阶层归属意识及其成因分析--中国广州市居民的一项调查

对于中国社会分层这一"社会事实",大多数研究者是通过"收入分层","经济分层","政治分层","职业声望分层"乃至"消费分层"等来加以探讨的.无疑,这种用客观社会指标来分析、认识当代中国社会分层结构,是非常必要和重要的,今后它仍然是揭示中国社会分层结构的主要方法和途径.但是,我们还应看到,社会分层不单是一种社会事实,而且还是一种心理事实.也就是说,社会分层不但可以通过社会指标,例如,收入、财富、权力、声望、教育机会等来加以客观评价,还可以通过自我认定,进行主观评价,这也就是本文所讲的"阶层归属意识".具体来说,表现为在社会分层结构中,本人所做出的阶层归属的主观认定,是归属于上层,中上层,中层还是中下层,下层等.显然,一方面它反映了社会存在,反映了用不同社会指标或综合社会指标来进行社会分层的这一社会事实;另一方面,这种阶层归属意识的本身又是相对独立的存在--心理存在.从现实上看,客观的社会分层与带主观色彩的阶层归属意识难免会有不一致,不重叠之处,尽管如此,阶层归属意识本质上仍是一种社会存在,是现实社会分层结构的反射物.基于这种认识,本文试图从阶层归属意识的角度,并根据1999年对广州市居民的有关调查,来分析中国城市的社会分层结构问题.     

固化与流动:中国养老金收入阶层化效应分析

利用"中国健康与养老追踪调查"数据,采用阶层转换矩阵方法,对中国养老金制度的收入阶层化效应进行详细评估,结果表明:中国养老金制度是一个分层化体系,收入阶层化效应十分明显.具体表现为:机关事业单位养老金制度覆盖下的机关事业单位工作人员以及企业职工养老金制度覆盖下的国有/集体企业职工产生了强劲的向上流动,最终形成最高收入阶层;城乡居民养老金制度覆盖下的农村居民、无业人员则产生了向下流动,形成最低收入阶层;企业职工养老金制度覆盖下的私企职工及自雇者流动效应较弱,中间阶层地位相对较为稳固.     

农村日常生活区隔化与农民阶层分化再生产——基于浙北农村调查的分析

农村日常生活在人际关系、婚恋情感、生活消费、日常闲暇、居住空间及社会心理等方面呈现出区隔化状态.仪式性人情中的阶层剥削、婚姻缔结中的阶层位置维系、村庄闲暇中的阶层表征、公共文化参与中的阶层位置展示、生活空间配置中的阶层固化、社会群体意识中的阶层认知是农村日常生活区隔化的实质.农村工业化历程中逐步产生的资本区隔、权力区隔以及两者“结盟”之后生成的阶层流动阻隔之网是日常生活区隔化的缘由.农村日常生活区隔化既是农民阶层分化的表现,又构成农民阶层分化再生产的社会机制.随着农村社会阶层分化的不断固化,阶层流动渠道被阻断,村庄社会秩序将由于“结构紧张”而趋于紊乱.     

阶层间封闭性强化:中国社会阶层流动的新趋势

随着社会的不断发展,阶层质的相对规定性明显提高,对于普通社会成员而言,实现向上流动才具有正向和积极的意义.然而,现阶段促进边缘群体突破"阶层边界"实现质的向上流动的力量有明显弱化的趋势.主导阶层与边缘阶层在利益博弈的背景下,阶层冲突有所激化,主导阶层通过各种手段和途径维护着本阶层的边界,形成了较为完善的利益表达机制;而边缘阶层在利益表达机制缺乏的情况下,不断强化着边缘阶层的边界.当前,我国社会阶层流动总体呈现出"阶层边界"封闭性强化的趋势,而这种趋势无论是在稳定社会还是在变迁社会中,无论是在主导阶层还是在边缘阶层中都普遍存在着.     

代际流动与外群体歧视——基于2005年全国综合社会调查数据的实证分析

本文基于CGSS2005的调查数据,以对角线参照模型为分析工具,考察了阶层代际流动对城市居民歧视性态度的影响。研究发现,在工作歧视和邻里居住歧视上,代际流动本身能够产生独立于流动者出身阶层与现处阶层的影响;随着年龄的增长,相对于出身阶层,流动者现处阶层对其歧视态度影响程度明显增强;进入社会歧视氛围更低的阶层能够显著降低流动者的歧视态度;相比向上流动,地位下降者对外来人口的歧视程度更高。研究指出,分层与流动研究不仅要考察客观社会结构及其开放状况,也要重视分层及流动对个体行为与态度所带来的主观层面影响。     

北京社会阶层结构的变迁及优化

通过研究改革开放30多年北京社会阶层结构的变迁,认为北京的社会阶层结构已经从“士字形”“金字塔形”转变为当前的“橄榄形”,但还不是“中产社会”,存在城乡分割的阶层体系和功能区阶层结构的四个世界,而且阶层结构有断裂倾向的特点。因此,提出培育中产社会、提高中间阶层质量、创置下层向上流动机制以及弥合社会阶层结构裂痕的治理对策。     

90年代中期以来日本大众意识浅析

20世纪 90年代日本大众意识的内向化在东西方冷战体制及泡沫经济崩溃的背景下产生 ,而阪神大地震和奥姆真理教事件对日本大众意识造成巨大冲击 ,说明当代日本的社会结构疲劳已深刻到不得不进行重大改革的程度。针对“国民”的现代西方市民意识的蔓延 ,构成了日本大众意识中十分突出的对现有政党的抵触心理 ,以及对传统官僚体制为主的政治结构、经济关系及利益分配体系的“市民性”反感。“亚文化”现象及搞笑型“民主”又凸显出大众政治意识的流动化与情绪化特征。日本进入了政治文化及大众意识上的转折时期。     

当前中国社会分层结构变化的新趋势(英文)

本文分析了与社会和谐密切相关的中国社会分层结构的新近变化。作者认为,中国当前贫富分化比较明显,财富的集中化程度较高,分化的形势是比较严峻的。而贫富差距引发社会问题是通过两个环节实现的,即“社会结构紧张”和社会公众主观上产生了“公正失衡”的意识。中国阶层结构出现了定型化的倾向,阶层之间的界限逐渐形成,社会下层群体向上流动的比率下降,具有阶层特征的生活方式、文化模式也逐渐形成,阶层内部的认同得到强化。中产阶层有所发展,但总体上仍然比例较小。社会阶层、社会群体利益分化和多元化更为明显了,其基本的趋势是从过去的巨型、整体群体,分化为多元利益群体。而社会利益的碎片化有助于减小社会震动、实现社会稳定。     

断裂、层化还是碎片?——当代浙江社会阶层结构分析

通过对全省抽样调查所获数据的分析,本研究认为,在特有的经济——社会发展背景下,近二十余年来,浙江的社会阶层分化也有着特有的进程和结果。以资源的离散性配置/拥有为基础,浙江的社会阶层结构类型呈现为“葫芦型”,阶层利益分布未出现“断裂化”或明显的“层化”的层级区隔,而是较多地显现为“碎片化”态势。而正是这一“碎片化”的存在,在很大程度上构建了阶层和谐,为浙江的社会和谐奠定了良好基础。     

土地流转给农村基层民主带来的契机和挑战——以阶层结构为分析视角

土地问题是三农问题的核心,土地的流转在某种程度上促使着农村利益分配和重组,进而导致农村既有的阶层结构发生分化和重构。所以,土地流转已经或者说正在成为农村社会成员实现社会流动的一个阶梯,这一社会现象对农村基层民主有着不容忽视的影响。本文从历时态的角度分析土地流转对农村阶层结构重组的影响过程,并且借助阶层结构变化这一中间机制探讨土地流转对农村基层政治带来的契机和挑战。     

Renewed Conception of Harmonious Society,Governance, and Citizenship – Evidence from the Study of Chinese Perceptions in Hong Kong

This paper aims at constructing a modern theoretical conception of a harmonious society and testing it in relation to governance and citizenship rights, based on an empirical study of Chinese people’s perceptions in Hong Kong. It is proposed that a harmonious society can be defined as “a society in which the component parts are integrative and cooperative; even if there is conflict, it can be resolved within the established mechanisms and does not interrupt the orderly functioning of society.” This study investigates the social, economic, and political aspects and their related institutions in the renewed conception of harmonious society. Overall, less than two‐fifths of the respondents felt that Hong Kong was a harmonious society. The strength of governance in Hong Kong is its sound and trustworthy institutions; the weaker elements are social and interpersonal relations. This finding is in contrast to the traditional notion, which regards social harmony as harmonious social and interpersonal relationships. It is clear that the greatest challenge for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government is the need to rebalance the interests of big business and those of labor and the lower class in order to enhance the perception of a harmonious society among its citizens.     

The Public's Changing Perceptions of the Condition of Social Welfare in Hong Kong: Lessons for Social Development

In the aftermath of the Asian financial crisis, the Hong Kong government introduced welfare reforms to ease the pressure from fiscal challenges and swelling welfare rolls; at the same time, to maintain its development credentials, it made an effort to adhere to its colonial tradition on the provision of welfare. The government adopted various strategies to garner popular support for promoting economic development as the primary goal and for promoting social harmony under the concept of ‘helping people to help themselves’. This article examines Hong Kong people's changing perceptions of the condition of social welfare in the past decade. Using a multidimensional developmental welfare approach and data from two opinion surveys conducted in 1997 and 2008, the study finds that Hong Kong people expressed a relatively high level of satisfaction about their own lives, but varying degrees of reservation about the problem of poverty, government provision of social welfare, and opportunities for social mobility. As a result of the sectorally unbalanced welfare reforms, which are biased against the disadvantaged, some of these perceptions have become more negative in recent years. Socially vulnerable people, especially the lower classes, are now more critical of the condition of social welfare, and such feelings seem to be intensifying. It is thus suggested that special attention to the issue of class should be paid in social development programmes to ensure social equality and social justice.     

Demise of the Developmental State? Implications for Social Policy Development in Hong Kong

This paper argues that Hong Kong is now at the crossroads of its journey towards social policy development. While economic development still seems to be the unwavering objective of the Hong Kong government, the demand for democracy and social development can no longer be ignored because of a strong civil society fostered by economic success. The current state of affairs provides a window of opportunity for the Hong Kong government to strengthen its legitimacy through the development of social policy and to promote social harmony through inclusivity in social welfare. The findings from the present empirical survey conducted by the Hong Kong Institute of Asia‐Pacific Studies (HKIAPS) in 2010 demonstrate that Hong Kong people identified social harmony as the main direction for social development, closely followed by economic development, and democracy and freedom. Respondents who chose social harmony as the main goal of social development were more likely to take a step back and find common ground when fighting for their own rights or the rights of society. This paper concludes that these findings reflect the crucial importance of taking social harmony into consideration in the social policy development process.     

中国中产阶级的规模、认同和社会态度

本文基于中国社会科学院社会学研究所2006年3月5月进行的 “中国社会状况调查”（CGSS2006）的数据,以收入、职业和教育作为三个基本维度,对中国当前发展阶段的中产阶级规模以及中等收入者的规模进行了测算,并比较了“客观中产”和“认同中产”在社会态度一致性上的差异。根据本文的研究结果,我国目前的中产阶级在全国占12.1%,在城市社会中占25.4%,但这个所谓中产阶级,目前并不是一个具有统一的社会态度和行为取向的“阶级”。     

A systematic review of studies on ethnic minority youth development in Hong Kong: an application of the ecological framework

Abstract

Ethnic minority young people play a significant role in the socio-economic growth of an ageing society with a decreasing fertility rate. The successful social integration of individuals with diverse cultural backgrounds within a society is a core value of the social work profession. This study examines the understanding of ethnic minority youth development in Hong Kong using a systematic review methodology. Risk prevention and positive promotion factors were identified using Bronfenbrenner’s ecological framework. Articles were searched through multiple databases in English, and 36 academic articles were reviewed. These studies mainly examined the risks of academic failure of these students in Hong Kong while few focused on the positive directions of multidimensional youth development. Future social work research and practice should examine positive youth development for ethnic minorities which can inform social work practice in Hong Kong and within other East Asian traditionally ethnically homogeneous societies undergoing significant changes in ethnic diversity.     

Collaborative vs. Adversarial Relationship Between the State and Civil Society in Facing Public Disaster The Case of Hong Kong in the SARS Crisis

A study on activities launched by the civil society in dealing with the SARS crisis in Hong Kong identifies that civil society in Hong Kong simultaneously performs the collaborative and adversarial functions, embracing a sensitive balance between trust and risk when entrusting the state to serve the public good. Drawing on the survey analysis, the article argues that the complexity of state and civil society relation has to be understood as dialectics in the “collaboration/adversary” duality. Several hypotheses are generated from the study for further research.     

Welfare attitudes and social class: the case of Hong Kong in comparative perspective

Based on a survey of Hong Kong residents, this article explores the attitudes towards the welfare state and whether or not there are significant differences between different social classes with regard to their approval of the welfare state. The findings were then compared with those for Sweden and the USA. The study shows that Hong Kong residents strongly approve of the welfare state. The strength of their support is similar to that in Sweden and is far stronger than in the USA. In Hong Kong, the influence of social class on attitudes towards the welfare state is negligible. In some cases, the privileged classes expressed greater approval for the welfare state than the underprivileged classes. This is in striking contrast to the experiences in Sweden and the USA where the underprivileged classes are more supportive of the welfare state than are the privileged classes.     

Hong Kong: workfare in the world's freest economy

Chan CK. Hong Kong: workfare in the world's freest economy Int J Soc Welfare 2011: 20: 22–32 © 2009 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare. Workfare was introduced in many countries to suppress welfare dependency and reduce social security expenditures. However, workfare was launched in Hong Kong when there was only a relatively small social security budget and its citizens still strongly adhered to the ideologies of self‐reliance. It was found that workfare has performed several functions in Hong Kong. First, by forcing unemployed claimants to give up benefits, Hong Kong has been able to save on social security expenditures. Second, workfare has combined with Hong Kong's semi‐democratic polity so that extremely stigmatising welfare measures have been implemented. Third, it has pushed poor citizens into the labour market without having any protection over wages and working hours. Thus, the combination of workfare and a semi‐democratic polity has successfully suppressed Hong Kong's welfare demands and strengthened its self‐help spirit. As a result, Hong Kong's minimal social security scheme and its low tax policy have been maintained.     

Social Welfare Development in Hong Kong

The Social Welfare Department of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region government attaches great importance to building a caring and harmonious society. The department has spearheaded social welfare reform initiatives to meet the community's changing needs, maximize utilization of public funds, ensure sustainability of welfare services, and promote service diversity, choice and accessibility. Achievements in the various service areas exemplify the policy of building a caring and harmonious society. In the coming years, the department will strive for continuous improvement by forging partnership with the government, the welfare sector, the business sector, and the public at large to provide quality and sustainable services to meet life's challenges.