和谐社会视野下性别平等的实现路径

和谐社会的建设过程也是性别平等的实现过程。实现性别平等,是促进妇女发展、实现社会公平、实现可持续发展的必要保证。要实现性别平等必须做到:把性别意识纳入决策主流,并实施男女平等的基本国策;制定强制性、优惠性和福利性政策;完善职工生育和养老保险制度,减少性别亏损。只有这样才能使社会更加和谐。     

性别平等主题与和谐文化建设

两性和谐是和谐文化建设的题中之义。处于急剧转型期的当代中国,性别平等问题不但继续受到传统文化的影响,而且还会面临许多新的挑战和问题,在推进和谐文化建设的进程中需要重新思考性别平等这一主题。这种思考牵涉到向社会性别文化变革的视角的转换。这种转换的一个有效途径,就是把性别平等主题与和谐文化建设的研究结合起来。     

社会性别视角中的两性平等

社会性别是相对于生理性别而产生的，是近年来国际上分析男女平等的重要概念。从社会性别的视角来看，影响两性别平等的因素，主要有理论、经济、政治和文化等方面。实现两性平等对于弘扬先进文化，建设和谐社会具有十分重要的意义。     

对社会性别公平理念教育的反思

在男女生理差异基础上,社会与文化以特定的、先验的方式对其性别意义进行了重新表达,使性别超出了生物学领域而进入社会历史、经济、政治和文化范畴,并由此确立了一整套确定两性社会地位和社会角色的社会性别体制,把男女两性的发展置于一个封闭的系统中,简化了人们的社会知觉。教育要颠覆的正是现有社会中这种由性别转化为社会性别的文化和权力建构中的不对称、不平等的关系,建构一种社会性别公平理念上的教育——既强调性别差异,又基于性别差异来超越性别差异,追求一种对称、平等与和谐的关系。     

从社会性别视角分析女大学生就业问题

女大学生就业问题与社会性别文化和性别分工有着密切的关系。针对女大学生因性别就业率低、收入低、造成＂行业隔离＂等问题,应采取相关的措施：构建以人为中心,以两性全面、和谐发展为目标的先进性别文化;促进家务劳动的社会化;将女性就业列入全民就业总战略,实行男女同龄退休;生育成本社会化;借鉴国外的经验,完善相关法律法规。     

男女平等与和谐社会——从人口性别比失衡谈起

目前我国人口发展中性别比例失衡,可能导致未来社会产生因婚姻挤压而引起婚外恋泛滥、离婚率升高、非婚生育、性犯罪和家庭不稳定等社会问题.同时分析了造成我国人口性别比例失调的原因,不单纯是"男尊女卑"传统观念的影响,更重要的是现实社会中存在着男女在经济收入、劳动就业、参政议政等经济社会活动中的若干不平等的事实.提出男女平等是社会和谐的体现,也是社会和谐的基础,因此在贯彻男女平等基本国策的过程中,应该采用性别视角分析各类社会现象和社会问题,将男女平等原则纳入立法程序、制度建设和政策主流.     

性别文化样态的哲学阐释

性别文化随着社会的发展呈现出不同的状态,而且,在每个阶段都表现出不同的内涵。当代社会追求一种"性别个性"的性别文化,它一方面保证了人的性别个性的实现,另一方面又避免因性别而产生压制、对立和冲突,体现了不同性别的人的内在统一的一体性关系,这正是哲学对人的"类本位"时代的"自由个性"境界的一种追求。从哲学层面阐释性别文化的价值诉求,即"性别和谐""性别平等"和"性别个性"三个文化样态,可探寻三者在实践中是如何在辩证统一的基础上逐渐达到性别和谐的。     

建设社会主义新农村中的性别问题

当前应当以建设社会主义新农村为契机,针对我国农村长期存在的性别问题,加大宣传贯彻落实男女平等基本国策的力度,消除落后的歧视女性的思想文化观念,构建先进性别文化,切实保障农村女性在政治、经济、文化、教育、社会及家庭生活中的平等权利,从而调动农村妇女参与社会主义新农村建设的积极性、创造性,促进社会主义新农村建设。     

现代主义、后现代主义和社会性别

社会性别问题在现代主义作品和后现代主义作品中有着不同的体现,但后者并不是对前者的完全否定,而是对前者的继承和补充.与后现代主义文化思潮的相遇使社会性别问题具有了多元性和主题间性,将不同种族、民族、国家和阶级的女性同时纳入关注视域,从而超越了只强调白人中产阶级女性与男性平权的现代主义作品;但同时也面临着后现代主义解构和反本质的威胁.女性主义文学家及批评家应立足于性别这一出发点,在坚持女性主体的同一性和整体性的同时,也应开放地将男性问题作为人文关怀的对象,以达到男女真正平等的和谐境界.     

性别和谐与社会和谐

女性和男性都是社会发展的主体与中心,两性的平等和谐内在地构成了和谐社会的核心内容与关键条件.在和谐社会的语境下审视两性的发展现状会发现,目前的男女两性在生理、心理和社会层面都还存在着相当严重的不平衡与不和谐的现象,并明显影响着社会的稳定与和谐.要建设和谐社会必须努力消除各种性别失衡与歧视现象,促进和实现性别关系的全面和谐发展.     

How (not) to make women work?

Women in developed economies have experienced an unparalleled increase in employment rates, to the point that the gap with respect to men was cut in half. This positive trend has often been attributed to changes in the opportunity costs of working (e.g. access to caring facilities) and the opportunity costs of not-working (notably, relative growth in wages in positions more frequently occupied by women, improved educational attainment). Meanwhile, the gender employment gaps were stagnant in transition economies. Admittedly, employment equality among genders was initially much higher in transition countries.We exploit this unique evidence from transition and advanced countries, to analyze the relationship between the institutional environment and the (adjusted) gender employment gaps. We estimate comparable gender employment gaps on nearly 1500 micro databases from over 40 countries. Changes in both types of the opportunity costs exhibited strong correlation with gender employment equality where the gap was larger, i.e. advanced economies. We provide some evidence that these results are not explained away by transition-related phenomena. We argue that the observed divergence in time trends reflects a level effect: the lower the gender employment gap, the lower the strength of the relationship between gender employment equality and the opportunity costs of working. An implication from our study is that the existing instruments might be insufficient to further reduce the gender employment gap.     

Uneven transitions: Period- and cohort-related changes in gender attitudes in China, 1995-2007

This paper analyzes temporal variations in two gender attitudes in China: beliefs about gender equality and perspectives on women’s combined work and family roles. It uses the most currently available population series from the 1995, 2001 and 2007 World Value Surveys of 4500 respondents and a series of multilevel cross-classified models to properly estimate period and cohort effects. Attitudes toward women’s dual roles manifest neither period nor cohort effects; the population displays a universal high level of acceptance of women’s paid employment. Orientations toward gender equality manifest both cohort and period effects: members of the youngest cohort of both sexes hold the most liberal attitudes; the positive effect of college education has increased over time. Attitude toward gender equality in China displays neither a shift toward conservatism nor an over-time trend toward egalitarianism in 1995-2007, a time of rapid economic growth.     

试析先进文化与构建社会主义和谐社会的关系

构建社会主义和谐社会是中国共产党在新世纪、新阶段提出的具有特定内容的社会目标,反映了现代政治文明的走向和需要。通过发展社会主义先进文化,不断为建设社会主义和谐社会提供强大的精神支撑,是实现政治文明的一个重要组成部分。     

Marketization,occupational segregation,and gender earnings inequality in urban China

This article analyzes a large sample of the 2005 population mini-census data and prefecture-level statistics of China to investigate gender earnings inequality in the context of economic marketization, paying special attention to the changing role of occupational segregation in the process. We approximate marketization by employment sectors and also construct an index of marketization at the prefecture level. Results show that, despite the tremendous economic growth, marketization has exacerbated gender earnings inequality in urban China's labor markets. Gender earnings inequality is the smallest in government/public institutions, followed by public enterprises, and then private enterprises. The gender inequality also increases with the prefecture's level of marketization. Multilevel analyses show that occupational segregation plays an important role in affecting gender earnings inequality: the greater the occupational segregation, the more disadvantaged women are relative to men in earnings in a prefecture's labor market. Moreover, the impact of occupational segregation on gender earnings inequality increases with the prefectural level of marketization. These findings contribute to understanding the dynamics of gender earnings inequality and have important implications for policy to promote gender equality in urban China.     

儒家礼乐思想在构建和谐社会中的价值探讨

中国古代礼乐思想对于历代社会的和谐稳定曾经发挥过重要的作用，对今天构建和谐社会也具有重要的借鉴价值。在构建中国特色社会主义和谐社会中，要建设现代和谐文化，离不开礼乐文化。现代社会所需的礼乐文化，是与当代社会相适应、与现代文明相适应，保持民族性、体现时代性的先进文化。这就需要我们对古代礼乐文化在批判继承的基础上与时俱进地创新，以促进社会主义和谐社会的全面进步。     

贫困山区农村文化建设面临的问题与对策

党的十六届三中全会提出了“全面、协调、可持续”的新的发展观理念。全面建设小康社会 ,城乡要统筹发展 ,经济建设和文化建设要齐抓并举。贫困山区物质生活条件差 ,精神文化生活也十分贫乏。加强贫困山区农村文化建设意义重大 ,刻不容缓。因此 ,积极探索 ,寻找对策 ,努力建设农村先进文化 ,是一项紧迫的“民心工程”     

Social and behavioral skills and the gender gap in early educational achievement

Though many studies have suggested that social and behavioral skills play a central role in gender stratification processes, we know little about the extent to which these skills affect gender gaps in academic achievement. Analyzing data from the Early Child Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort, we demonstrate that social and behavioral skills have substantively important effects on academic outcomes from kindergarten through fifth grade. Gender differences in the acquisition of these skills, moreover, explain a considerable fraction of the gender gap in academic outcomes during early elementary school. Boys get roughly the same academic return to social and behavioral skills as their female peers, but girls begin school with more advanced social and behavioral skills and their skill advantage grows over time. While part of the effect may reflect an evaluation process that rewards students who better conform to school norms, our results imply that the acquisition of social and behavioral skills enhances learning as well. Our results call for a reconsideration of the family and school-level processes that produce gender gaps in social and behavioral skills and the advantages they confer for academic and later success.     

东北老工业基地“全民创业型社会与文化”发展体系建构

振兴东北老工业基地,必须要打造"全民创业型社会与文化"发展体系.要实现这一点,应该将其纳入政府工作目标,建构全民创业国民教育体系、全民创业型文化及价值观,建成完善的创业协调机制和社会体制,编制创业规划、实施目标管理,创建全民创业的社会服务体系,大力开发全社会创业资源和创业环境等.     

中国特色社会主义事业总体布局论纲

中国特色社会主义事业的总体布局,经历了从“两手抓、两手都要硬”,到“三个文明一起抓”、“四位一体”,再到“五位一体”的演进过程。五者之间相互联系、相互促进,既不可分割又各有自己的特定领域和特殊规律。全面推进中国特色社会主义事业,要通过发展社会主义生产力不断增强和谐社会建设的物质基础,发展社会主义民主政治不断加强和谐社会建设的政治保障,发展社会主义先进文化不断巩固和谐社会的精神支撑,建设和谐社会为社会主义物质文明、政治文明、精神文明建设创造有利的社会条件,建设社会主义生态文明实现经济、政治、文化、社会的永续发展。