领导干部的幸福感与工作绩效

对领导干部的主观幸福感、工作幸福感和工作绩效进行调查,结果显示领导干部的主观幸福感和工作幸福感水平较高,对工作绩效的自我评价较高;领导干部的幸福感在人口统计学变量上存在显著差异;领导干部的工作幸福感会影响其主观幸福感,工作中的自我接受和福利待遇幸福感影响其生活的满意度,自我接受和人际关系幸福感影响其情绪体验;领导干部的主观幸福感对工作绩效的预测效应不显著,工作幸福感的不同方面对不同的工作绩效具有显著的预测效应。研究建议:重视领导干部幸福感的人口统计学差异,有针对性地提升不同的幸福感;重视领导干部不同的工作幸福感对工作绩效不同方面的影响。     

新生代农民工的社会支持与主观幸福感研究

采用社会支持评定量表和主观幸福感量表,对439名新生代农民工进行实证调查,研究结果表明:新生代农民工的社会支持较少,主观幸福感也较低,为"相对不满意"。不同性别、婚姻、年龄、月收入、文化程度的新生代农民工,其社会支持、主观幸福感均有显著性差异,具体表现为:女性、已婚者、80后、文化水平在初中以上者、月收入在1500元以上者,这类人群感知到的社会支持显著高于其他类人群;女性、已婚者,这类人群的主观幸福感显著高于其他类人群。同时,主观支持、对支持利用度、性别、婚姻是预测新生代农民工主观幸福感的显著有效变量。为此,建议企业应发挥工会组织的作用,扩大新生代农民工的社会交往;社区应完善公共服务,为新生代农民工提供支持帮助;新生代农民工个体应不断学习,提升利用社会支持的综合素质。     

社会支持与主观幸福感关系研究

本文在北京、广州、昆明、沈阳、西安五个省会城市取样的基础上,对社会支持与主观幸福感的关系进行了研究。结果表明,情感支持对主观幸福感的预测作用最大,其次为资讯支持和工具支持。路径分析显示,年龄、受教育程度和收入对主观幸福感存在着显著的正向影响,同时年龄、受教育程度还通过社会支持这一中介变量对主观幸福感产生影响。性别对主观幸福感的影响完全经由社会支持这一变量来实现。     

普通高校教师主观幸福感现状及影响因素研究——以太原科技大学为例

该研究采用问卷调查,旨在考察普通高校教师主观幸福感现状。研究结果显示：高校教师主观幸福感处于中等偏上水平,男女教师主观幸福感间没有差异;平均数结果显示,高学历教师主观幸福感偏低,单纯从事教学工作的高职称人员主观幸福感最高;职级上表现为处级干部主观幸福感低于副处级和科级;房产、婚姻、工作性质对高校教师主观幸福感的影响需要进一步研究探讨。维持并提升高校教师主观幸福感需要从社会、学校、教师自身三方面着手。     

大学生主观幸福感现状分析和对策研究

主观幸福感是个体对自我需要得到满足和理想实现的心理体验。大学生主观幸福感的标准以财富为第一位,其次是家庭美满、身体健康、生活如意以及社会和学校认可等。中国当代大学生的主观幸福感处于中上状态。影响当代大学生主观幸福感的客观因素是人际交往、经济状况、文化背景、专业学科及家庭教养方式等;主观因素则是人格特质、主观效能感及价值观。高校应从创建高尚的校园文化、和谐的人际关系以及利用社会实践提高应对能力等方面创设影响大学生主观幸福感的客观环境;同时,也要从树立科学人生观、价值观和幸福观,加强心理健康教育等主观变量方面多维度进行引导,使大学生树立积极的幸福观。     

儿童期家庭社会经济地位对居民成年后主观幸福感的影响——基于社会资本中介效应的分析

儿童期是个体成长的关键时期，儿童期家庭社会经济地位状况会影响居民成年后以至整个生命周期的幸福感水平。基于2017年中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据，采用多重中介效应模型证明并揭示了儿童期家庭社会经济地位对居民成年后主观幸福感的内在影响机制。研究发现：儿童期家庭社会经济地位对居民成年后主观幸福感能够产生正向影响；儿童期家庭社会经济地位能够通过居民成年后的认知性社会资本和结构性社会资本对主观幸福感产生影响；儿童期家庭社会经济地位对居民成年后主观幸福感的影响存在性别差异和城乡差异，儿童期家庭社会经济地位对女性居民主观幸福感的影响比男性居民大，对农村居民主观幸福感的影响比城镇居民大。从生命历程视角看，儿童期是提高居民成年后主观幸福感水平的重要时期，因而可以通过完善儿童发展的制度体系、加强教育扶持力度、推进社会诚信建设等途径，促进居民主观幸福感水平的提高。     

基于系统观视角的大学生主观幸福感影响因素及提升策略研究

本文从系统观视角出发,探讨了影响大学生主观幸福感的个体因素与外部环境因素,并在此基础上提出大学生主观幸福感提升的自助策略与外界支持策略。期望通过本文的研究,促进对大学生主观幸福感影响因素的整体认识,并对提升大学生主观幸福感的实践有所启迪。     

高中生自我概念与主观幸福感的关系

采用《青少年主观幸福感量表》和《田纳西自我概念量表》,主要运用T检验、F检验、相关分析和回归分析,评定352名高中生的幸福感与自我概念,有助于探讨高中生主观幸福感与自我概念的状况及其相关程度。结果证明：自我概念与主观幸福感的相关均明显;不同自我概念水平学生幸福感水平差异明显;自我概念各分量表与负性情感呈负相关,自我批评与主观幸福感呈负相关。由此可见,高中生自我概念对主观幸福感具有显著的预测作用。     

当代大学生主观幸福感影响因素研究——以北京市为例

利用2011年北京大学生成长跟踪调查数据,考察当代北京大学生的主观幸福感状况,并通过多元线性回归分析,结合大学生群体的重要特征,从个人背景、家庭背景、学校背景和校园生活四个维度对其幸福感的影响因素进行深入分析。研究结果表明:北京当代大学生主观幸福感程度较高,平均幸福感自我评分将近80,且有三成以上的人自我评分在90以上。女生的幸福感显著高于男生;学生家长所追求的重点学校的一流师资、学习氛围等外在条件对学生本人的幸福感并没有显著影响,高中和大学越是所谓的"重点",学生的幸福感反倒越低;生源地类型也对学生本人的幸福感没有显著影响,且越是来自大城市,幸福感越低,而来自农村的学生幸福感反而较高。大学生幸福感主要受到性别、健康等自身条件的影响,而受家庭、学校等外部因素的影响较小;家庭的社会地位以及个体社会化过程中的恋爱经历对其主观幸福感有显著影响:家庭社会地位越高,个体的主观幸福感越强;有过恋爱经历的人主观幸福感显著强于没有谈过恋爱的人,且这种差别幅度很大。奖励荣誉、资格证书、实习经历和社团活动等普遍认为能够提升个人素质、有助于增加就业机会和提高就业质量的因素对于提高大学生的主观幸福感作用并不显著。     

微博词语预测个体主观幸福感的实证研究

对于幸福感的预测,研究者已经发现诸如物质财富、人格等因素的作用。以新加坡华人本科学生为被试,通过收集他们的新浪微博文本以及生活满意度量表和大五人格量表得分进行研究,结果发现,使用死亡词(如"死亡")、性词(如"性欲")和第一人称单数代名词(如"我")三类微博词语,能预测主观幸福感约20%的变异,远高于同属个体差异因素的大五人格对主观幸福感的预测(约5%)。     

Explaining the subjective well-being of urban and rural Chinese: Income,personal concerns,and societal evaluations

This study makes an integrated investigation of how subjective well-being is associated with income, personal concerns, and societal evaluations and how these social and psychological correlates of subjective well-being are contextualized within a country. Data used for the empirical analysis come from a nationally representative sample survey conducted in China in 2009. It is found that subjective well-being is independently linked to income, personal concerns, and societal evaluations. Comparisons of urban and rural Chinese further reveal that income, structural attributions of inequality, and evaluations of governance are related to subjective well-being among both groups. Nevertheless, different sets of other evaluative correlates of subjective well-being between urban and rural people stand out, which is conjectured to be related to the long-time institutional, economic, and social segmentation of the two groups. This study has contributed to both the subjective well-being theories and the understanding of the consequences of social inequality.     

Measurement of social health in a general population survey

This paper describes an attempt to define and measure the social health of individuals in terms of the degree to which they are functioning members of their community. Data were taken from questionnaires completed by 6928 adults in an area-probability sample of Alameda County, California households. Components of the social health index are employability, marital satisfaction, sociability, and community involvement. This index was associated with psychological well-being and other psychological measures, with the physical health spectrum, and with subjective evaluations of own health. Physically and psychologically healthy people are presumably better equipped than others to qualify for secure jobs, to maintain satisfactory marriages, and to become involved with others informally or in organized contexts. At the same time, socially healthy people may, as a consequence of their social health, be more likely to enjoy good physical health and psychological well-being than people who are dissatisfied with their marriages, socially isolated, and/or relatively unemployable.     

The bright side of migration: Hedonic,psychological, and social well-being in immigrants in Spain

The aim of this study was to examine the multi-dimensional structure of well-being in immigrant population, as well as to explore the complexity of well-being disparities between immigrants and host nationals. We analyzed hedonic, psychological, and social well-being in a sample of 1250 immigrants from Bolivia, Colombia, Morocco, Romania and Sub-Saharan Africa, together with that of 500 matched host nationals from Spain. Participants were selected by means of probability sampling with stratification by age and sex. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the re-specified tripartite model of well-being, including hedonic, psychological, and social components of the individual’s functioning, was the best fitting model, as compared to alternative models. Importantly, after adjustment for perceived friendship and support, marital status, income, sex and age, immigrants presented higher levels of well-being than host nationals. Compared to host nationals, immigrants reported especially higher eudaimonic well-being: social contribution and actualization, personal growth, self-acceptance, and purpose in life, and lower levels of well-being only in terms of positive relations with others and negative affect. These results are discussed in the context of positive psychology.     

Do mother’s and father’s education condition the impact of parental divorce on child well-being?

We use the British Cohort Study to investigate to what extent parental resources moderate the association between parental divorce in childhood and lowered child well-being as indicated by maternal reports of child psychological well-being and by academic test scores (reading and math tests). We argue that children of mothers with more years of education suffer less when their parents split up because better educated mothers may be better able to provide a safe and stable environment for their children after divorce. In addition, we argue that having a better educated father could either aggravate or reduce the effects of parental divorce. This is one of the first studies to simultaneously investigate the role of maternal, and paternal resources, and pre-divorce shared resources. Our analyses indicate that the effect of parental divorce on psychological well-being is reduced for better educated mothers and for families with more pre-divorce economic resources, but increased for better educated fathers. For academic test scores we find a protective effect of having a better educated father and higher pre-divorce social resources.     

Diversity preferences among employees and ethnoracial workplace segregation

Ethno-racial workplace segregation increases already existing ethno-racial inequality. While previous research has identified discriminatory employers as drivers of workplace segregation, this study addresses the role of the employees. Sociological and social psychological theory suggest that people prefer to surround themselves with people who positively confirm their social identity or who contribute with higher group status. Through web-based surveys, we measure employee attitudes and preferences concerning ethno-racial workplace diversity, to what extent they differ by ethnicity/race, and if they contain intersectional patterns. Thereafter, we use simulation models to analyze the consequences for workplace segregation that these preferences would have, if realized.The main survey results showed that all ethno-racial groups favored their own in-group as colleagues, especially European Americans. As a secondary choice, the respondents preferred the out-group with the highest labor market status. Intersectional patterns were identified, as minority women were preferred as colleagues over minority men. Our simulation model, based on the results of two surveys on stated vs. indirectly revealed preferences, showed that employee preferences were at best not diverse enough to desegregate workplaces. When based on the most common preferences (i.e. excluding a few outliers), the simulations even suggested that these preferences can cause segregation. We relate these findings to Schelling's model of segregation.     

Societal Inequality and individual subjective well-being: Results from 68 societies and over 200,000 individuals, 1981–2008

Income inequality has been contentious for millennia, a source of political conflict for centuries, and is now widely feared as a pernicious “side effect” of economic progress. But equality is only a means to an end and so must be evaluated by its consequences. The fundamental question is: What effect does a country's level of income inequality have on its citizens' quality of life, their subjective well-being? We show that in developing nations inequality is certainly not harmful but probably beneficial, increasing well-being by about 8 points out of 100. This may well be Kuznets's inverted “U”: In the earliest stages of development some are able to move out of the (poorly paying) subsistence economy into the (better paying) modern economy; their higher pay increases their well-being while simultaneously increasing inequality. In advanced nations, income inequality on average neither helps nor harms. Estimates are from random-intercept fixed-effects multi-level models, confirmed by over four dozen sensitivity tests. Data are from the pooled World Values/European Values Surveys, Waves 1 to 5 with 169 representative national samples in 68 nations, 1981 to 2009, and over 200,000 respondents, replicated and extended in the European Quality of Life Surveys.     

The environmental efficiency of well-being: A cross-national analysis

Recent research has conceptualized sustainability as the environmental efficiency of well-being (EWEB). This concept takes into account the benefits societies are able to produce from their demands on the environment. Research along these lines indicates that countries vary widely in the efficiency with which they transform the Earth’s resources into well-being. Here, we take up this finding as a puzzle to be explained. We construct a new measure of EWEB using the ecological footprint per capita (a measure of environmental consumption) and average life satisfaction (a measure of subjective well-being). We draw hypotheses from political economy, modernization, and sustainable consumption theories in the environmental social sciences. Using full information maximum likelihood estimation, we test the effects of climate, political, economic, and social factors on EWEB with a sample of 105 countries. Key findings include a negative quadratic effect of economic development on EWEB, a negative effect of income inequality, and a positive effect of social capital.     

The new income inequality and well-being paradigm: Inequality has no effect on happiness in rich nations and normal times,varied effects in extraordinary circumstances,increases happiness in poor nations,and interacts with individuals' perceptions,attitudes, politics,and expectations for the future

Based on earlier, mainly aggregate analyses, conventional wisdom previously held that income inequality reduces happiness. But aggregate models consistently yield misleading results in this domain, substantially because of intractable problems of sample size, confounding omitted variables, and conditional effects differing between poor developing nations, rich advanced nations, and nations in transition from Communism. Based on more recent evidence, scholarly views are beginning to merge on a consensus that national income inequality is irrelevant to individuals' subjective well-being in advanced nations and normal times, as shown by multi-level models with appropriate controls (including socioeconomic development, an engine of happiness and foe of inequality). For developing nations, consensus is not as strong, but the bulk of the evidence indicates a neutral to positive effect for inequality. Building on this foundation, this paper provides exploratory analyses to stimulate future research, extending our understanding of the social psychological and cultural forces that generate these results; dissects changes over time and expectations for the future; and addresses the possibility that inequality may reduce well-being in extraordinary circumstances and for particular groups – for example creating differences in formerly Communist nations between the political left and the right, and between older and younger cohorts.