改革开放与国际地区间的人口流动

改革开放以来，中国同外国以及大陆同香港、澳门、台湾之间的人口流动发生了明显的变化，具有许多新特点。总的发展趋势是向开放型人口转变、人口流量增大、流向多变。国际间人口由半封闭型向开放型转变我国是文明古国，同国外早有交往。人口的国际迁移和流动历史悠久。但是，旧中国是一个半封建半殖民地的国家，人口总的尚属封闭型．新中国成立后，以美国为首的资本主义国家，对我国实行经济封锁、军事包围政策，以至禁止人员往来，面对这样的国际政治局势，我国与西方资本主义国家的人员往来很少，对外人员交往主要集中在苏联和东欧以及亚…     

90年代以来欧盟国家国际迁移和国际迁移政策

分析了欧盟国家９０年代以来的人口国际迁移和国际迁移政策。讨论了造成９０年代欧洲新的国际迁移浪潮的原因，尤其是对国际化的影响进行了深入分析；介绍了人口国际迁移状况和基本特点；对国际迁移政策进行了模式分析和分类分析；讨论了欧盟国际迁移政策关注的领域。     

性别视角下的迁移历程研究——基于中国1930～1969年出生队列的分析

利用2014年中国健康与养老追踪调查生命历程数据,探究中国1930～1969年出生队列的迁移历程及其性别差异,运用事件史分析方法解释重要生命事件(教育、就业、婚姻、生育)对男性和女性迁移历程的影响。研究结果表明,不同出生年代人口的迁移历程呈现明显的队列差异和性别差异;与1940～1949年和1950～1959年出生队列相比,1930～1939年和1960～1969年出生队列在迁移高峰年龄(20～24岁)时的政策限制较少而终身累计迁移频率更高,性别差异也更显著;教育和非农就业转移会促进终身迁移机会,较早结婚和较多生育的作用则相反;非农就业转移对女性的多次迁移有更明显的促进作用,会缩小男女之间的迁移差距;结婚和生育会降低迁移概率,而离婚会增加迁移概率,这些事件对女性的影响更大。     

苏联时期俄罗斯人向中亚迁移的因素

俄罗斯人迁移中亚经过了较长的过程,苏联时期俄罗斯人迁移中亚的因素有四1.经济因素,包括劳动力供应问题、对中亚的投资,地区之间生活水平的差异等经济活动.2.社会因素,社会的直接号召和爱国主义与浪漫主义气氛,以及俄罗斯化政策、卫国战争、大垦荒运动等使俄罗斯人迁往中亚.3.民族因素,俄罗斯人是一个流动性很强的民族,而当地居民却不愿或不能迁居到城镇去.4.无语言障碍是俄罗斯人迁移的文化因素.     

中国近期区域人口迁移及与经济发展的关系分析

我国近期进行了两次涉及人口迁移的大规模人口调查——1987年1％人口抽样调查和1990年人口普查;其汇总资料给出了人口迁移的丰富数据。本文的研究以这些数据为基础。 本文研究的是区域人口迁移,其中区域为省和自治区(以下简称省,因西藏无迁移数据所以在本文中不包括西藏),不包括北京、天津和上海三个直辖市,这是因为它们与其他省相比城乡成分差异过大。在本文研究中将包括省内和跨省(省内与省外)迁移,不包括省间(省与省之间)迁移,这是因为在后者中距离和地理位置等因素是重要的和不可避免的,而本文仅侧重于经济分析。本文研究的迁移人口仅限于人口总量,不涉及性别、年龄和职业等因素。     

资本形式、国家政策与省际人口迁移

文章运用条件罗吉特模型(CLGT),从省际迁移人口迁入省份选择性的角度,分析了省级社会经济因素和个体因素对不同性质的省际人口迁移行为的影响作用;讨论国家与政府在控制和引导人口迁移流向与流量时的政策问题。作者认为,国家宏观投资对中国的人口迁移与流动的宏观调控是部分失效的;三种资本由于各自目的不同,对人口迁移与流动的引导作用也不尽相同;省际迁移者对迁入省份的选择是个体在自身特征的基础上,对宏观经济状况的调整与适应。     

出生性别比的社会经济决定因素:对2000年中国最大的36个少数民族的分析

虽然中国很多少数民族都没有实现严格的计划生育政策,但他们的生育依然受到了限制。这种生育限制增加了有男嗣偏好的家庭采取人为手段控制新生儿性别的趋向。同时,少数民族之间的传统文化、生活习惯和经济发展程度也有所不同。这些因素使各个少数民族呈现出不同的生育状况,包括新生儿性别比的高低。本文试图通过分析某些社会和经济因素对中国少数民族新生儿性别比的影响来证明社会经济对生育行为中男嗣偏好的影响。     

我国城乡流动人口教育回报率研究

随着我国经济的快速发展,劳动力市场的教育回报率受到广泛关注。利用三省20个村庄近3 500个农村劳动力的大样本调查资料,采用改进的Mincer模型,分析我国城乡流动人口教育回报状况以及地区间的差异。研究发现,我国城乡流动人口年平均教育回报率约为2%,其中初中、高中及以上的教育回报率约为3.3%,高于小学及以下的教育回报;城乡流动人口接受职业培训的回报率显著高于教育回报率,这暗示职业培训在城乡流动人口的人力资本积累中起着非常关键的作用;不同区域之间的教育和职业培训回报率存在明显差异,这些差异说明由于迁移成本等原因,当前我国非农部门对农业部门的溢出效应还存在一定的区域性。     

中国城乡迁移的历史研究:1949-1985

本文利用中国１９８６年７４城镇人口迁移抽样调查资料，研究中国１９４９年至８０年代中期城乡劳动力迁移的历史过程。文章着重分析了严格限制城乡人口流动的政策形成的历史原因、农村人口迁住城镇的流量的历史波动与这些原因之间的关系及在严格的户籍制度下农民迁移进城的主要途径。     

人力资本区域迁移与经济增长理论模型—国际智力外流模型的拓展

本研究将国际智力外流模型拓展为两区域模型．综合考虑人力资本迁移对迁入地区和迁出地区的经济增长效应，并且进一步引入迁移成本，构建适用于中国人力资本区域迁移与经济增长的理论模型。基本启示是：中国人力资本区域迁移在理论上完全能够实现人力资本迁入地区和人力资本迁出地区双赢．同时迁移成本的降低将大大促进人力资本迁移的经济增长效应。模型暗含的政策建议是降低中国区域间人力资本迁移成本，加速区域间人力资本合理迁移以促进中国各区域经济增长。     

A summary analysis of the 3rd inquiry

20 ESCAP member countries responded to the "Third Population Inquiry among Governments: Population policies in the context of development in 1976." The questionnaire sent to the member countries covered economic and social development and population growth, mortality, fertility and family formation, population distribution and internal migration, international migration, population data collection and research, training, and institutional arrangements for the formulation of population policies within development. Most of the governments in the ESCAP region that responded indicate that the present rate of population growth constrains their social and economic development. Among the governments that consider the present rate of population growth to constrain economic and social development, 13 countries regarded the most appropriate response to the constraint would include an adjustment of both socioeconomic and demographic factors. 11 of the governments regarded their present levels of average life expectancy at birth "acceptable" and 7 identified their levels as "unacceptable." Most of the governments who responded consider that, in general, their present level of fertility is too high and constrains family well-being. Internal migration and population distribution are coming to be seen as concerns for government population policy. The most popular approaches to distributing economic and social activities are rural development, urban and regional development and industrial dispersion. There was much less concern among the governments returning the questionnaire about the effect of international migration than internal migration on social and economic development.     

International Migration and City Growth in the Global South: An Analysis of IPUMS Data for Seven Countries, 1992–2013

Evidence on the demographic components of city growth in the global South is scarce, and the role played by international migration is neglected. We analyze the importance of recent international migration in cities, compare it with that of internal movements, and evaluate the growth contribution across national contexts and the urban hierarchy. Combining individual-level census data and geographic master files of metropolitan areas with indirect demographic estimation techniques, we cover 377 cities in seven countries. It is found that, in almost one third of cities, population change and replacement has been mainly determined by migration. The international component was larger than the internal one in more than half of cities. Whereas internal migration tends to decrease with rising city size, international movements tend to increase. Positive net international migration substitutes for the net losses from domestic movements in large cities, but complements the gains in intermediate-sized cities.     

Linkages between internal and international migration: the Ilocos Norte experience

This paper reviews the arguments concerning whether internal and international migration can or should be incorporated in the same migration theories or models and examines the ways in which the 2 processes are linked in a variety of contexts. To provide some illustrative empirical results, reference is made to the Philippine Migration Study (PMS), a research project which incorporates both internal and international migration in its research design. The study examined migration from Ilocos Norte to the principal internal destination, Manila, and the principal international destination, Honolulu. Ilocos Norte is a largely rural, resource poor province with a long history of outmigration that is attributable primarily to population pressure in the region. Due to the fact that 1 of the principal migration streams from the Ilocos is within the Philippines and the other is outside the country, the Ilocos presents an ideal situation for a comparative analysis of internal and international migration. The study consists of 7 different surveys conducted in Ilocos Norte, Manila, and Honolulu between 1980-83. More than 5000 interviews were conducted in the 3 locations. The initial baseline survey in Ilocos Norte was conducted in 1980. After 2-1/2 years, the initial 830 households in the Ilocos Baseline Survey were recontacted to determine the migration behavior of the household members since the 1st survey. Those who had moved to either Manila or Hawaii during this period were traced to the destination and interviewed there. The PMS uses a single integrated model (the value-expectancy or VE framework) to explore migration decision making for both internal and external migration. Despite the complexity of the VE questions, respondents were able to distinguish different locations as being relatively good places or bad places to realize their different goals. Manila was not highly regarded by Ilocanos in most respects, and there was not a single value on which Manila ranked higher than both alternative locations. Relative to the other values, however, Manila is seen as being a good place for educational opportunities and entertainment. Hawaii rated very well on items having to do with wealth and status, but was regarded as a relatively poor place to satisfy one's desire for affiliation. Comfort, affiliation, and morality were viewed as being most easily achieved in the present barangay. Based upon the value-expectancy framework, the findings of the Philippine Migration Study confirm that a global model of migration decision making is feasible and that other important concepts in migration equally apply well in the case of both internal and international population movements.     

Engendering migrant networks: The case of Mexican migration

This article compares the impact of family migrant and destination-specific networks on international and internal migration. We find that migrant networks are more important for international moves than for internal moves and that female networks are more important than male networks for moves within Mexico. For moves to the United States, male migrant networks are more important for prospective male migrants than for female migrants, and female migrant networks lower the odds of male migration, but significantly increase female migration. We suggest that distinguishing the gender composition and destination content of migrant networks deepens our understanding of how cumulative causation affects patterns of Mexican migration.     

70年代以来美国国内人口迁移态势与成因分析

美国人口密度相对较小 ,自然增长缓慢 ,机械变动大 ,外来人口补充了其劳动力资源。 90年代以来 ,美国国内的人口迁移呈下降趋势 ,迁移规律表现为 :1 向西部、向南部向阳光地带流动 ;2 向大都市区流动 ;3 由城市向市郊转移 ,向乡间转移。其迁移规律表现为 :短距离迁移者多 ,租房户迁移多 ,2 0 - 30岁的年轻人迁移者多。形成这一态势的原因有三 :市场结构性的变化、经济利益的驱动和文化生态因素     

外国对华投资的地区分布及其对人口迁移和区域发展的影响

80年代以来,中国的外国投资在区域间的分布呈现出了很明显的地域差别。88%以上的外国投资集中在东部沿海地区。区域间包括开放政策、基础设施、交通及通讯条件以及劳动力素质在内的投资环境差异影响着区域间外国投资分布的差异。同时,区域间外国投资的差异也对区域间发展差异以及区域间的人口迁移产生了很大影响。了解影响外国投资的因素以及外国投资对区域发展和人口迁移的影响有助于制定合理的区域政策。     

Environmental Influences on Human Migration in Rural Ecuador

The question of whether environmental conditions influence human migration has recently gained considerable attention, driven by claims that global environmental change will displace large populations. Despite this high level of interest, few quantitative studies have investigated the potential effects of environmental factors on migration, particularly in the developing world and for gradual but pervasive forms of environmental change. To address this, a retrospective migration survey was conducted in rural Ecuador and linked to data on topography, climate, and weather shocks. These data were used to estimate multivariate event history models of alternative forms of mobility (local mobility, internal migration, and international migration), controlling for a large number of covariates. This approach is generalizable to other study areas and responds to calls for the development of more rigorous methods in this field. The results indicate that adverse environmental conditions do not consistently increase rural out-migration and, in some cases, reduce migration. Instead, households respond to environmental factors in diverse ways, resulting in complex migratory responses. Overall, the results support an alternative narrative of environmentally induced migration that recognizes the adaptability of rural households in responding to environmental change.     

A comparison of the determinants of white and nonwhite interstate migration

The primary objective of this study is to present an explanation of the interstate migratory movements of white and nonwhite persons which occurred over the period 1955–1960. The study is similar to several other recent studies in that we estimate the magnitudes in which various factors have influenced interstate or interregional migration in the United States. It differs from earlier studies in two important respects. First, we estimate and compare the magnitudes in which certain factors have influenced both white and nonwhite interstate migration. Second, unlike previous studies, many of which have made “country-wide” estimates of the determinants of migration, we have disaggregated data to the state level and obtained white and nonwhite “migration elasticities” for every state. These elasticities are in turn used to test several additional hypotheses relating to racial and regional differences in the elasticities themselves. We argue that discrimination against nonwhites and/or differences in “social milieu” between South and nonsouth provide a unifying explanation for most of the observed differences in white and nonwhite migration elasticities.     

Environmental influences on African migration to Canada: focus group findings from Ottawa-Gatineau

There is limited empirical evidence of how environmental conditions in the Global South may influence long-distance international migration to the Global North. This research note reports findings from seven focus groups held in Ottawa-Gatineau, Canada, with recent migrants from the Horn of Africa and francophone sub-Saharan Africa, where the role of environment in migration decision-making was discussed. Participants stated that those most affected by environmental challenges in their home countries lack the financial wherewithal to migrate to Canada. Participants also suggested that internal rural–urban migration patterns generated by environmental challenges in their home countries underlay socioeconomic factors that contributed to their own migration. In other words, environment is a second- or third-order contributor in a complex chain of interactions in the migrant source country that may lead to long-distance international migration by skilled and educated urbanites. These findings have informed the scope and detail of a larger, ongoing empirical study of environmental influences on immigration to Canada.