我国统筹城乡户籍制度改革的理性思考

户籍本身只是一种人口登记制度,而我国的户籍却附加了由体制引起的过多的权利,演变成与户口性质和登记地相挂钩的权利界定和利益分配制度。户籍制度本身并不复杂,但附加在户籍制度之上的相关社会经济政策以及由此形成的社会利益分配格局却是错综复杂的。统筹城乡发展,进行户籍制度改革,关键是突破城乡二元体制障碍,剥离附加在户口上的权益和福利,构建统一国民待遇福利体系,真正发挥户籍的人口管理功能,促进人口资源的有效配置。     

关于现行生育政策微调的思考——兼论“单独家庭二孩生育政策”的必要性与可行性

现行城乡二元生育政策对社会与家庭全面发展存在严重不利影响 ,政策约束下的非意愿性独生子女家庭大量出现 ,对父母养老和新生代健康成长存在不利效应 ,其家庭发展的脆弱性已不容忽视。对现行生育政策进行微调十分必要。今后 1 5年采取“父母中一方是独生子女的家庭可生育 2个孩子”的微调方案 ,既可减少非意愿性独生子女家庭大量出现 ,又能缓解城乡与东西部人口发展不平衡 ;既符合社会发展“以人为本”价值取向 ,又符合公共政策“公平合理”原则 ;既满足今后一个时期稳定低生育水平要求 ,又易于为计划生育工作人员接受 ;既有利于生育政策平稳过渡 ,又在操作上简便易行。     

城市户籍制度改革与流动人口社会融合

户籍制度是城乡二元结构的基础性制度,是阻碍流动人口实现社会融合的主要制度性障碍。本文分析了户籍制度对流动人口公共服务和社会福利所造成的歧视性排斥．回顾了改革开放以来城市户籍制度的改革与探索,并对推动城市户籍改革、促进流动人口社会融合提出四个基本的思路,包括：第一,使户籍制度逐步与相关福利制度脱钩;第二,对外来人口社会福利和公共服务实行渐进性的增量改革;第三,扩大从外来移民到本地户籍人口的制度通道;第四,推动城市户籍改革和区域户籍改革的联动。     

中国生育率的地区差异及其政策选择

本文对中国妇女生育率的发展现况进行了客观的估计 ,分析了生育率及其地区差异的特点 ,从内容、可行性、合理性等不同角度对现行生育政策进行了审视 ,指出了现行生育政策条件下中国妇女生育率的发展趋势。面对社会经济和人口发展过程中面临的诸多人口问题与挑战 ,从是否需要调整、调整幅度与如何调整三方面对生育政策调整问题进行了深入的分析 ,讨论了各种可能的生育政策调整方案 ,并提出了自己的一些对策建议。     

均衡与补短:户籍制度改革下一步发展——基于基本公共服务均等化视角

推动基本公共服务均等化是户籍制度改革的核心.户籍制度改革的重点,是剥离黏附于户籍制度的各项公共福利,减少户籍的附加值和含金量,消除户籍制度带来的人口隔离和社会分层,使人口迁移和流动更加理性和有序.推动基本公共服务均等化,需要将均衡性公共产品向弱势群体和落后地区倾斜,以补齐短板,同时建构大中小城市均衡的公共服务供给体系.在户籍制度改革中,注重保护农民权益,允许农民"带地"进城落户,实施差别化和多元化户籍制度改革政策和措施.     

江苏省生育政策一元化对人口出生的影响

为估算独生子女夫妇生育2孩的影响,文章以江苏省为例,采用年龄孩次递进模型和生育率拆分的方法,测算了全省非农人口也和农村一样("生育政策一元化"),实行"夫妻一方为独生子女的家庭,可以生育第2个孩子"的政策(简称"单独",非农业人口现行的"夫妻双方均为独生子女可以生育第2个孩子"的政策简称"双独")对人口出生规模的影响.测算结果表明:全省城乡都实行"单独"生育政策后,平均每年人口出生增加最大不超过7.3万人,对江苏省的人口规模不会有明显的影响;在政策调整初期,可能出现出生堆积现象,需要各地政府进行必要的疏导;这种政策调整早一点,出生堆积就会小一点.     

我国生育政策演进与人口均衡发展——从独生子女政策到全面二孩政策的思考

我国在全国范围推行计划生育政策始于20世纪70年代早期,是在经济发展水平长期低迷和人口"爆炸"强烈反差下被迫做出的选择。计划生育政策根据人口、经济社会发展和资源环境形势进行动态调整是国家发展的需要,也是人口发展规律的要求。全面二孩政策是生育政策调整的延续,终止了紧缩性的生育政策,开启了相对宽松性的生育政策时代,其政策实施的人口效果预期利远大于弊。评判人口均衡发展要遵循人口发展的规律性。全面二孩政策和未来生育政策的进一步完善对人口长期均衡发展和人口与经济社会、资源环境协调可持续发展具有积极意义。促进人口长期均衡发展是我国需要坚持的发展战略。     

生育政策调整对陕西省人口年龄结构的影响研究

为测定生育政策调整对陕西省人口年龄结构的影响,本文选择四种方案进行模拟分析。结果表明:2010—2080年间陕西省人口年龄结构将面临着劳动人口供给量大幅下降和老年抚养比快速增长两大难题;生育政策的调节方案均能在一定程度上缓解上述两大问题的问题;其中从现在起实行"父母中一方是独生子女的家庭可生育两个孩子"的调节效果最佳。     

长吉图开发开放先导区人口与经济协调发展研究

长吉图开发开放先导区建设不仅给吉林省的社会经济发展和对外开放带来极大地促进作用,而且是促进东北老工业基地振兴,推动图们江地区国际开发和东北亚区域合作的重要载体。目前长吉图先导区人口与经济发展的关系较为和谐,但从长远发展来看也存在一些潜在的问题,为了促进长吉图先导区人口与经济、社会、资源、环境协调发展,建议完善现行的人口和计划生育政策;加大医疗、教育等公共服务投入,全面提高人口素质;改革户籍制度,促进人口合理迁移流动;推进长吉一体化和延龙图一体化发展,提高城镇化水平。     

中国妇女生育水平变动考证和未来人口发展的策略选择

1990年以来各类人口调查和相关学者的研究结果显示,目前的低生育水平的实现有外在政策强力的作用,更有中国社会经济发展内生化的作用;真实的生育水平既不是调查包括人口普查所显示的那样低(低于1.5),也不是有关部门和政府所想象的那样高。调查显示农村居民平均生育意愿不会高于2个孩子,这是生育率持续稳定的根本。众所周知,为了保证人口稳定持续的发展,应使妇女生育率保持更替水平或至少接近更替水平。从人口发展规律和人口发展与社会经济发展相适应的规律出发,结合当前我国居民生育意愿和生育水平走低的实际,我们应该抓住生育政策调整的最佳时期,调整应该在最佳时期即未来5-10年内完成。     

Speech at the UN International Conference on Population,Mexico City,August, 1984

In seeking a solution to its population problem, China, as a developing socialist country, has been making unremitting efforts to develop economy while controlling the rapid growth. The objective is to control rapid population growth so that population growth may be in keeping with socioeconomic development and commensurate with utilization of natural resources and environmental protection. In the past decade, and particularly since 1979, China has made much progress in developing economy and gained remarkable successes in controlling population growth. The natural population growth rate dropped to 1.15% in 1983, from 2.089% in 1973. Living standards have improved with a gradual annual increase of per capita income. All this proves that the policy of promoting family planning to control population growth along with planned economic development is correct. In China family planning is a basic state policy. The government has advocated the practice of "1 couple, 1 child" since 1979. This does not mean that 1 couple could have 1 child only in every case. The government provides guidance for the implementation of family planning programs in the light of specific conditions such as economic developments, cultural background, population structure, and the wishes of the people in different localities. The requirements are more flexible in rural than in urban areas and more so among the people of national minorities than among the people of the Han Nationality. In rural areas, couples who have actual difficulties and want to have 2 children may have a 2nd birth with planned spacing. In carrying out its family planning program, China has consistently adhered to the principle of integrating state guidance with the masses' voluntariness. The government has always emphasized the importance of encouraging the people's own initiatives, through publicity and education, which is the key link in implementing the family planning program.     

Determinants of rural-urban migration in Ghana

Abstract In the 39 years between the 1921 and 1960 censuses, urban population in Ghana multiplied by nine while the population of the whole country only trebled. The major factor in urban growth was rural-urban migration and the reproduction of the migrants. In 1963 a survey consisting of a systematic sample of households in 45 rural centres, randomly chosen in Local Authority Areas selected in accord with the regional rural population distribution, reconstituted the rural population so as to include current migrants in the towns as well as those remaining in rural areas. For analysis 13,748 respondents were divided into 14 categories by ruralurban migration behaviour. At the same time a survey of urban population provided a check on rural-urban migration data. study of the propensity to migrate from rural to urban areas shows that this increases with the closeness of the rural area to a large town, the population size of the rural centre, the economic well-being of the rural household, the number of relatives already in the urban area, the individual's level of education, larger family size and probably lower birth rank, as well as exhibiting specific age and sex patterns. It is shown that only a minor role is played by occupation, conjugal condition and number of dependants. Various interrelations between these factors are discussed, and attention is given to the special importance of education in partially or wholly determining some of the other factors. Census data are used to demonstrate the effect of rural-urban migration in concentrating persons with certain characteristics in the urban areas.     

城乡统筹战略指导下的农村最低生活保障制度建设

最低生活保障制度是绝大多数市场经济国家普遍实行的以保障全体公民基本生存权利为目标的社会救助制度。针对我国目前城乡分割的二元社会结构，基于长期以来在计划经济时期形成的重城市轻农村的发展思路，城镇和农村实施的是内容和标准完全不同、甚至是城镇低保制度优于农村低保制度的不公平的现状。如何有效解决农村的贫困问题是一个值得深思和解决的问题。本文认为，以城乡统筹的战略发展思路，建立健全农村最低生活保障制度。探索城乡统一的居民最低生活保障制度，是一条解决城乡贫困问题的有效的制度安排和政策选择。     

蒙古国人口健康状况分析

蒙古国为世界上人口密度较低的国家,尽管近年来人口总量有所增长,但人口增长仍然很慢,且人口分布不平衡问题严重,80%以上的人口居住在城市。在联合国开发计划署、联合国人口基金、世界银行和亚洲银行等国际组织多年来的支持下,蒙古国人口生殖健康状况有很大改善,但是仍然存在城乡差距较大、部分省份孕产妇死亡率居高不下、孕妇身体健康状况不容乐观等问题。从身体健康的角度来看,蒙古国内仍然存在儿童营养不足、全国人口营养不良发生率较高、生存环境的安全得不到保障等问题。     

The evolution in China's fertility and an analysis of population development]

There have been numerous projections on China's population at the end of century. Their differences are due to different estimations on the effects of fertility determinants. 2 simulation models have been developed, both from micro and macro levels, to estimate the population at the end of the century on the basis of 6 different fertility patterns. 3 possible options for fertility patterns are discussed. 1.) The 1 child per family option means that every couple has 1 child by the year 1989, the population of China will be 1.2 billion in the year 2000. Even if this is a ideal situation, it would not be a feasible policy, as the pressure from the rural population to have more than 1 child has been increasing in recent years. Nevertheless, it is still possible for urban couples to accept having only 1 child. Therefore, encouraging more people to have 1 child should be held as a basic policy. 2.) Under the option of 2 children per family with 2 or 3 years of spacing, the total population in the year 2000 would be 1.2 - 1.4 billion, which is unacceptable in terms of the development situation. 3.) Following a differential fertility policy towards urban, rural, and minority populations would mean that urban couples would have 1 child, rural couples whose first child is a girl or those who are in special circumstance would have 2 children. Minorities would have 2 or 3 children. AMong the above options, number 3 is more likely to be achieved in view of current socioeconomic, cultural, and demographic factors.     

俄罗斯的人口老龄化

随着社会经济的发展和科技进步,人口老龄化已经成为现代社会的必然趋势,是世界各国普遍面临的重大社会问题。俄罗斯人口转变过程开始的时间较晚,但人口老龄化速度较快,地区差异大,而且城市和农村之间存在差别,老龄化形势严峻。制定合理的、符合本国国情的社会政策能够缓解人口老龄化问题。     

We must pay attention to the difference between the original intention and the current status of family planning]

Due to imperfections in the current family planning (FP) policy, and the differences un program implementation in urban and rural areas, the fertility of the urban population with higher IQ scores is under control but this is not the case for the rural population. Among rural couples, one child is rare and two or three are commonplace, while in cities over 70% of couples are having one child. In the metropolitan cities, this figure is about 90%. In the rural areas, provision of education is a serious problem because of insufficient resources, a lack of qualified teachers and inadequate facilities. At the present, at least 3 million school age children in rural areas can not go to primary school. Besides there is a big contrast in FP practice between Han nationality and minorities. Population growth is basically under control among the more advanced Han nationally but not among the less advances minority nationalities. This growth rate among the minority population was about 50.27/1000 in the past five years, which is alarming. Furthermore, the couples given opportunity to have a second child are often those whose first child had birth defects or is mentally retarded, whereas couples with a normal child can have only one child. This has become a vicious circle, since subsequent children are more likely to have the same birth defects. It was discovered from a 1983-85 survey that the prevalence of birth defects was 12.8/1000. The current situation is that the fertility of urban, educated, and healthy people is restricted while the less educated, those living in less developed areas, and those with health defects are having more children. The outcome of this situation is the decline of national population quality, which greatly deviates from the original intention of the FP.     

“城中村”的城市化特征及其问题分析——以广州为例

城市化的过程,不仅仅是人口向城市集中,农村经济向城市经济、农村地域向城市地域转化的过程,也包括人们的行为方式和生活方式的转变."城中村"是我国大城市扩张的必然产物,也是我国城市化的一个阶段.本文从社会学的角度,分析了"城中村"的出现,"城中村"土地、人口、经济、生活方式以及社会问题所具有的城市化特征.     

Rural-Urban Migration and Reproductive Behavior in Guatemala

Guatemala has the highest fertility of any country in Latin America, and it is also the least urbanized. Projected rural-urban migration will shift more of Guatemala's population from rural areas into towns and cities. This article uses retrospective life-history data collected in migrant origin and destination areas in Guatemala to compare the fertility of rural-urban migrant women to that of rural and urban nonmigrants. Results from discrete-time hazard regression models of union formation, first birth, and third and higher parity births indicate that delayed marriage while still in rural areas, and the rapid adoption of urban fertility practices after migration, result in intermediate migrant fertility that is closer to that of urban natives than rural nonmigrants. If current patterns are any guide to the future, the redistribution of population from high fertility rural areas to towns and cities in Guatemala will accelerate the decline in aggregate fertility beyond what would have resulted from declines in rural and urban fertility alone.     

城乡老年人生活质量与人口社会学特征关联初探

人口老龄化使我国老年人口数量迅速增长，呈现出老龄化+少子化的人口结构新常态。江苏省老龄化比例为20.57%，居全国各省区之首，老龄化区域和城乡差异也更加显著。兴化地区地处苏北农村，呈现小城市大农村结构，经济欠发达，城乡人群的生活水平差距较大。本研究目标人群为兴化城乡老年人群，通过调查城乡老年人群人口社会学和生活质量的变化特征和相关性，为政府和社会对老龄化事业的发展与决策提供依据。总计305例60岁以上的老年人群参与调查。结果显示，城市老年人群已婚、与子女住、文化程度、退休和自觉家庭经济情况良好等人口社会学特征维度好于农村人群（P≤0.01）；而农村丧偶、独居、没有工作和自觉家庭经济情况差等维度高于城市人群（P≤0.01）；男性老年人群文化程度显著高于女性（P<0.01）；冠心病患病构成比上，农村老年人群显著高于城市老年人群（P<0.01），男性老年人群高于女性（P<0.05）；而女性老年人群患高脂血症构成比显著高于男性（P<0.01）。结果提示，兴化地区城乡老年人群生活质量差异显著，但城乡老年人群在躯体健康和疾病防治中的差异已经明显缩小，说明老年人生活质量的变化与人口社会学特征相关联。在经济持续发展和人口结构老龄化的新常态下，社会和家庭应更多地关注和改善老年人群，尤其是农村老年人群的生存环境，提高他们的生活质量。