不同冷链服务模式下生鲜农产品供应链决策

基于单物流服务商、单供应商和单零售商构成的生鲜农产品供应链，构建3种冷链服务模式：承诺模式、提前要求模式与延后要求模式，探讨不同冷链服务模式对定价与冷链服务水平、企业绩效的影响。研究发现：某种冷链服务模式是否有利于消减数量与质量损耗依赖于产品易腐性、冷链服务成本及其分担比例。供应链成员无法在承诺模式与提前要求模式下形成统一的模式偏好。当物流服务商承担的冷链服务成本比例较低时，相比于提前要求模式，供应商偏好承诺模式，否则，偏好提前要求模式。承诺模式比提前要求模式更有利于物流服务商，然而对于零售商，结果正好相反。数值实验表明，虽然供应链成员无法对冷链服务模式形成整体的一致性偏好，但仍可实现局部的一致性偏好。     

O2O模式中考虑附加服务和平台营销努力的供应链合作策略研究

针对由一个线下服务商与一个线上平台组成的O2O供应链，线下服务商通过线上平台销售基本服务且通过自身实体店销售附加服务，考虑线上平台营销努力对需求的影响，构建批发模式与代理模式下的博弈模型，并对比分析不同合作模式下供应链成员的最优决策，研究了线下服务商的最优合作策略。研究表明，线下服务商的最优合作策略选择受到多种因素的联合影响，当佣金比例较高且附加服务购买比例较低时，或当佣金比例与附加服务购买比例都较高但营销努力效应较小时，线下服务商才会选择批发模式；反之，线下服务商会选择代理模式，此时附加服务会抑制线上平台提供营销努力的积极性，且线下服务商从附加服务获得的利润可能超过从基本服务获得的利润。     

基于移动商务平台的供应链优化与协调研究

3G网络的普及为移动商务的进一步发展提供了广阔的平台,越来越多的企业通过开发基于移动商务平台的应用来销售产品进而扩大市场份额。本文考虑一个网络零售商和一个移动平台服务商组成的供应链系统;其中零售商借助于服务商的营销努力来开拓移动渠道需求。零售商根据平台销量向服务商支付佣金;考虑到捕获的需求所带来的网络外部性,服务商需要确定自身的营销投入。基于一个Stackelberg博弈模型,我们研究了零售商的最优佣金和服务商的最优营销努力决策,刻画了最优决策的结构性质,并提出了一个分段佣金契约来实现供应链的协调。数值实验表明通过零售商和平台服务商的协调运作,能够有效地提高整体利润。研究结果对新时期网络零售商开展基于移动商务平台的协作具有较强的管理启示。     

合作生产视角下的服务外包契约设计

考虑一个客户企业与一个服务商共同努力实现服务外包项目价值的缔约问题,服务参与双方努力程度的无法验证和服务商可能拥有私有成本信息会降低服务绩效,导致服务外包失败。针对双方努力程度无法验证和服务商拥有私有信息这两类风险因素,建立甄别服务商私有信息的委托代理模型,分析非对称信息下的最优契约,刻画了合作生产性质服务外包环境特点对两类风险因素带来的不利效应的影响。研究结果表明,在服务商成本信息对称情形下,激励共享仅受合作双方的相对重要性的影响;而在服务商成本信息不对称情形下,低成本类型服务商的激励共享不变,高成本类型服务商的激励共享还与两种类型服务商的分布和成本差异相关。服务商的重要性越高,服务商私有信息带来的损失越高;服务商与客户企业的重要性相差不大时,努力程度不可验证带来的损失较高。     

适度承诺+提升践诺力——兑现家电维修服务承诺的措施

在家电维修服务市场上,“24小时热线服务”、“终身保修”、“星级服务”之类的服务承诺并不鲜见,且承诺的范围和层次还有继续扩展和提升的趋势。承诺的范围扩大、层次升高本来是企业服务水平提升的表征,然而,消费者能否得到满意的服务才是检验承诺有效性的根本所在。家电维修服务承诺兑现“缩水”,不但给厂商和经销商的形象和经营活动造成了负面影响,也阻碍了家电服务产业化的进程,无论对消费者、家电维修行业还是家电企业都极为不利。承诺兑现“缩水”的根源商家(包括一些家电服务商)是承诺的发出和履行的主体,承诺兑现“缩水”是商家过度…     

产品后市场服务质量水平的动态决策模型

产品后市场中的厂商实际提供的服务水平可能与承诺有所差异,进而影响消费者在产品市场和服务后市场中的需求。本文在此基础上分别对产品边际服务成本与服务水平相关和不相关的情况建立了服务水平决策的动态模型。通过Pontryagin极大值原理,求解并分析了产品边际服务成本与服务水平不相关时厂商的最优策略;通过数值分析,讨论了产品边际服务成本与服务水平相关时的最优策略的性质。研究表明,厂商在做出实际提供的服务水平决策时,不会考虑曾经做出的初始服务承诺,且随着时间的推移,实际提供的服务水平不断降低并在产品生命周期结束时降至最低。厂商的最优初始服务承诺是一个阈值策略,仅在产品生命周期较短时做出最高水平的服务承诺,即使如此,做出高水平服务承诺的厂商仍有动机在产品生命周期内提供较低的服务水平。     

产品后市场服务渠道选择:垂直式或网络化?

制造业服务化让企业将核心业务向服务领域延伸.在运营成本和服务能力的约束下, 为了给顾客提供高水平服务, 后市场服务可以由供应商自主提供, 或由第三方服务商提供, 由此分别形成了垂直式渠道和网络化渠道.针对这两种供应链渠道分别进行了建模优化, 通过对比两种供应链结构下的渠道服务水平、市场供给量和供应链上各成员的利润, 讨论了供应链的最优渠道结构选择.研究结果表明, 只要服务成本不变, 供应链的渠道结构不会改变服务水平.供应链最优的渠道结构由供应商与第三方服务商的服务成本差异决定, 只要第三方服务商的服务成本足够低, 供应商就应该选择服务外包和网络化渠道, 从而实现帕累托改进.     

“线上销售/回收+线下服务”的闭环供应链定价与服务决策

对于“线上销售/回收+线下服务”的闭环供应链模式,研究了制造商在正向和逆向渠道中都与服务商进行收益共享情况下的最优销售/回收定价决策和最优服务水平决策,并比较了制造商领导的Stackelberg博弈、服务商领导的Stackelberg博弈、制造商与服务商Nash均衡博弈三种情形下的最优决策和最优利润。结果表明：最优的新产品销售价格和正向渠道服务水平均与正向渠道收益分成比例呈正相关;最优的废旧产品回收价格与逆向渠道收益分成比例呈负相关,而最优的逆向渠道服务水平与之呈正相关。制造商和服务商的最优利润不仅受正逆向渠道收益分成比例的影响,而且与新产品生产成本的大小有关：当新产品生产成本较小时,处于领导地位的一方获得的最优利润最大,而当新产品生产成本增大到一定程度后,对方处于领导地位时自身获得的最优利润反而最大,而双方均势时各自获得的最优利润均不占优。     

需求不确定下承诺交货时间和产能决策

在网上定制的市场中,需求具有数量和时间两方面的不确定性。本文提出同时考虑需求量具有承诺交货时间敏感性和随机性,采用作业成本法建立以期望利润为目标函数,以承诺交货时间和产能为决策变量的模型。通过模型的分析得到了相互递推的最优承诺交货时间和最优产能数学表达式。在此基础上,运用排队理论建立了以承诺交货时间可靠性为限制条件的M/M/1决策模型。通过模型分析,证明了模型是凹规划,给出了最优承诺交货时间和最优产能满足的方程组。最后,通过算例的分析可知最优承诺交货时间和最优产能受承诺交货时间可靠性限制,而且随着承诺交货时间可靠性的提高,最优承诺交货时间是递增的,最优产能和最优期望利润是递减的。研究表明：结合承诺交货时间可靠性确定最优承诺交货时间和最优产能有助于提高产能的利用率和交货时间的准确性。     

基于服务水平非完全信息下的第三方物流契约设计

本文研究了当第三方物流服务商存在服务质量与服务成本私人信息时,物流服务购买方如何设计契约使服务商说真话,从而把低水平物流服务商驱逐出市场,使其期望收益最大化。应用显示原理建立博弈模型分析表明,服务购买方设计的最优契约与其对服务商水平的事前判断无关,提供给低水平服务商的契约只提供固定报酬,报酬支付独立于服务商的服务绩效;而提供给高水平服务商的契约,则既包含激励机制,又包含惩罚机制,并且初始报酬随着激励措施增加而减少,随惩罚措施增加而增加。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.