中小企业融资的三方信贷担保模型研究

在两方信贷担保模型的基础上,构建了一个包括垄断银行、商业性担保机构和中小企业在内的三方信贷模型,探讨了商业担保机构的引入对中小企业融资的影响,并通过信息因子的引入量化分析了担保机构信息量的大小在解决中小企业融资难题中的重要作用。研究结果表明:在信息不完全条件下,商业性担保机构的引入在增加企业受贷金额的同时也增加了企业的逆向选择程度;随着商业性担保机构信息量的增加,企业逆向选择的程度将逐渐减小,而且当担保机构具有企业足够信息时,企业的信贷配给现象会减轻,信贷市场资金配置效率也得到提高。     

基于收益共享-双向期权契约的供应链金融风险控制研究

通过核心企业的信用水平为中小企业获取贷款提供担保,使得整个供应链有效运行是实施供应链金融的重要意义。本文考虑分销商（核心企业）-零售商（贷款企业）组成的二级供应链,为了降低银行面临的零售商违约风险,在银行监督下,分销商与零售商引入收益共享—双向期权契约。本文计算得到了零售商的违约概率,在此基础上,深入分析了各方期望收益、零售商最优初始订货量与最优期权购买数量、分销商最优收益共享比例、银行下侧风险规避前提下可参考的收益共享比例范围。并构造了数值算例,探讨了期权执行价格、收益共享比例及银行质押率等关键参数对风险控制方面的影响。本文所得结果能够为银行及企业在供应链金融决策方面提供参考。     

如何支持中小企业融资

融资难是制约中小企业发展的第一大障碍。目前,我国解决中小企业融资难的主要办法是：通过各种机制引导银行,从因存在风险不愿向中小企业放贷,转变为愿意甚至不得不放贷。国家有关部门已制定了一系列措施,如银监会规定各银行对中小企业增加放贷不能低于该机构本年全部贷款的平均增幅;放宽机构设立条件,通过引进新机构为地方经济和中小企业提供金融支持;建立中小企业贷款风险补偿基金,发展多层次担保基金和信用担保机构等。从以上措施看,我国对中小企业的金融扶持力度不谓不大,但仍存在许多问题。     

如何建立担保财务风险防范机制

信用担保是国际上公认的高风险行业,担保机构经营的是风险,提供的服务是信用.由于我国现阶段,信用担保面临的市场环境十分不完善,国家相关法律法规不完善,缺乏健全的社会信用制度、信用保证体系,存在着将信用风险转嫁给担保机构的情况,如:由于信息不对称,担保机构在对企业进行担保评审过程中存在无法全面了解企业真实经营状况的风险;部分担保贷款缺乏有效的反担保抵押,形成潜在风险隐患;担保机构在为企业贷款提供了担保之后,由于信息的不对称及监控手段的局限性,致使代企业履行赔付责任;一些企业法律意识不强、内控机制不健全、执行制度不严格,致使担保纠纷频频发生;由于企业资产可用于追索的资产了了无几,担保机构损失惨重,等等.因此,如何加强保后财务监管,防范和化解风险成了担保机构生存与发展的核心问题.     

认知差异对商业银行信贷配给的影响效应分析

探讨如何缓解商业银行的信贷配给,尽最大可能满足企业特别是小企业的贷款需求是一个具有很强的现实意义的研究课题。本文在以往学者的研究基础上,将银行和企业对投资项目的风险认知差异引入模型分析,研究了风险认知差异程度和信贷配给两者之间的相关性,并基于此进行仿真模拟。结果显示,信贷配给会随着局中人风险认知差异程度的扩大而恶化,因此降低银行和企业在风险项目上的认知差异可以有效的缓解信贷配给的难题,并基于此提出了如何加大对小企业贷款的相关政策建议。     

商业银行中小企业贷款业务中的金融服务创新

中小企业在国家经济发展中的作用越来越重要,商业银行中小企业贷款业务不仅仅提供银行新的利润增长点,规避贷款集中风险,更体现银行履行企业公民责任,对于商业银行、中小企业乃至整个国民经济都具有十分重要的意义。     

多银行贷款池合约的风险分散和激励研究

由于单笔贷款成本、经营风险以及由信息不对称而导致的认知风险均比较高,中小企业较难获得大银行的贷款;但一般认为,小银行在解决上述信息不对称方面及小规模贷款的成本方面较之于大银行更有优势。不过,由于这类银行总资产规模小、抗风险能力差,使得其对中小企业的贷款依然面临困难。本文试图通过构建多个小银行贷款池的方式,分散小银行由于资产规模小造成的非系统风险,同时也能避免资产出售造成的逆向选择问题。我们设计了多个银行贷款池风险分担合约,获得了封闭解,并进一步讨论了该合约的特征。结果表明,这种分担合约保留了小银行信息优势,同时有效地分散了风险,为中小企业贷款难的问题提供了一个解决方案。     

信用担保风险控制、稳健经营与可持续发展

中小企业对贷款的需求具有“急、频、少、高”的特点。据调查，中小企业的贷款频率是大中型企业的5倍左右；户均贷款数量大约是大型企业的5‰左右；其贷款的管理成本平均为大中型企业的6倍左右。由此可见，中小企业信用担保行业是一个高风险的行业，是专门从事风险经营的机构，比保险、金融机构承担的风险要大，因此风险防范与控制、稳健经营、可持续发展，对于一个信用担保机构来说至关重要。     

区块链环境下基于产出不确定的供应链融资策略研究

中小企业往往面临产出不确定的风险,区块链背景下,本文利用定量模型刻画应用区块链技术对产出不确定的预测作用;分析区块链技术应用程度对中小企业生产决策、银行贷款决策以及贷款企业和银行期望利润的影响;利用下侧风险控制模型研究银行考虑风险规避时的授信限额决策。研究表明:贷款企业的计划生产量随着区块链技术应用程度的提高而增加;银行追求利润最大化时制定的贷款额度在一定条件下也随着区块链技术应用程度的提高而增加;银行授信限额决策随着区块链技术应用程度的变化情况与风险容忍度和产出波动的均值有关。贷款企业的期望利润随着区块链技术应用程度的提高先减后增,当供应商产出波动的均值较大时,银行期望利润随着区块链技术应用程度的提高而增加。     

基于价值和费率的信用担保融资契约模型

通过考虑反担保措施价值和担保费率2个因素构建信用担保契约模型,从理论上证明:当低风险的中小企业期望收益为零时,不同风险类型的企业所接受的担保费率和提供的反担保措施价值都相等;当低风险中小企业期望收益不为零时,高风险企业愿意接受较高的担保费率并提供较低的反担保措施价值,低风险企业愿意接受较低的担保费率并提供较高的反担保措施价值,此时信用担保机构可以使用担保费率和反担保措施价值作为甄别企业风险类型的手段.通过风险水平不同的中小企业对担保契约的选择,使担保机构能够准确判断企业风险类型,从而使担保契约的确定更加科学合理.     

Inventory Models with Continuous and Poisson Demands and Discounted and Average Costs

We develop a new, unified approach to treating continuous‐time stochastic inventory problems with both the average and discounted cost criteria. The approach involves the development of an adjusted discounted cycle cost formula, which has an appealing intuitive interpretation. We show for the first time that an (s, S) policy is optimal in the case of demand having a compound Poisson component as well as a constant rate component. Our demand structure simultaneously generalizes the classical EOQ model and the inventory models with Poisson demand, and we indicate the reasons why this task has been a difficult one. We do not require the surplus cost function to be convex or quasi‐convex as has been assumed in the literature. Finally, we show that the optimal s is unique, but we do not know if optimal S is unique.     

Educational Landscapes and Urban Development. Contextual and Spatial Interfaces and Linkages

In the broad sociopolitical discussion on education quality within the last decade, it has become apparent that education is gaining importance for urban development, as well as space and the urban context are important dimensions of education. This becomes particularly evident in concepts for local educational landscapes (Ger. Bildungslandschaften). The young field of research on educational landscapes is currently lacking empirical research from spatial and planning sciences. In the paper, the current state of scientific research on educational landscapes in Germany and Europe and first insights to contextual and spatial interfaces and linkages between education and urban development in general are presented.     

E-governance and Corruption-developments and Issues in Ethiopia

This paper reports the results of a survey of 400 respondents in Ethiopia about factors generating corruption and the potential of e-Governance to mitigate corruption. It is suggested that e-Governance can help not only in weeding out corruption but also in the establishment of sounder government citizen relationships in Ethiopia. While e-Governance cannot cure all the structural factors that breed corruption in the society, strategic implementation of e-Governance can help improve the critical variable in combating corruption-government citizen relationships. It is argued that while e-Governance initiatives can make important contributions to improving public services they can best do so by helping improve overall relationships between governments and citizens.

CEO and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance

This paper focuses on the relationship between Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance. Specifically, the study examines the association between the characteristics of the CEO and the Chairperson of the board and firm performance. Using a sample of S&P 500 firms, the evidence found suggests that demographic and experience-related characteristics may be associated with the market valuation and financial performance of the firm. In particular, the reported results indicate a positive relationship between the presence of female CEOs or Chairs and firm performance, thus suggesting that gender-based differences may affect the CEO’s/Chairperson’s success. Moreover, the findings concerning the age of the CEO or Chair are mixed, while their experience and quality appear positively related to firm performance. Interestingly, a CEO or Chairperson holding multiple board seats is negatively associated with firm performance, whereas CEO duality has a positive relationship with Tobin’s Q and the return on assets (ROA) of the firm.     

David and Goliath: causes and effects of coopetition between start-ups and corporates

Coopetition (collaboration between competitors) among young firms (i.e. start-ups) and larger, more established firms (i.e. corporates) may be beneficial for both partners as each party typically has something to offer that is missing in the other. Start-ups often develop innovative ideas, are flexible and agile, willing to take risks, and aspire to achieve high growth, but they tend to lack the required resources, capabilities, and knowledge due to their newness and smallness. Corporates have resources, routines, and experience that enable them to work efficiently but lack a certain innovation capability. Research has suggested that coopetition represents an opportunity for start-ups facing restrictions in resources, while corporates benefit from start-ups’ innovative ideas. However, it is yet unknown whether start-ups and corporates engage in coopetition with each other and, if so, how and why they do this. This study seeks to fill this void by exploring the motives of coopeting start-ups and corporates, how they manage their coopetitive relationship, and what implications occur including potential benefits and risks. We present a multiple case study based on qualitative data collected through 70 interviews with Austrian-based start-ups and corporates representing 35 coopetitive partnerships. Discussing the findings based on our data, we propose relationships concerning coopetition and its role to enlarge resource- and technology-bases as well as its role in the development of dynamic capabilities.     

Career orientations and career success among research,and development and engineering professionals

Managing the careers of research, development and engineering (RD&E) professionals is important to the strategic use of RD&E in the economy. Appropriate mechanisms for motivating RD&E professionals will probably emerge as a critical success factor for organizations that want to compete in world markets. This study examines dimensions and levels of career orientation and their correlations with individual and work-related outcome variables among 78 RD&E professionals. The findings reveal a rich diversity of career orientation in RD&E professionals. The data strongly suggest that RD&E professionals are service, lifestyle and security oriented. However, they scored low on technical orientation and entrepreneurship. This paper suggests that the dual career ladder is not an effective device for managing RD&E professionals. Organizations must be careful to provide career paths that retain and motivate workers and, more importantly, find matches between organizational needs and individuals' needs, and restructure jobs accordingly. The authors offer suggestions for future research and identify implications for management.     

Chronic stress and chronic disease in life and work: Conceptual and methodological issues

This paper argues that the lack of strong prospective evidence linking occupational and social stress to chronic disease stems from the failure of research designs to attend sufficiently to the aetiological chronicity of such diseases. Studies of both supposedly acute stress (life events) and chronic stress in life or work must increasingly be designed to distinguish between stress which is sustained or chronic over a period of yean or even decades, and hence capable of causing a serious chronic disease, and brief or transient stress, which may produce transient or brief psychological or physiological disturbances but cannot generate major chronic disease. Prospective studies are needed which collect measures of both stress and health or disease at multiple points over an extended period of time. Measures of stress should focus more on affect (for example, feelings of pressure and tension) than on cognition (for example feelings of satisfaction). Limited existing evidence is consistent with these ideals.     

Modeling Pathology Workload and Complexity to Manage Risks and Improve Patient Quality and Safety

Anatomic pathology (AP) laboratories provide critical diagnostic information that help determine patient treatments and outcomes, but the risks of AP operations and their impact on patient safety and quality of care remain poorly recognized and undermanaged. Hospital-based laboratories face an operational and risk management challenge because clinical work of unknown quantity and complexity arrives with little advance notice, which results in fluctuations in workload that can push operations beyond planned capacity, leading to diagnostic delays and potential errors. Modeling the dynamics of workload and complexity in AP offers the opportunity to better use available information to manage risks. We developed a stock-and-flow model of a typical AP laboratory operation and identified key exogenous inputs that drive AP work. To test the model, we generated training and validations data sets by combining data from the electronic medical records and laboratory information systems over multiple years. We demonstrate the implementation of 10-day AP work forecast generated on a daily basis, and show its performance in comparison with actual work. Although the model somewhat underpredicts work as currently implemented, it provides a framework for prospective management of resources to ensure quality during workload surges. Although full implementation requires additional model development, we show that AP workload largely depends on few and accessible clinical inputs. Recognizing that level loading of work in a hospital is not practical, predictive modeling of work can empower laboratories to triage, schedule, or mobilize resources more effectively and better manage risks that reduce the quality or timeliness of diagnostic information.