges brought about by migration to their family lives has not been as extensively explored. Using interview data gathered from male rural-to-urban migrant workers in South China, this paper fills this gap by studying male migrants’ agency and masculinity through the concept of masculine compromise. Masculine compromise delineates how migrant men strive to respond to changing family circumstances triggered by migration while maintaining the gender boundaries that underpin their dominance within the family. As a concept, masculine compromise underscores the material impact of migration on gender practices and family life; and the limited effect it has on gender attitudes and identity. Masculine compromise provides a feminist lens to analyse the complex effect of migration on changing masculinity and gender relationships within the family.     

Bushfire catastrophe in Victoria,Australia: public record,accountability, commemoration,memorialization and heritage protection

In Australia, 7 February 2009 has become known as ‘Black Saturday’ because of the bushfire catastrophe that took 173 lives and devastated communities in the central parts of the State of Victoria. The paper considers how the 2009 fires have been recorded, how the issue of accountability has been dealt with, particularly in relation to the State and its agencies but also individual residents in the fire-devastated areas, and how bushfire deaths and other losses have been commemorated through remembrance events and museum collection projects and memorialized through the creation of new monuments and the protection of remaining physical structures as official heritage. Despite the major impact of bushfires on the State, to date few bushfire-related places have been protected. The former Cockatoo Kindergarten, which acted as a community refuge during an earlier catastrophic Victorian bushfire on Ash Wednesday, 16 February 1983, is an exception. Inscribed in 2012, the former kindergarten is the only bushfire-related place inscribed on the Victorian Heritage Register, in this case for its historical and social value as a place resonating with other communities affected by other bushfires and helping the broader Victorian public to come to terms with bushfire catastrophe. But, while bushfire commemoration activities and physical memorials, like those relating to war, help many societies remember individual and community pain and suffering, they can divert attention from the more fundamental questions of why they were there in the first place and what must be done to ensure the same catastrophe does not recur in the future. In this regard, the paper questions the oft-cited claim that bushfires are embedded in the Australian psyche, seeing links between the rhetoric around bushfire survival and Australian myth-making and nation-building.     

Enoch Powell,empires, immigrants and education

2018 marks the 50th anniversary of Enoch Powell’s infamous ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech, an intervention that is still viewed as one of the most incendiary statements of the perceived decay and violence likely to follow legislation intended to assure minoritised British citizens of equal rights regardless of their ethnic origin. In this essay, Sally Tomlinson (one of Britain’s foremost multicultural theorists) reflects on Powell’s legacy and the contemporary scene where in the US, UK and across Europe, White resentment and fear is increasingly shaping ‘mainstream’ debates about nationhood, migration and education.     

企业创新:动力、要素、途径

企业在国家创新体系中处于核心地位,是自主创新的主体。企业持续创新的动力,包括企业利益、企业家精神、创新激励、企业创新能力等内源动力和市场需求牵引力、市场竞争推动力、科学技术驱动力、政府政策支持力等外源动力。观念创新是一切创新活动的先导,体制创新是企业创新的基础,管理创新是企业创新的支撑,技术创新是企业创新的关键。提升我国企业自主创新能力必须确立自主创新战略,完善创新法律体系,增加对创新的政府投入、税收优惠和金融支持,建立产学研相结合的体系和联动机制,实施知识产权战略,加强企业创新人才队伍建设。     

Race, Genetic Ancestry, and Health

Knowledge from human genetic research continuously challenges the notion that race and biology are inextricably linked, with implications across biomedical and public health disciplines. However, biomedical research continues to explore health and disease under a racial framework ignoring and at times confounding the identification of true biological and/or environmental risk factors. Within this article, we present a brief overview of the use of race in biomedical research and studies of human genome variation and how genetic ancestry may help us understand health disparities. We believe that the casual use of “race” to define groups in biomedical research has contributed to our limited understanding of complex disease etiology and risk factors driving health disparities.     

排、排瑶、瑶排、八排瑶等称谓之辨析

粤北连南排瑶的几个称谓:排、排瑶、瑶排、八排瑶等,在解说和使用上存在一定的分歧.本文通过梳理和辨析,认为"排"由动词"排年"、"编排"演变为名词"村庄"、"村寨",后来又指基层行政组织;"瑶排"、"排瑶"、"八排"、"八排瑶"语义明确,理解一致;"瑶排"、"排瑶"最早的出处是李来章的<风土记>,"八排"曩早出现于明末朱若适文;"八排瑶"最早出现于清·屈大均的<广东新语>,它与"排瑶"相通、与"八排"不同,但它们在使用上有交错代替的现象.