社会支持对农村老年女性孤独感的影响研究

利用2009年陕西省农村老年女性生活福利状况调查数据,定量分析了社会支持对农村老年女性孤独感的影响。孤独感已成为影响农村老年女性生活质量的重要的健康问题,社会支持对农村老年女性孤独感具有显著的负向影响,社会交往面广、代际情感支持丰富和日常生活照料周到是降低农村老年女性孤独感、促进老年女性身心健康、安度晚年的重要因素。研究结果为政府制定旨在改善农村老年女性群体心理福利的相关政策、进行有效的政策干预提供理论和现实依据。     

年龄结构波动对婚姻市场的影响

出生性别比失调和随生育水平下降而来的人口结构转变的双重作用，可能导致中国未来婚姻市场两性人口失衡。其中，夫妇年龄差规范的存在使得人口年龄结构制约着婚姻匹配。本文利用中国年龄结构波动对婚姻市场的一次“自然实验”，分析了婚姻拥挤因素对人们婚姻行为、婚姻状况的影响。研究表明，由于人口年龄结构变动导致的婚姻拥挤对夫妇平均年龄差及其年龄差分布都有较为显著的影响．而处于婚姻拥挤状态的男性和女性在完婚途径和婚姻状况方面又有所差异。     

农村大龄未婚男性的代际经济支持研究

出生性别比持续偏高带来的女性缺失正日益加剧农村男性的婚姻挤压,而农村大龄男性不能结婚有可能对家庭养老功能产生重要影响。本文基于代际支持的投资回报理论,对2008年安徽乙县农村调查数据进行了定量分析。研究发现,儿子的婚姻状态与父母经济支持的获得有密切关系,投资回报理论能较好解释农村大龄未婚男性对父母经济支持较弱的现象;儿子的经济状况、父母的需求和父母对儿子的经济投资都会显著影响父母所获得的经济支持。研究有利于理解男性婚姻挤压对社会养老保障的影响,对及早制定有针对性的社会养老政策具有重要意义。     

大龄未婚对农村男性主观福利影响评估研究——来自CGSS2010的经验证据

利用CGSS2010调查数据,本文应用倾向得分匹配方法处理婚姻状况自选择效应,定量评估了大龄未婚对我国农村大龄男性主观福利的影响.在反事实概念框架下,大龄未婚对我国农村男性有着不显著的负面影响.可能的解释是,幸福的婚姻需要一定的社会经济资源保障,仅靠婚姻本身难以显著提升农村大龄未婚男性主观福利.在努力降低性别比例失衡的同时,有必要出台政策改善农村大龄男性社会经济状况以提高他们的主观福利.     

婚姻对中国高龄老人健康长寿影响的性别差异分析

文章利用中国高龄老人健康长寿纵向调查1998年基线数据和2000年跟踪数据,就婚姻对中国高龄老人健康长寿影响的性别作用差异进行了剖析。研究结果表明,婚姻状况对女性高龄老人健康的保护作用强于男性高龄老人,婚姻状况对男性高龄老人死亡风险的降低作用比女性高龄老人大,较高的婚姻满意度有利于高龄老人减缓健康状况的下降和死亡风险的下降,高龄老人近期丧失配偶对健康状况的下降有恶化作用并增加死亡风险,女性的这种作用强于男性。     

大龄未婚男性的生理与心理福利

中国大量农村大龄未婚男性与社会安全之间的关系引起国内外政府和学术界的深切关注。通过分析国外对大龄未婚男性的研究文献,总结国外大龄未婚男性的生理、心理状况以及影响生理和心理状况的重要变量——社会网络与支持状况。国外研究的方法、思路和结论都能为中国深入研究农村大龄未婚男性群体自身的福利和该群体与社会安全的关系提供借鉴和启示,今后的研究应该以与已婚者进行比较的方法,从大龄未婚者的生理和心理福利着手来进行。     

社会转型期职业流动的性别分化——以江苏省为例

本文使用第二次中国妇女社会地位调查中涉及江苏省居民职业流动的数据材料，从性别的视角对社会转型期的江苏居民的代际职业流动和代内职业流动进行了分析，发现：社会转型期，职业流动加剧，两性的职业地位都得到了提升，但两性的职业层次差异也呈现出了扩大的趋势；代际流动方面，女性的代际职业世袭率高于男性，上升流动率低于男性；进一步对影响职业流动的内生变量进行因素相关分析的结果显示：社会转型期，人力资本和成就意识等“获致性”因素的影响力较强。     

年龄视角下家庭结构转变对农村老人代际支持的影响

本文采用“安徽省农村老年人生活福利状况”2001-2018年7期专项追踪调查数据,聚焦年龄效应构建个体增长模型,深入探究年龄视角下家庭结构转变对农村老人代际支持的动态影响。结果表明,代际支持策略随家庭结构而异,同时该策略会因老人年龄调节而有所调整。其中,随年龄调节,“变为独居”老人会为子女提供更多经济支持;“一直二代及以上同住”老人与其子女间情感亲密越差;“变为二代及以上同住”老人逐渐获得更多日常照料;“一直隔代同住”与“变为隔代同住”老人会得到子女更高水平经济支持,并减少照料支持提供。结果揭示了在老龄化与城市化并行推进的背景下,家庭养老在农村的主体地位仍牢固,巩固家庭养老的主体地位对缓解农村社会养老压力意义深远;揭示了社会应重视不同家庭结构老人的群体异质性,提倡老人接受符合其养老期待的差异化社会养老服务;揭示了孝道观念深刻根植于子女内心并不断驱使其改进代际支持策略,通过两代人的不同支持行为,利用各自优势实现需求互补,这对促进家庭代际和谐至关重要。     

婚姻对个体精神健康的影响——基于中国健康与养老追踪调查的实证分析

文章利用中国健康与养老追踪调查数据实证研究发现,已婚者比离婚、丧偶和未婚者的抑郁水平更低;从未结婚者抑郁程度最高,离婚者抑郁程度次之,再次是丧偶者的抑郁程度;并且婚姻对男性精神健康保护效应大于女性.分居会降低个体精神健康水平,这种作用对农村男性更加显著,说明婚姻对精神健康的保护效应受到婚姻质量的影响.婚姻匹配方式会显著影响女性精神健康:女性与受教育程度相当或者低于自己的男性结婚,其抑郁水平会增加,在农村地区尤为明显.高质量的婚姻对个体精神健康具有保护效应,家庭和婚姻能有效改善个体精神健康.     

婚配结构对夫妻婚后幸福感的影响研究——基于夫妻年龄、学历和家庭背景的对比分析

本文利用2006年中国综合社会调查数据(CGSS),对中国过去几十年婚姻市场的匹配情况进行了分析,并实证分析了年龄、 学历、 家庭背景三种婚姻匹配模式对我国居民婚后生活幸福感的影响.结果表明:(1)我国婚姻市场的婚配模式在年龄、 学历和家庭背景方面存在"男高女低"的婚姻梯度现象.但随着时间推移,男女之间的这种梯度差距在逐渐缩小,特别是在学历和家庭背景方面体现的十分明显;(2)在年龄、 学历和家庭背景三种婚配模式中,夫妻的年龄差异对男性和女性的婚后幸福感没有显著影响,学历差异会同时影响男性和女性的婚后幸福感,而家庭背景差异仅对女性的婚后幸福感有影响;(3)家庭背景方面,女性在嫁给一个家庭背景好于自己的丈夫时,其生活幸福感会明显提升,但这种效果更多地存在于农村.对城市女性而言,家庭背景的差异对她们的幸福感没有显著影响.     

Gender in Marriage and Life Satisfaction Under Gender Imbalance in China: The Role of Intergenerational Support and SES

This study examined gender differences in the influence of marital status and marital quality on life satisfaction. The roles of intergenerational support and perceived socioeconomic status in the relationship between marriage and life satisfaction were also explored. The analysis was conducted with data from the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) in 2006, representing 1,317 women and 1,152 men at least 25 years old. Chi-squared tests and logistic regression models were used in this process. Marriage, including marital status and relationship quality, has a protective function for life satisfaction. Marital status is more important for males, but marital quality is more important for females. The moderating roles of intergenerational support and perceived socioeconomic status are gender specific, perhaps due to norms that ascribe different roles to men and women in marriage.     

Parenthood, Marital Status, and Well-Being in Later Life: Evidence from SHARE

Using pooled cross-sectional data from the first two waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, we address the question of whether and how parenthood and marital status are associated with various dimensions of elders’ well-being, which we define by elements of the individual’s economic situation, psychological well-being, and social connectedness. The results of our multivariate analysis suggest that childless individuals do not generally fare worse than parents in terms of their economic, psychological, or social well-being. Although there is some indication for a ‘protective effect’ of marriage, having a partner does not per se contribute to greater psychological well-being: only those reporting satisfaction with the extent of reciprocity in their relationship report lower numbers of depression symptoms than their unmarried counterparts. We observe no systematic associations between parenthood (marriage, respectively) and individuals’ propensity to participate in social activities. These findings are fairly stable, that is, they hold for both men and women as well as across various cohorts, and they do not vary systematically between countries.     

Women,Marital Status,and Symptoms of Depression in a Midlife National Sample

ABSTRACT

Previous studies of the correlates of depression among women have not generally been based on adequate midlife samples or precision in the specification of marital status categories. The present analysis is designed to address these deficiencies and is based on data from the Health and Retirement Survey-Wave 1 (i.e., respondents 51 to 61 years old). Results indicate that married women are less likely to report symptoms of depression than their unmarried counterparts. The mental health benefits of marriage are greater for men than for women. Moreover, other variables, such as marital satisfaction, self-rated health, and employment status are more powerful predictors of emotional well-being in midlife than marital status per se. The quality of marriage affects depressive symptoms more strongly for women than men.     

The Mediating Role of Perceived Parental Warmth and Parental Punishment in the Psychological Well-Being of Children in Rural China

Research has documented that parenting practices, such as parental warmth and parental punishment, play a mediating role in linking individual (e.g., age, gender) and familial characteristics (e.g., economic status, marital quality) to the psychological well-being of children. However, few studies have validated these connections with respect to the Chinese population, especially those in rural areas of China plagued with unfavorable conditions such as poverty and lack of education. In this study, we investigated whether child (age, gender, and sibship size), and familial characteristics (family wealth, parental education, and marital quality) indirectly contribute to the children??s psychological well-being (as indicated by their self-reported internalizing and externalizing problems) through their perceived parental warmth and parental punishment. Using structural equation modeling, we analyzed data collected from 2,000 children (ages 9?C13) and their parents in rural China. The results reveal significant, indirect relationships from family wealth and marital quality to these children??s externalizing problems through parental warmth and parental punishment. There are age and gender differences in the children??s experiencing internalizing and externalizing problems. Gender differences are also found in their perceived parental warmth and parental punishment. Directions for future research are discussed.     

Childlessness and Psychological Well-Being in Midlife and Old Age: An Examination of Parental Status Effects Across a Range of Outcomes

The study explores and distinguishes links between parental status (childless persons, parents with residential children, and empty nest parents) and a range of psychological well-being outcomes in midlife and old age. Data are from the first wave of the Norwegian Life Course, Ageing and Generation (NorLAG) study (n = 5,189). We separate outcomes into cognitive (life satisfaction and self-esteem) and affective (positive and negative affect, depression, loneliness) components. Parental status has a net effect on cognitive well-being among women, as childless women report significantly lower life satisfaction and self-esteem than both mothers with residential children and empty nest mothers. However, motherhood is inconsequential for affective well-being. Among men, parental status is unrelated to any of the well-being aspects. Parental status effects are not modified by age, marital status, and education. The results demonstrate the importance of investigating the effect of parental status and other objective circumstances on a range of psychological well-being outcomes. Furthermore, the results reviewed and presented indicate somewhat more positive effects of parenthood in the Nordic countries than in the US, highlighting the role of social policies in shaping the impact of parental status on well-being.     

The effect of divorce costs on marriage formation and dissolution

Exploiting the theoretical parallels between the matching of workers to jobs in the labour market and the matching of individuals in the marriage market, we use a search theoretic model of marriage formation and dissolution to examine the effect of divorce costs on both decisions. By introducing learning at both stages of the marital decision process, we show that divorce costs not only affect the probability of divorce but also the probability of marriage. Interestingly, to what extent divorce costs affect the marital status distribution depends on the information regarding the quality of the potential marriage that individuals receive while encountering marital offers. Received: 30 July 1996/Accepted: 7 December 1998     

[Method of forming a multiple attrition life table and its application to the study of nuptiality among women in China].]

Trends in marital status among women in China for the period 1950-1970 and for 1981 are analyzed using the multiple decrement life table method. The results confirm those obtained with traditional methods of data analysis. It is found that over the past 30 years, Chinese women have experienced a high rate of marriage and a low divorce rate. The significant increase in age at marriage and the lowering of the death rate have affected marital status at all ages. The development of a marital status life table permits the author to estimate current numbers of women in the four marital statuses of unmarried, currently married, widowed, and divorced by age and their future likelihood of changing marital status.     

African-American marriage in 1910: Beneath the surface of census data

This paper examines the quality of information about marital status, marital duration, and marriage order among African-American women in the U.S. Census of 1910. It compares the reported prevalence of widowhood to estimates of widowhood based on the mortality of black men and on the ages of women at first marriage. It also compares the reported distributions of duration of first marriage to estimates based on mortality and on age at first marriage. It concludes that census reports are subject to serious error. Widowhood is overreported, and marital turnover appears to have been faster than implied by census reports. The prevalance of "own children" is used to confirm these conclusions and to suggest motivations for misreporting.     

The effect of marital status at first birth on marital dissolution among adolescent mothers

The sequencing of marriage and first birth was expected to play an important role in the stability of marriage among adolescent mothers. We hypothesized that adolescent women who married prior to conception would have the lowest rates of marital disruption, followed by those who married between conception and birth. Adolescent women who gave birth prior to marriage were expected to suffer the highest rates of marital dissolution. The results provide partial support for our hypotheses. There is little difference in the probability of separation between adolescent mothers who had a postmarital conception and those who had a premarital conception but married before the birth. Having a premarital birth, however, significantly increases the probability of marital dissolution. We also hypothesized that marital status at first birth would have less effect on the probability of marital dissolution for blacks than for whites. This, too, is generally supported by our findings. Among black females, those with a premarital birth are the first to suffer a marital disruption, but by the end of ten years there is little difference in the probability of separation among the three marital status groups. In contrast, among white females, those with a premarital birth are the first to experience a disruption, and this differential persists over all subsequent marriage duration intervals. Thus, the sequencing of marriage relative to birth has similar short term effects for whites and blacks, but the effect for blacks is evident only in the short term. Ten years after the marriage, black adolescent mothers have similar rates of marital stability regardless of the sequencing of marriage. This is consistent with the findings of previous research and with our hypothesis; with the black family pattern of lower rates of marriage, higher rates of illegitimacy and higher divorce rates, the sequencing of marriage has no long lasting consequences on marital stability. Finally, our predicted decline in the effect of marital status at first birth over historical time also finds partial support. For white females there has been a change in the effect of marriage-first birth sequencing on separation over time. In the period encompassed by the women in our study, white adolescent mothers who married subsequent to the birth have been the most likely to experience a separation at all marriage duration intervals, but this differential narrows as age at interview declines. Among black females there has been no change in the effect of a premarital birth over time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)