不同带宽ISP的定价博弈与结盟动因分析

不同带宽的网络接入服务商(ISP)需要有不同的定价策略.在消费者的单位时间成本不同情况下,分析了网络接入商的定价博弈.通过比较静态和动态的纳什均衡价格与收益,得到了接入服务商的先动优势,也得到了技术进步对宽带接入的有利性.然后分析了形成价格联盟后的最优定价,得出了不同带宽的接入服务商之间具有形成价格联盟的激励的结论,并使窄带接入退出市场.最后探讨了结成价格联盟以后社会总福利的变化情况,指出这种结盟对于社会整体来说是无益的.     

组内网络外部性对双边市场定价的影响分析

将组内网络效应引入双边市场定价模型中,研究组内网络效应和组间网络效应共同作用下的双边市场定价策略问题,突出分析组内网络效应对双边平台企业定价策略的影响;建立两阶段的定价博弈模型,得到组内网络效应和组间网络效应共同作用下的双边市场竞争价格均衡。研究结果表明,组内网络外部性强度对消费者价格和厂商价格的影响取决于双边用户接入平台后的市场结构,即在双边用户单平台接入市场结构和厂商多平台接入的竞争性瓶颈结构下,组内网络外部性对双边市场定价的影响是不相同的;在这两种市场结构下,双边平台竞争获得的利润水平与组内网络外部性成正比,与组间网络外部性成反比。同时,双边用户的价格在单平台接入和多平台接入的市场结构下的大小关系取决于厂商组内网络外部性的强度。     

O2O模式下服务商的价格和时间决策

研究了拥有实体渠道的服务商是否应该开通O2O渠道和开通O2O渠道后服务商应该如何定价和确定服务水平的问题。首先，考虑实体渠道的等待时间对消费者效用的影响，构建了消费者渠道选择模型，得到了服务商具有定价权时服务商的渠道策略和定价策略，结果表明，消费者对实体店的等待时间的敏感度高于对价格的敏感度。其次，把价格作为常量，考虑等待时间对服务商成本的影响，研究了不具有定价权时服务商的渠道策略和服务水平策略，结果表明只有在O2O渠道价格较低和实体渠道的时间成本也较低时，服务商采用同时开通两个渠道的策略。     

基于闭环数据供应链的数据产品定价策略研究

近年来随着大数据的广泛应用，个人与企业数据快速增长，数据成为公司的重要资产。数据交易的快速发展，为数据供应商和数据服务商带来了新的商业契机，同时也对数据定价机制提出了新的挑战。闭环数据供应链是由终端用户、数据供应商和数据服务商构成，也是数据交易的主要利益相关者。本研究针对闭环数据供应链的数据产品定价策略问题，分析不同利益相关者的数据交易过程，提出基于闭环数据供应链的集中定价、分散定价和收益共享三种不同数据定价模型；讨论不同数据定价策略对终端用户提供个人的数据质量、规模与激励的影响；得到不同定价策略下的最优定价、数据供应商与数据服务商的收益以及消费者剩余；为数据定价及利益相关者提供有效的决策依据。     

基于服务质量保证策略的定价、补偿和缺陷承诺

分析了基于服务质量保证策略的定价、补偿和缺陷承诺问题。运用比较静态分析分别求解服务商基于自身利润最大化的最优服务价格、最优单位质量缺陷补偿成本和最优质量缺陷承诺。通过数值分析,验证了所提出的服务商最优决策的有效性。     

三级CLSC物流外包与废品回收的临界条件整合研究

考虑物流外包和废品回收的双重作用,本文将TPL服务商的正向和逆向服务价格定量引入到三级闭环供应链系统,在不同的物流服务状态和产品回收状态下,以TPL服务商为主导企业.构造了RT-CLSC和MT-CLSC两种不同回收模式下的闭环供应链模型,在非合作模型中根据博弈理论和不同的物流状态和回收模式给出了CLSC内部成员的定价策略,提出了制造商实施正向物流外包和逆向物流外包的临界条件.在两种回收模式下,依据不同的逆向物流状态,分析了制造商自身进行废旧品回收和委托零售商进行废品回收的临界条件.最后通过数值算例描述了TPL服务商的服务成本和零售商的回收成本对制造商决策的影响.     

软件保护对软件平台商双边定价策略的影响研究

为刻画软件平台商的软件知识产权保护行为对软件平台商双边价格策略的影响,本文在综合考虑消费者和应用软件开发者不同平台接入行为以及软件平台商寡头竞争市场结构的基础上,构建了软件平台商寡头竞争的Hotelling模型,比较分析了在消费者与应用软件开发者不同平台接入行为下,软件平台商的软件保护行为对其双边用户的定价策略的影响关系。研究结果发现,在双边用户单平台接入下,消费者接入费和应用软件开发者授权费都取决于自身的交叉网络效应强度;而软件平台商软件保护力度越大,消费者接入费将越低,应用软件开发者授权费将越高。在消费者单平台接入、应用软件开发者多平台接入条件下,消费者的接入费与双边用户的交叉网络效应强度都呈负相关关系,而应用软件开发者的授权费与消费者的交叉网络效应强度呈正相关关系,而与自身的交叉网络效应强度呈负相关关系;软件平台商软件保护力度越大,应用软件开发者授权费也将越高,而对消费者接入费的影响取决于两边用户所产生的交叉网络边际效应的对比。这些结论对软件平台商的软件保护、平台定价等行为有着重要的指导借鉴意义。     

基于顾客消费信息的网络定价分析与仿真

本文通过仿真的方法研究了两种不同的定价策略对消费者网络消费需求的影响。在网络供应市场上,我们建立一个价格竞争的伯川德双垄断模型:一个网络提供商对其提供的网络服务采用固定定价,另一网络提供商采用两部分定价策略——固定链接费加使用费。基于中国社会调查事务(SSIC)的调查数据,我们采用随机数生成的方法来产生每一位消费者的消费额与消费时间,通过建立消费者效用模型来仿真在两种不同定价策略下消费者的消费选择,比较了不同价格策略对网络提供商收入、消费者行为及社会总福利的影响。     

共生联盟模式下制造企业与物流企业均衡利润分配研究

针对制造企业与物流企业组成的共生系统,研究共生联盟形成前后能量的变化.分别探讨制造商价格不变和重新定价2种定价模式下共生单元之间均衡稳定的最优利润分配.比较2种模式下的利润分配参数、共生系统以及各共生单元的能量变化.算例分析结果表明,在重新定价模式下,物流企业获得的利润分配参数较小,但共生系统和共生单元的能量增加较多,物流企业的总能量增大.     

物流外包和废品回收双重作用下的TPL-CLSC定价和协调策略

考虑物流外包和废旧品回收的共同作用,本文根据供应链节点企业和TPL服务商所处的市场特征,在不同的系统状态之下,建立了以第三方物流服务商为主导的闭环供应链(TPL-CLSC)定价模型,应用博弈理论研究并分析了TPL-CLSC的有效定价机制,给出了供应链节点企业实施正向和逆向物流外包的条件。为促使TPL-CLSC成员有效的合作,文章建立了三种不同的协调机制。最后,应用数值分析探讨了TPL-CLSC的定价机制和协调策略的可行性。     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.