论企业文化对创新绩效的影响

创新是企业生命力之所在,企业的创新绩效除受技术等硬实力影响外,还受到文化等软实力的影响.本文从企业文化的类型及其具体特征角度论述了企业文化对创新绩效的影响,为企业提高创新绩效提供了参考和借鉴     

外部创新搜寻战略对新创企业创新绩效的影响研究

结合"内容-行为"组合的外部创新搜寻战略类型,提出且实证检验了8种类型的外部创新搜寻战略与新创企业的创新绩效之间的关系。研究表明,本地以往知识广度搜寻、本地现在知识广度搜寻、全球以往知识广度搜寻和全球现在知识广度搜寻与新创企业创新绩效之间存在倒U型相关关系;同时,本地以往知识深度搜寻、本地现在知识深度搜寻、全球以往知识深度搜寻和全球现在知识深度搜寻与新创企业创新绩效之间存在倒U型相关关系。     

探索式创新、利用式创新与绩效:战略和环境的影响

本文基于397家中国企业的样本数据,对探索式创新、利用式创新与企业绩效之间的关系进行了实证研究,着重考察了探索式创新、利用式创新的内部匹配关系以及这两类创新行为与企业战略和环境的外部匹配关系。结果表明,两类创新行为分别对企业绩效有直接的正向影响,两类创新行为之间的内部匹配对绩效无显著影响,两类创新行为与企业战略和环境竞争性的外部匹配关系对绩效有显著影响。     

中国企业的开放式创新:制度环境、“竞合”关系与创新绩效

中国作为新兴经济体,企业技术创新能力相对薄弱,需要利用开放式创新模式突破组织边界来获取更丰富的外部知识来重塑自身的技术创造力以应对现今复杂多变的国际经济形势,也是中国经济向高质量发展阶段迈进的关键。考虑到中国企业开放式创新所面对的特殊制度环境、企业之间合作竞争的网络关系,本研究以1407家中国制造业企业为研究样本(2015~2017年间的创新调查),讨论开放式创新(广度和深度)对创新绩效的影响,以及"竞合"关系和制度环境在其中所起到的调节作用。研究结果显示:第一,开放式创新的广度对创新绩效的影响存在倒U型关系;第二,开放式创新的深度与创新绩效之间也存在倒U型关系;第三,合作关系有利于企业广泛利用外部知识资源,但要防范开放式深度的过度加深,形成路径依赖,有损于创新绩效;第四,竞争关系有损于企业有效广泛利用的外部知识来源,但有助于警醒企业不要过度加深与外部知识网络的合作;第五,竞争关系扭曲了合作关系对开放式创新深度与创新绩效间的影响;第六,正式制度激励企业扩大利用开放式创新的广度,但限制企业利用开放式创新的深度;第七,非正式制度激励企业加深开放式创新深度,但是对开放式创新广度没有影响。本文的研究结论,为中国企业适度使用开放式创新模式,正确合理地处理企业间的"竞合"网络关系以及利用正式和非正式制度环境提升企业创新绩效,提供有益的理论支持和政策建议。     

民营科技企业创新绩效分析

目前,民营科技企业在地区经济发展中所起的作用越来越大。民营科技企业作为地区创新体系的一部分,在其中的重要作用不言而喻。本文通过对民营科技企业自主创新能力现状的分析,首先得出民营科技企业创新绩效分析的影响因素,之后对影响因素进行了分析。最后针对如何提高民营科技企业创新绩效水平,本文提出了建立民营科技企业自主创新的长效机制体系的建议。     

中国上市公司国有股权对创新战略选择和绩效的影响研究

主要分析我国处于转型经济时期,作为企业根本制度安排的股权结构,特别是国有股权对企业创新战略选择及其绩效的影响.以我国541家上市公司为样本数据,分析国有股权、企业创新战略选择与经济绩效的关系.分析发现,自主创新和过程创新都与国有股正相关;国有股比例对产品创新战略的绩效有负面影响,而对过程创新战略选择的绩效作用不显著.     

创新企业的绩效管理

作为人力资源管理的重要组成部分,企业绩效管理对企业的生存和发展起着不容忽视的作用。本文将首先分析现代企业绩效管理存在的问题,然后具体阐述企业绩效管理创新的方法,通过探索有效的绩效管理,帮助企业充分利用人力资源,提高企业竞争力,从而促进企业的健康发展。     

组织结构、创新与企业绩效:环境的调节作用

基于397家中国企业的问卷调查所得数据,检验了探索式创新、利用式创新的前因和后果,发现:正规化的组织结构对两类创新均有促进作用,集权化的组织结构对利用式创新有负面影响;两类创新对企业绩效均有提升作用;环境竞争性对探索式创新与绩效的关系起正向调节作用,而对利用式创新与绩效的关系起负向调节作用。     

企业规模与中国高新技术企业的创新绩效研究

企业规模是影响企业创新绩效的重要因素。利用面板回归分析模型并结合中国1.4万家高技术企业在2005-2008年的调查数据,本文从资产总额、员工人数以及销售值这三个角度考察了企业规模对创新绩效的影响。经验研究表明:以资产总额和员工人数衡量的企业规模与创新绩效之间呈现明显的倒"U"型关系,而销售值与创新绩效则表现为单调的递增关系。研究结论对于提升我国高技术企业的创新绩效具有重要的政策指导意义。     

技术创新绩效及创新模式的案例研究

创新是企业活力和企业发展的源泉,卓有成效的技术创新模式是技术创新绩效的根本保证。本文采用了单案例研究法,以山东省兖州煤业兴隆庄煤矿为例,首先分析了兴隆庄煤矿自建矿27年来的技术创新绩效;在此基础上,从技术创新模式的先导、切入点、依托、主线和落脚点的视角,对兴隆庄煤矿的全面创新、内部协同创新、二次创新和自主创新等方面进行了案例研究,并对兴隆庄煤矿成功的技术创新模式进行了理论概况。这一独具特色的兴隆庄煤矿技术创新模式,对中国煤炭企业和其他资源型企业的技术创新模式选择和技术创新管理都将有着重要的借鉴意义和参考价值。     

Comments on globalization, interdisciplinary research, myopia and parochialism, government, convergence, and culture

Globalization presents social scientists with a wide variety of issues and challenges that cut across disciplinary boundaries. Disciplinary boundaries encourage specialization and advances in understanding aspects of social behavior, but specialization also creates barriers to more comprehensive understanding of social behavior such as globalization. Successful interdisciplinary efforts entail gains from trade across disciplinary specializations. The papers in this volume help outline an agenda for interdisciplinary investigation of globalization to knock down disciplinary boundaries and encourage gains from trade that further our understanding of globalization. But much work remains before we see real fruits from such efforts.     

Complexity,simplicity, simplexity

“In the midst of order, there is chaos; but in the midst of chaos, there is order”, John Gribbin wrote in his book Deep Simplicity (p. 76). In this dialectical spirit, we discuss the generative tension between complexity and simplicity in the theory and practice of management and organization. Complexity theory suggests that the relationship between complex environments and complex organizations advanced by the well-known Ashby’s law, may be reconsidered: only simple organization provides enough space for individual agency to match environmental turbulence in the form of complex organizational responses. We suggest that complex organizing may be paradoxically facilitated by a simple infrastructure, and that the theory of organizations may be viewed as resulting from the dialectical interplay between simplicity and complexity.     

GMM,GEL, Serial Correlation,and Asymptotic Bias

For stationary time series models with serial correlation, we consider generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators that use heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent (HAC) positive definite weight matrices and generalized empirical likelihood (GEL) estimators based on smoothed moment conditions. Following the analysis of Newey and Smith (2004) for independent observations, we derive second order asymptotic biases of these estimators. The inspection of bias expressions reveals that the use of smoothed GEL, in contrast to GMM, removes the bias component associated with the correlation between the moment function and its derivative, while the bias component associated with third moments depends on the employed kernel function. We also analyze the case of no serial correlation, and find that the seemingly unnecessary smoothing and HAC estimation can reduce the bias for some of the estimators.     

Trust, confidence, procedural fairness, outcome fairness, moral conviction, and the acceptance of GM field experiments

In 2005, Swiss citizens endorsed a moratorium on gene technology, resulting in the prohibition of the commercial cultivation of genetically modified crops and the growth of genetically modified animals until 2013. However, scientific research was not affected by this moratorium, and in 2008, GMO field experiments were conducted that allowed us to examine the factors that influence their acceptance by the public. In this study, trust and confidence items were analyzed using principal component analysis. The analysis revealed the following three factors: "economy/health and environment" (value similarity based trust), "trust and honesty of industry and scientists" (value similarity based trust), and "competence" (confidence). The results of a regression analysis showed that all the three factors significantly influenced the acceptance of GM field experiments. Furthermore, risk communication scholars have suggested that fairness also plays an important role in the acceptance of environmental hazards. We, therefore, included measures for outcome fairness and procedural fairness in our model. However, the impact of fairness may be moderated by moral conviction. That is, fairness may be significant for people for whom GMO is not an important issue, but not for people for whom GMO is an important issue. The regression analysis showed that, in addition to the trust and confidence factors, moral conviction, outcome fairness, and procedural fairness were significant predictors. The results suggest that the influence of procedural fairness is even stronger for persons having high moral convictions compared with persons having low moral convictions.     

Bacon, Boole, the EPA, and Scientific Standards

The scientific standards of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) include the use of retrospective meta-analysis. This analysis entails a use of the theory of probability that is only a simulation and cannot accurately measure the confidence that should be placed in the results. The uncertainty necessary for probability is, in a retrospective study, simulated rather than real. There are three logical forms for establishing a proposition. In the logic of the syllogism, a proposition is established by deduction from assumed propositions. In the logic of the physical sciences, a proposition is established by its ability to predict the outcomes of future experiments. In the logic of the courtroom, a proposition is established by its ability to explain past events. The logic of the courtroom operates under the handicap of working with nonrepeatable events. It is more subject to the preferences of the judge than the logic of the physical sciences or that of the syllogism. Because the logic of the courtroom is less reliable than either the logic of the physical sciences or that of the syllogism, it is the logic of last resort, i.e., it is used only when the other two are not applicable. Under the EPA scientific standards, the logic of the courtroom is accepted for establishing propositions about the physical world. As the logic of the courtroom is less reliable than that of the physical sciences, this practice increases the likelihood of errors.     

Trust,Emotion, Sex,Politics, and Science: Surveying the Risk-Assessment Battlefield

Risk management has become increasingly politicized and contentious. Polarized views, controversy, and conflict have become pervasive. Research has begun to provide a new perspective on this problem by demonstrating the complexity of the concept risk and the inadequacies of the traditional view of risk assessment as a purely scientific enterprise. This paper argues that danger is real, but risk is socially constructed. Risk assessment is inherently subjective and represents a blending of science and judgment with important psychological, social, cultural, and political factors. In addition, our social and democratic institutions, remarkable as they are in many respects, breed distrust in the risk arena. Whoever controls the definition of risk controls the rational solution to the problem at hand. If risk is defined one way, then one option will rise to the top as the most cost-effective or the safest or the best. If it is defined another way, perhaps incorporating qualitative characteristics and other contextual factors, one will likely get a different ordering of action solutions. Defining risk is thus an exercise in power. Scientific literacy and public education are important, but they are not central to risk controversies. The public is not irrational. Their judgments about risk are influenced by emotion and affect in a way that is both simple and sophisticated. The same holds true for scientists. Public views are also influenced by worldviews, ideologies, and values; so are scientists' views, particularly when they are working at the limits of their expertise. The limitations of risk science, the importance and difficulty of maintaining trust, and the complex, sociopolitical nature of risk point to the need for a new approach—one that focuses upon introducing more public participation into both risk assessment and risk decision making in order to make the decision process more democratic, improve the relevance and quality of technical analysis, and increase the legitimacy and public acceptance of the resulting decisions.     

Flexibility, Hierarchy, Markets

The conclusion that organizations need to become more strategically flexible as a response to increasing environmental dynamism and uncertainty has been an important feature of recent contingency theories of organization design. In this literature organizations have been analysed from the perspective of the development of networks of organizations concentrating on their core competencies and contracting among themselves on a stable long-term basis. This model of inter-firm relationships provides an alternative mode of organizational structuring to that arising from vertical integration, which, by contrast, is seen as fostering strategic inflexibility. In the literature on corporate restructuring and changes in ownership form arising from the markets and hierarchies perspective, we see a similar emphasis on the dysfunctional consequences of large-scale bureaucratic organization. Changes in ownership form are seen as a major means of providing more effective managerial control. In this paper we argue that linking the literature on flexibility emanating from contingency theories of organizational design and the markets and hierarchies perspective provides important new insights into current and emerging forms of organization.     

Technology,Geography, and Trade

We develop a Ricardian trade model that incorporates realistic geographic features into general equilibrium. It delivers simple structural equations for bilateral trade with parameters relating to absolute advantage, to comparative advantage (promoting trade), and to geographic barriers (resisting it). We estimate the parameters with data on bilateral trade in manufactures, prices, and geography from 19 OECD countries in 1990. We use the model to explore various issues such as the gains from trade, the role of trade in spreading the benefits of new technology, and the effects of tariff reduction.