洪灾后的社会工作专业介入

自然灾害不可避免,地震、洪灾、旱灾、雪灾给人类带来极大损失。灾情的出现,对社会工作的专业需求也愈发强烈。洪灾后,专业社会工作如何介入灾区工作,这是社会工作者在理论和实务中需探索的问题。     

社会工作介入地震灾区的社会秩序重建研究①--基于社会资本积累的视角

本文探讨地震灾区社会工作、社会资本及经济发展之间内在逻辑联系的理论架构。影响现代经济增长的一个要素是社会资本;根源于人们基本的生存、发展和社交需求,社会工作有助于地震灾区增进相互信任,增进社会资本,恢复社会秩序,进而促进灾区经济增长。地震灾区社会秩序的重建,应以社区为基本单元,以社会工作服务为切入点,营造个人、社工机构、企业与政府之间高度信任的环境,促进社会资本的积累,复兴经济。为此,需要整合灾区福利资源,在抗震救灾和灾后重建体系中明确社会工作的地位、角色、权利,并搭建社会工作交流平台;同时,以政府和公益慈善机构通过社会捐赠购买社会工作服务为主,加大社区重建的经费投入,保障地震灾区社会工作的顺利运行。     

社会工作四问——关于社会工作参与汶川地震灾害救助的反思

汶川地震后,全国各个高校的社会工作专业都积极行动起来,参与到灾后救助的行动中去,对于灾后震区恢复起到了积极的作用。然而在实际的工作当中,社会工作本身所暴露出来的问题却足以引起我们深思,社会工作者与社会工作教育者都应该有着足够的警醒与学科自觉,来反思社会工作行动本身。     

社会工作四问——关于社会工作参与汶川地震灾害救助的反思

汶川地震后，全国各个高校的社会工作专业都积极行动起来，参与到灾后救助的行动中去。对于灾后震区恢复起到了积极的作用。然而在实际的工作当中，社会工作本身所暴露出来的问题却足以引起我们深思，社会工作者与社会工作教育者都应该有着足够的警醒与学科自觉，来反思社会工作行动本身。     

社工在地震救灾中的专业介入

2008年5月12日,四川省汶川发生里氏8.0级地震,造成了严重的生命和财产损失。面对突如其来的灾难,党和政府、全国各行各业的人们都行动起来,同舟共济,支援灾区,重建家园。作为一种助人自助的职业,社会工作在救灾工作中能发挥怎样的作用呢?灾后社工的介入路径是怎么样的?专业社工对受灾群众进行心理干预、精神抚慰、创伤恢复等工作是国际社会救灾工作的普遍做法。但又必须结合本土情境开展工作。汶川地震发生后,上海市民政局即通过视频会议,邀请上海、香港、台湾三地资深社会工作专家进行会商,讨论社会工作如何介入到地震灾区的救援和灾后重建中去,以显示内地社会工作这项新兴职业能在赈灾中贡献出自己独特的力量。     

地震灾区学校社会工作与教师精神健康服务探析

地震灾害发生后,灾区学校教师除了继续扮演好教书育人和学生管理等常规角色之外,还要做好学生的心理疏导工作,成为学生的心理调节者和心理医生,抚慰学生受伤的心灵和灾害带来的冲击、缓解因地震及一系列次生事件带来的情感的、心理的压力。灾区学校教师肩负着如此重要的任务,那么教师自身因地震灾害而带来的心理冲击和精神压力首先应该得到缓解和释放,然后才能在日常教学和学生管理中扮演好自己的角色。笔者通过研究发现,地震灾后学校教师存在着大量的心理社会方面的需求,存在着巨大的精神压力问题。笔者试图探讨通过学校社会工作服务来减轻教师的精神紧张和心理压力,从而达到提升教师精神健康的目的。     

从专业到职业：我国社会工作教育若干问题探讨

“社会工作者职业水平”评价制度和考试办法的出台并不意味着我国社会工作教育发展问题的彻底解决。现阶段，为了推进社会工作教育的发展，应做好以下几个方面的工作：一是实现社会工作教育者的职业化；二是建立高校社会工作实务教育统一标准和考核体系；三是推进社会工作者的职业细分。     

汶川地震灾后社会工作介入模式探讨

社会工作介入汶川地震灾后重建,形成政府主导、社会组织主导、高校主导的三种模式,这三种模式各有优缺点。汶川地震灾后重建,出现重社区公共基础设施建设,轻社会服务、轻社区文化与精神建设的现象。社会工作介入灾后重建,也存在一些问题,如社会工作没纳入救灾体系,缺乏制度性建设;社会工作社会认知度不高,缺乏合法性;社会工作服务无固定经费来源,缺乏保障性;社会工作服务基本靠外来援助,缺乏长期性;社会工作无统一服务标准,缺乏规范性;社会工作服务注重预防与恢复,缺乏发展性等。通过我国灾害社会工作的实践探索,已初步形成可以操作的一定模式,这一行之有效的模式应该是：以政府为主导、以民办社工机构为服务主体、以社区能力建设为主要内容的灾后重建社会工作服务体系。     

上下联动 科学推进 开创社工人才培训工作新局面

根据2006年“深圳社会工作人才队伍建设推进会”的精神，民政部在2007年初，成立了社会工作人才队伍建设领导小组，对社会工作人才队伍建设做了总体的工作部署，把提高领导干部思想认识，做好首次社会工作职业水平考试培训的相关准备工作，作为社会工作整体推进的重中之重。     

地震灾区儿童心理重建与社会工作介入

地震给儿童带来诸多心理创伤。社会工作关注灾区儿童的生理、心理和社会功能的恢复,在灾后儿童的心理重建中发挥重要作用。基于社会生态系统理论、危机干预的心理社会转变模式理论,运用个案工作和小组工作方法,秉承＂助人自助＂的理念,社会工作能帮助地震灾区儿童挖掘自身潜力,提高耐挫力,治疗和恢复儿童社会功能。     

The Fieldwork Team Response: An Investigation into the Relationship between Client Categories, Referred Problems and Outcome

Correspondence to Peter C. Burke, Lecturer in Social Work, Department of Social Policy and Professional Studies, The University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX. Summary This paper concerns a study of the outcome achieved followingfieldwork responses to referred client problems within particularclient categories. The evidence from the study demonstratesthat while referred client problems initiate the social workresponse, administratively assigned client groups were a betterdeterminant of outcome. It is shown that the category of a caseis more directly related to outcome than is the problem referred.If social work is to be predominantly based on client categorizationthen polarization will result, represented by an increasinglyprofessional child care practice and a more basic servicingrole for the worker with elderly and handicapped people. Thispresents dangers for the organization of teams, the allocationof resources, and the training of social workers. Taking accountof client problems as part of caseload management should reducethis effect.     

Towards Accountability in Social Work: Long Term Social Work in an Area Office

Summary This article reports the results of monitoring the social workof two long term teams in an area office throughout one yearwith the help of a computerized Case Review System. It describesthe characteristics of some 1,400 long-term cases of whom 61%were disabled, visually handicapped and/or elderly and 22% presentedproblems related to children and families. One of the outstanding features was the concentration on surveillanceand review visiting which was reported for nearly three quartersof these cases and was considered the most important socialworker activity in two fifths of them. In over half of theselong term situations no change was expected and nearly threequarters of the cases were to remain open indefinitely. Another striking feature was the somewhat uneven distributionof social work resources among the different problem groups.Although the physically disabled and/or elderly outnumberedthe child/family problems by two to one, they made up only 20%of the cases allocated to individual social workers, while almostall the child and family problems were allocated amounting to35% of all individual caseloads. But the disabled and elderlyreceived far more domiciliary services and aids to daily living. This exercise has brought into sharp focus the question of howto ensure continuous support and surveillance for the very frailelderly, as the occasional social work visit did not appearto be the appropriate means of support, rarely anticipatingor averting crises. The data highlight the challenge which chronically disorganizedand disturbed families present to social work skills. The outcomescast doubt on the wisdom of closing, within the intake stageas low priority, relatively early family problems, and on thesharp division into intake and long term teams. The general issue emerging is the need to formulate more precisesocial service strategies for those who require long term careby others to some extent—the very old and frail, the chronicallyphysically and mentally disabled and children in long term care—andwhat specific contributions social workers can usefully maketo this enterprise.     

Group Homes for the Mentally Handicapped--an Examination of the Effects of Group Interactions

Summary The past decade has witnessed a move towards increased communityresidential care for the mentally handicapped, essentially involvingan expansion of hostels and group homes. The latter has beenviewed as a serious alternative only for the more able members:those sufficient in a modicum of independence and behaviouralskills. The present paper explores the importance of group interactionaldynamics within the framework of providing residential carein ordinary houses for groups of up to five mentally handicappedadults. The use of group theory perspectives concentrates onthe potential of individuals to achieve effective social skillsthat contribute to adequate group harmony. The findings illustratethe potential of meeting the needs of the less able within grouphome settings through an emphasis on assessment of total groupneeds rather than on an aggregate of individuals comprisingthe group. These are discussed within the contest of currentefforts both at policy and provider level to expand care withinthe community.     

Examining the Causes of Stress in Families with Severely Mentally Handicapped Children

Summary Though it is recognized that the presence of a mentally handicappedchild may be a source of stress for a family, less is knownabout precisely which impairments are particularly stressful.This question was investigated in a study of 200 families withseverely mentally handicapped children living in two healthdistricts in South East England. Interviews were carried outwith the people responsible for the day-to-day care of the childrenand stress was measured by means of the Malaise Inventory. Theresults suggested that the highest levels of stress were associatedwith the presence of a child with behaviour disorders or withmultiple impairments; the stressfulness of these conditionswas exacerbated by adversity. A regression analysis showed thatthe factors causing most stress in carers were, in order ofimportance: behaviour problems in the child, night-time disturbance,social isolation, adversity in the family, multiplicity of impairments,difficulty in settling the child at night, problems with thechild's health, problems with the child's appearance, and moneyworries. The article ends with recommendations for the developmentof services aimed at reducing stress in families with mentallyhandicapped children.     

Life Skills Training with Mothers of Handicapped Children

This paper describes a life skills training intervention with 230 mothers of children with a variety of developmental disabilities. The study's design evaluated the effects of a skills-building method developed to improve coping and social support networks of mothers of handicapped children. In groups of 10-12, mothers of handicapped children participated in one of two intervention groups: a skills-building intervention or a comparison treatment intervention using traditional counseling methods. At posttest assessment participants in the skills-building sessions demonstrated improved coping and communication skills, greater satisfaction with social support networks, and a reduction in depression and stress levels.     

Sheltered Workshops,Economic Policies and the Employment of the Handicapped

Economic aspects of schemes for employing the handicapped such as employment subsidies, quotas and designated employment are discussed in the first section. Given the existence of minimum wages and fixed conditions of employment, sheltered workshops and designated employment are seen as feasible and relatively efficient means for employing the handicapped. But, as illustrated from a survey of sheltered workshops in Newcastle, the costs of sheltered workshops could be lowered by increasing the number of handicapped persons working in existing workshops, by more cooperation and planning between workshops and by the sharing of some projects and the joint use of administrative personnel. Other economic problems of sheltered workshops and their implications for public policy are also considered.     

老年人社会适应的社会工作介入方法操作技巧

作为注重操作性且具有完善理念和技术的专业工作方法,社会工作对老年人社会适应的介入是增进老年问题解决的有效措施。经过实践经验和理论的总结,社会工作形成了个案工作、小组工作和社区工作三大主要方法。本文从专业实务的角度解析三大主要专业方法在老年社会适应问题领域的操作性技巧。以提高社会工作专业方法在实务运用中的有效性,增进老年社会福利服务专业化发展。     

The Mentally Handicapped and Their Professional Helpers

Summary This article discusses visits paid to fifty-three families witha severely mentally handicapped adult living at home, most ofwhom were also quite severely disabled physically. Varying reactionsto the services offered by general practitioners and mentalwelfare officers are described and those factors influencingthe generally poor opinion of mental welfare officers' servicesare discussed. The importance of the daily routine of the familiesis emphasized and the difficulty of the mental welfare servicein providing services or practical assistance which helps withthe daily routine. Finally it is suggested that the social servicesshould see a greater part of their work as helping and enablingthe community to do better, and with less strain, the caringit does already and that this means that the planning of servicesneeds to start from the locality in which the handicapped personlives     

Attitudes of Medical School Workers Towards Reorganization

Summary This paper arises from a four-year project funded by the Departmentof Health and Social Security, concerning the social needs ofthe physically sick—a study of some aspects of the socialneeds of the physically sick and of the services designed tomeet needs. The present focus is on social work services andin this part of the project a development study has been undertakenand postal questionnaires have been sent (a) to all medicalsocial workers employed in the Hospital Service and in localauthority Health and Welfare Departments, and (b) to all otherhospital social workers engaged in helping the phsically sickand handicapped persons. In addition, a Survey is being carriedout through records of 9,000 admissions to a number of hospitalsto see how many of these patients are referred to the hospitalSocial Work Departments in a nine-month period, at what stagein their hospital careers they are referred, etc. A Survey is being carried out in four hospitals using a randomsample of patients and another sample referred for social workhelp. These patients are being interviewed in hospital and afterdischarge to see what kind of problems are encountered in hospitaland after discharge and what services are provided. Interviewswith medical, nursing, administrative and social work stabstractand included in this survey. The overall objectives of the Survey are to study needs andservices and to indicate how closely services respond to needs.     

解决居民实际问题:居委会舆情疏导的重要方式

民众社会生活状况是舆情产生的基础,民众社会生活中的问题是影响舆情的中介性社会事项,民众对社会生活的感受是舆情的重要组成部分,解决居民实际问题是通过改变人们的生活状况、改变中介性社会事项和改变人们的生活感受疏导舆情,是居委会舆情疏导的基本着力点。